Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）

Section A

Directions：In this section，there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

You might think you left the world of cliques（小团体）and in-crowds behind when you left high school.

You’d be wrong.The benefits of being popular 26 all the way into the adult workplace，based on research in the latest issue of the Journal of Applied Psychology.

Just like children on the playground，co-workers not only agree on who’s popular，but they also afford those lucky few more favourable treatment.This 27 more help and good manners，and less rudeness and withholding of helpful information， 28 on a study of 255 employees and their co-workers in hospital，restaurant，sales and administrative jobs.

The researchers，Brent Scott of Michigan State University and Timothy Judge of the University of Florida，said popular workers 29 more co-worker support 30 of their status on the organisation chart.They also may gain an unfair advantage over less 31 colleagues，the researchers suggest，which may hinder a meritocracy（唯才是举）.“By valuing popularity，organisations may be promoting a certain‘clubby’atmosphere that imitates school culture”rather than 32 merit，the researchers write.

I’ve been fortunate in working in meritocracies most of my life，but that’s not the 33 among fictional examples，consider the television comedy“The Office”.Who in his or her right mind would promote the cold，manipulative Angela Martin over the friendly Jim Halpert？The popular paper salesman proves the study’s point，rising 34 on the Dunder Mifflin organisation chart with his smart“people skills”，despite his 35 to his job.

In fact，what these researchers call popularity，career coaches might call savvy（精明的）office politics the art of getting people in your corner.And it’s clearly a big deal in many workplaces.

A）based I）includes

B）charming J）indifference

C）concludes K）norm

D）drew L）ordinary

E）enthusiasm M）regardless

F）extend N）rewarding

G）fast O）slowly

H）get

Section B

Directions：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

A Cooler Planet

A）Scientists are cooking up solutions based on current technology that they say could dramatically turn down the heat of global warming over the next 50 years.Innovations such as cheaper wind power， gas-electric hybrid cars（混合动力车）and gas cars that generate funds for climate change projects already are available.Introducing them across the nation could put a dent（减少）in the growth of greenhouse gases that are warming the planet，scientists say.

B）The concentration of carbon dioxide—a potent（强效的）greenhouse gas—is likely to double before the end of the century，the United Nations says.Scientists say further warming is inevitable as greenhouse gas emissions climb but that the worse effects can still be avoided.“The question now is not‘whether to adapt？’but‘how to adapt？’”says a 2004 UN report on climate change.The solutions，say experts，must come from action by politicians，business people，scientists and individuals.Over the next century，power could be derived from sources that release less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere such as nuclear fusion，hydrogen fuel cells and more efficient combustion（燃烧）engines.

Scientists：Technology Already Exists

C）Technology is a crucial component to meet the challenge of global warming，say climate researchers and policy experts.“You need technology，”says Elliot Diringer，international strategies director with the Pew Centre on Global Climate Change.“There’s no question about that.The question is，‘What is the most efficient way to not only generate the technology but get it deployed.’”

D）The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，a UN body issuing regular assessments on the climate，says innovation has advanced faster than expected.It estimates technological improvements could reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2000 levels within 20 years and avert even more risky levels of such concentrations.The IPCC has estimated that technological improvements could sometime between 2010 and 2020 reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels below those in the year 2000.“We need to move as fast as we can，”Diringer says.“The longer we wait to take concerted action，the greater the impacts will bethe more it will cost to achieve the reduction.”

E）Technology with the greatest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions already exists，say Princeton University scientists Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow in a 2004 study published in the journal Science.

F）Improving efficiency and conservation could reduce billions of tons in atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases each year.Improvements such as efficient engineering，better gas mileage（英里数）and new fuel sources for vehicles and power plants have the potential to halt growth of emissions by around 2050，according to the study.

G）“It is important not to become diverted by the possibility of revolutionary technology，”the Princeton authors write in Science.“Humanity can solve the carbon and climate problem in the first half of this century simply by increasing what we already know how to do.”The scientists picked seven actions that they say could make the climate stable by 2054.They focused on technology already in place that simply needs to be expanded a lot.

