Lesson 50


单词学习

名师点睛
select /sɪˈlekt/
vt.选择,挑选a.①精选的②优等的
【搭配】select the best candidate挑选最好的候选人;be select in choosing one’s friends谨慎择友
【例句】Until our attitudes to food change fundamentally,it seems that insect-eaters will remain a select few. 在我们对食物的态度从根本上转变之前,昆虫食客恐怕还只是那仅有的几个。
single /ˈsɪŋgəl/
vt.(out)选出,挑出
【搭配】single sb out for criticism挑出某人加以批评
【例句】They were all to blame;why single him out for punishment?他们都应该受责备,为什么单挑出他来受罚?
vote /vəʊt/
v.投票,选举(出)n.[C]①(选)票②投票,表决③[sing.]投票总数
【搭配】vote for/against sb投票支持/反对某人;take a vote on the issue就这个问题进行表决
【例句】Today’s youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations.如今投票的年轻人比上几代人数量要多。
appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/
vt.①任命,委派②约定,确定,指定(时间、地点)
【搭配】appoint sb(to be)manager 任命某人为经理;appoint a new teacher to the class指派新老师上课;at the appointed time and place在约定的时间和地点
【例句】He appointed Williams as his deputy in the city of York.他任命威廉斯为他在约克市的代理人。
nominate /ˈnɒmɪneɪt/
vt.提名,任命
【搭配】be nominated to the vacant post被提名补缺;be nominated(as) Minister of Finance被任命为财政部长
【例句】Trade Unions nominate re-presentatives to public bodies.工会任命驻公共机关的代表。
【链接】nominee n.①被提名人,被任命者:an Oscar nominee获得奥斯卡提名的人②名义持有人
同义辨析
select多指有区别地选择有价值的或符合要求的事物,如select the best player;single常与out连用,指从一组人或物中分开或挑选出,以给予某种特殊的对待或注意,如single out for criticism。


名师点睛
propose /prəˈpəʊz/
v.①提名,推荐②打算,计划
【搭配】propose sb for a post提名某人任职;propose sb for a job推荐某人做一项工作;propose to buy and run a farm打算购买并经营农场
【例句】Some students and teachers propose that there be a test of oral English in CET-4 so as to test students’ oral ability.一些学生和教师建议在大学英语四级考试中增加口试,以测试学生的口语能力。
recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/
vt.①推荐,举荐②建议
【搭配】recommend sb to that com-pany推荐某人到那家公司
【例句】I recommend you to keep your distance from him.我劝你对他敬而远之。
designate /ˈdezɪgneɪt/
vt.①指派,委任②标出,把……定名为
【搭配】be designated as the minister 被任命为部长;designate sb to lead the expedition指派某人率领远征队;designate the boundaries of sth标出某物的分界线
【例句】The Town Hall has been designated(as)an emergency feeding centre in the event of an enemy attack.如果遭到敌人攻击,市政厅将被指定用作紧急食物供应中心。
delegate vt./ˈdelɪgeɪt/
n./ˈde1ɪgɪt/
vt.①委派(或选举)……为代表②授(权),把……委托给n.[C]代表
【搭配】delegate one’s power to the Congress把权力授予国会;delegate sb to attend the meeting委派某人去参加会议;the chief delegate首席代表
【例句】While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees,Japanese executives delegate only authority.美国的企业管理者将权力和责任都移交给其下属,而日本的企业管理者却只将权力授予下属。
install/ɪnˈstɔ:1/
vt.①使就职,任命②安装,设置,安置
【搭配】be installed in one’s new office 就任新职;install a sophisticated alarm system安装复杂的警报系统
【例句】In Japan,almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.在日本,两年来已经安装了100万台地热泵,用来加热淋浴及热水澡桶的洗澡水。
【链接】installation n.装置;安装;就任
ballot /ˈbælət/
v.(使)投票表决n.①[C,U]投票表决②[C]选票
【搭配】hold a secret ballot举行无记名投票;cast/take a ballot投票
【例句】They have balloted for the new chairman,but nobody knows the result yet.他们投票选举了新主席,但还没有人知道选举结果。
dub /dʌb/
vt.①把……称为,给……起绰号②译制(影片)
【搭配】be dubbed a fool被称为傻子;dub foreign films in Chinese将国外影片译成汉语
【例句】The papers dubbed the period of strikes and labour troubles“the winter of discontent”.报纸将罢工和劳工纠纷的那段时期称为“不满的冬天”。