H）Cars are an easy target.Each gallon of gas burned gives off about 20 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，according to the Environmental Protection Agency.That’s a lot of carbon for the 2 billion cars that may be on the road by 2054，nearly four times the number today，the authors report.The Science article suggests that doubling the average fuel efficiency of cars from 30 miles per gallon today to 60，switching to wind-generated hydrogen fuels or halving（减半）the annual number of miles travelled per car to 5，000 could reduce carbon dioxide emissions.The savings would provide one-seventh of the total cuts needed to make US emissions stable，the article states.In addition，scientists are watching plenty of other technologies being developed to make emissions stable.

Carbon Storage

I）Burying carbon dioxide allows fossil fuel companies to continue pumping oil while reducing greenhouse emissions.The United Nations estimates by 2050 it should be possible to store half of the increasing global emissions in underground reservoirs at reasonable prices.The US government already has started a test project at a West Virginia coal power plant.The energy company BP sends 1 million tons of carbon dioxide each year beneath the sands of the Sahara desert at one of its facilities in Algeria.

J）These carbon reducing projects send millions of tons of carbon dioxide gas into underground geologic formations such as gas beds now filled with water，natural gas or oil.The risks of such techniques include leakage of carbon dioxide from underground reservoirs that may endanger human life and the environment.Scientists are studying techniques to find which rock formations permanently store gases such as carbon dioxide.

Renewable Energy

K）Renewable power is a major facet of reducing global warming emissions，according to the United Nations.Because most renewable energy sources—wind，ocean tides，solar，biomass fuel（生物质燃料）—emit less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than they absorb，they do not add to climate change.

L）The share of renewable in the world energy supply accounts for at least 14 percent of the total，the United Nations estimates.The price of these renewable fuels and technology is plummeting（垂直下落）as demand grows and hardware improves.“Green”tariffs，already introduced in some European countries，guarantee premium prices for energy derived from renewable sources.States such as New York and California also require utilities to generate a fraction of their energy supply from renewables.

Trading Carbon

M）Carbon emissions trading is designed to make global warming prevention affordable，according to the UN Convention on Climate Change.Under the Kyoto Agreement，participating countries agree to emit a certain amount of carbon.If a country cannot afford to meet its carbon emissions limit，it can buy“credits”from a country that has produced less than its allotted（分配）amount.

N）Although critics say there are significant problems under the Kyoto system，the United Nations says emissions trading allows countries gradually to eliminate carbon dioxide while preventing some economic hardships of reducing emissions growth.

Corporate Action

O）Companies are also devising ways for businesses and individuals to offset greenhouse emissions. Oregon-based Climate Neutral Network says it will offer air travellers access to“Cool Class”air travel in which a portion of airline fares，negotiated through contracts with different companies are invested in ways to reduce greenhouse emissions.

36.Before the end of the century，the concentration of carbon dioxide may become twice as high as the present level.

37.One gallon of gas burned can emit about 20 pounds carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，according to the Environment Protection Agency.

38.The reason that renewable energy sources are beneficial to climate is that the carbon dioxide they emit into the atmosphere is less than they absorb.

39.Technology is the essential component in slowing global warming，according to Elliot Diringer.

40.Innovations such as cheaper wind power，gas-electric hybrid cars can be used to turn down the heat of global warming.

41.Once carbon dioxide leaks from underground reservoirs，both human life and the environment will be confronted with danger.

42.According to the United Nations，about 14 percent of the total world energy supply goes to the renewable energy.

43.In spite of the problems under Kyoto Agreement，carbon emissions trading can reduce the cost of global warming prevention.

44.According to Diringer，the concerted action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should be taken as soon as possible.

45.The number of cars on the road by 2054 is likely to be nearly 4 times as many as today’s.

Section C

Directions：There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A），B），C）and D）.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

The term“joint international business venture”，joint venture for short，has come to mean many things to many people.It sometimes is taken to mean any joint relationship between one or more foreign firms and one or more local firms.Such a broad definition is excluded here.Joint venture will be taken to mean joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign based.