名师点睛

choice /tʃɔɪs/
n.①[C,U]选择(权)②[C]供选择的东西③[C]被选中的东西(或人)a. 精选的
【搭配】have no choice but to do sth 别无选择只能做某事;call for good choice of words需要选择合适的词语;the freedom of choice in religion宗教信仰自由
【例句】She was faced with an agonis-ing choice.她面临痛苦的选择。
option /ˈɒpʃən/
n.①[U]选择②[U]选择权,选择自由③[C](供)选择的事物(或人);选课
【搭配】make one’s option进行选择;be various options open to sb某人可做多种选择;at your option to stay or leave去留随你
【例句】Compared with all other options,efficient technology is the biggest,easiest and most profitable bang for the buck.与其他选择相比,节能技术是能带来最大收益、最容易进行、回报率最高的方法。
selection /sɪˈlekʃən/
n.①[U]选择,挑选②[C]精选品③[C]可供选择的东西
【搭配】read selection of classics读经典文选;have/offer a good selection of hats有/提供很多帽子供选择
【例句】He was passed over in the selection process for the dean of the admissions office.他在招生办主任的选拨中被淘汰了。
alternative /ɔ:lˈtзːnətɪv/
n.[C]①取舍,供选择的东西②选择的自由a.①两者择一的,供选择的②另类的
【搭配】have two alternative courses 有两门课可以选择;have no alterna-tive but to stay at home别无选择,只能待在家里;the alternative to capital punishment代替死刑的办法
【例句】If you don’t like the school lunch,you have the alternative of bringing your own.要是你不喜欢学校的午餐,你可以选择自己带饭。
favo(u)rite /ˈfeɪvərɪt/
n.[C]特别喜爱的人(或物)a.特别受喜爱的
【搭配】a favourite of the monarch帝王的宠臣
【例句】The fans cheer enthusias-tically for their favourite players and teams,who respond by playing better than before.球迷尽情地为他们喜欢的球员和球队欢呼,后者则报之以更好的表现。
preference /ˈprefərəns/
n.[C,U]①喜爱,偏爱;优先(权)②偏爱的事物(或人)
【搭配】have a preference for cold weather偏爱寒冷的天气;enjoy preference in promotion享有优先的升职机会;give preference to some applicants优先录用一些申请者;consumer preferences消费者偏好
【例句】Parents should not show preference for any one of their children. 父母不应流露出对自己任何一个孩子的偏爱。
同义辨析
choice着重指根据自己的自由判断进行选择的行为;selection着重指在大量可选择的事物中进行仔细、有区别的选择;alternative指两种或多种选择的一种;preference主要指从自己的特殊爱好出发做出选择的决定,如have a preference for cold weather。

名师点睛

observe /əbˈzзːv/
vt.①注意到,察觉到②观察
【搭配】observe sb entering the hall 看到某人走进大厅;observe the behaviour of insects观察昆虫的习性
【例句】In a study,Schwartz observed decision-making among college students during their senior year.在一项研究中,施瓦茨对高校毕业班的学生做决定的情况进行了观察。
perceive /pəˈsi:v/
vt.①认识到,意识到,理解②感知,感觉,察觉
【搭配】perceive the difference/danger 意识到差异/危险;perceive a light in the distance察觉到远处的灯光;per-ceive what he meant理解他的意思
【例句】Executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.主管们认为冲突能使决策更周到、更能被接受。
detect /dɪˈtekt/
vt.①察觉,发现②查明,侦查出
【搭配】detect a smell of gas察觉到煤气味;detect a student(in)cheating 发现学生作弊;detect sb’s corruption查明某人的腐败问题
【例句】Yet Emily’s test shows that these energy fields can’t be detected, even by trained TT practitioners.然而埃米莉的测试表明,这些能量域无法被探测出来,即使是训练有素的TT行医者们也做不到。
【链接】detection n.察觉:our hard-wired danger-detection systems固有的危险检测系统;detective n.侦探
locate /ləʊˈkeɪt/
vt.①探明,找出②把……设置在,使坐落于
【搭配】locate the source of error找出错误的根源;locate the missing man查明失踪者的下落;locate a town on a map在地图上找出市镇的位置;be located in the centre of town 坐落在镇中心
【例句】It is one thing to locate oil,but it is quite another to extract and transport it to the industrial centres.发现石油是一回事,要把它提炼出来并运到工业中心是另一回事。
【链接】location n.位置,场所
appreciate /əˈpri:ʃɪeɪt/
vt.(充分)意识到,领会,体会
【搭配】appreciate one’s difficulty/problem意识到困难/问题;appreci-ate differences in sounds体会声音的差异
【例句】Many businesses fail to ap-preciate the hidden costs of such a service.很多公司没发现这项服务的隐形成本。
alert /əˈlзːt/
vt.①使认识到,使意识到②向……报警,使警惕
【搭配】alert sb the fact that...使某人意识到……;alert people to prepare for the hurricane警告人们预防飓风
【例句】Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security.法默非常关注提醒公众(网络的)不安全性的必要性。
awake /əˈweɪk/
vi.意识到,醒,觉醒vt.唤醒,觉醒a.醒着的
【搭配】awake to one’s surroundings 意识到自己所处的环境;awake from/ out of sound sleep从酣睡中醒来
【例句】They awoke to the danger of the situation too late to do anything about it.等他们意识到处境的危险时,已经来不及补救了。
scent /sent/
vt.①察觉②嗅到③给……染上气味n.①[C]香气()味②[sing.]踪迹,线索③[U]香水
【搭配】scent a crime觉察出一项罪行;scent a rat嗅出有一只老鼠;the flower-scented room充满花香的房间;give sb a false scent给某人以假线索;be allergic to certain scents对某些香味过敏
【例句】James scented something suspicious in this courtesy.詹姆斯发觉这种殷勤表现有点可疑。
同义辨析
observe通常指视觉感知,有某种程度的专注的含义;perceive表示通过感官得知的、意识到的,常指智慧或洞察力;detect是经过细心观察之后找出来的意思,多用于侦破坏事,如发现盗贼、凶手、阴谋、小毛病等。