Joint ventures can take many forms.A foreign firm may take a majority share，a minority share，or an equal share in ownership.While it is not necessary to have financial control or to have operating control，some firms refuse to use the joint venture form if it is not possible to have a majority position in ownership.There are firms that have few qualms（担忧）about holding minority position，however，so long as they can have operating control.They achieve this through technical-aid，management，or supply contracts.

It should be recognized that maintaining operating control is sometimes difficult if one does not have financial control too.Objectives of the participants may diverge（相异）；when they do，financial control becomes important.Management may wish to reinvest earnings while the majority of the board may wish earnings distributed as dividends.Unless policy issues of this kind can be settled peacefully，lack of financial control can prove to be very unsatisfactory，if not fatal.

Many joint ventures emerge as matters of necessity：that is，no single firm is willing to assume the risks entailed，while a consortium（联盟）of firms is.Large，capital-intensive，long-lived investments are natural candidates for the joint venture.Exploitation of resource deposits often is done by a consortium of several petroleum or mining firms.Roles are parceled out even though each phase of the operation is owned jointly.One firm does the actual mining，another provides transportation，and still another does the refining and extraction.There is a wide variety of combinations.

Also the joint venture can pose problems，especially if it is an enforced marriage of partners.For many ventures in small countries，it is difficult to find a suitable local partner，that is，one with sufficient capital and know how to be able to contribute to the partnership.In some developing countries，a small handful of families control the entire locally-owned part of the industrial structure.Under these circumstances，a joint venture merely insulates them further from independent，foreign-owned plants that would compete against them.For this and other reasons，the only suitable partner may end up being the government itself.Most multinational firms，however，shy away from such arrangements where possible.

46.“Joint venture”in this passage refers to____.

A）any joint ownership of an operation in which there are at least two partners

B）any joint relationship between foreign firms

C）joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign based

D）any joint relationship between one or more foreign firms and one or more local firms

47.Some firms may not worry about their minority position in ownership of a joint venture，but the precondition is that____.

A）they can provide technical-aid

B）they can have financial control

C）they can have operating control

D）they can make the biggest profit

48.In what circumstance does the financial control in ownership become necessary？

A）When there is disagreement among the partners about the purpose of some would be action.

B）When operating control can not play any important role in running a joint venture.

C）When the majority of the board want to distribute the earnings as dividends.

D）When a firm does not have the majority position.

49.The advantage of joint venture in this passage is that____.

A）it can enable the firms to develop very fast

B）its ability to withstand risks is greater

C）it can build a good relationship among the firms

D）it can maximize the profits

50.The author’s attitude towards joint venture is____.

A）subjective B）objective C）positive D）optimistic

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

In general，our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small，well-oiled cog（齿轮）in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music，and by psychologists and“human-relations”experts；yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets（傀儡）who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious，not only because they might find themselves out of a job；they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability（社交能力），capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century“free enterprise”capitalism？Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.

51.By“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is____.

A）an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of society，though functioning smoothly

B）a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible

C）a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothly

D）working in complete harmony with the rest of the society

52.Unemployment is what the worker and employee worry about，but they also worry that____.

A）they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence

B）they are deprived of their individuality and independence

C）they don’t own the genuine satisfaction or interest in life

D）they are unable to acquire new jobs

53.What kind of people will probably get the real happiness of life，according to the passage？

A）The people who are higher up in social status.

B）The people who perform better than their fellow-competitors.

C）The people who could keep far away from this competitive world.

D）The people who are at the bottom of the society.

54.To solve the present social problems，the author suggests that we should____.

A）take the fundamental realities for granted

B）enable man to fully develop his potentialities

C）offer higher wages to the workers and employees

D）resort to the production mode of our ancestors

55.The author’s attitude towards bureaucratically managed industrialism might best be summarized as one of____.

A）tolerance B）suspicion C）approval D）dissatisfaction