名师点睛

primitive /ˈprɪmɪtɪv/
a.①原始的②简单的n.[C]原(始)人
【搭配】in primitive times/society在原始时代/社会;primitive weapons 原始的武器
【例句】Living conditions in the vil-lage are still quite primitive.这个村子的生活条件仍然很简陋。
preliminary /prɪˈɪɪmɪnərɪ/
a.预备的,初步的n.[常pl.]初步做法,起始行为
【搭配】preliminary remarks开场白;a preliminary trial/examination初审/初试;a preliminary investigation事先调查
【例句】Preliminary arrangements have been made for the talks.会谈的初步安排已经就绪。
primary /ˈpraɪmərɪ/
a.①最初的,初级的②首要的,基本的
【搭配】primary school小学;in primary elections在初选中
【例句】The historian searched for primary sources of information about the past.历史学家寻找有关过去的资料的原始来源。
initial /ɪˈnɪʃəl/
a.开始的,最初的n.[常pl.](姓名等的)首字母
【搭配】the initial stage of movement 运动的开始阶段;the initial issue of a magazine杂志的创刊号;the initial investment初始投资
【例句】Initial impressions are vital, and a badly-presented CV could mean rejection,regardless of what’s in it.初始印象十分重要,一份粗制滥造的简历就意味着招聘者对里面内容的无视和拒绝。
original /əˈrdʒɪnəl/
a.①起初的②独创的③原版的n.[C]原件
【搭配】reverse his original decision 改变他最初的决定;the original price of the car汽车的原价;original views独到的见解;read Shakespeare in the original读莎士比亚的原著
【例句】She was a talented designer of original school curriculums.她是学校原始课程表的天才设计者。
【链接】originally ad.最初,原先
former /ˈfɔ:mə/
a.在前的,以前的,旧时的n. [the~]前者
【搭配】in former times从前;prefer the former更喜欢前者
【例句】Their farm has been reduced to half its former size.他们的农场已缩小到以前的一半大小。
【链接】formerly ad.从前,以前
previous /ˈpri:vɪəs/
a.①先,前②(to)在……之前
【搭配】have previous convictions有前科;a day previous to Christmas圣诞节的前一天;previous generations 上几代
【例句】We think it happens to help people preserve their beliefs,so they can still hold on to the previous stereotypes.我们认为,这正好有利于人们保留自己的想法,所以他们仍会坚持自己以前的成见。
【链接】previously ad.先前,以前
同义辨析
preliminary多形容初步的行动和措施,如preliminary trial/remarks;primary侧重于在时间上、秩序上或发展速度上的领先,如primary election;former指以前的、在前的、前任的,强调时间上的顺序,如former girlfriend。

名师点睛

prior /ˈpraɪə/
a.在前的,优先的
【搭配】have a prior engagement预先有一个约会;a prior consideration优先的考虑
【短语】prior to...在……之前
【例句】All the arrangements should have been completed prior to our departure.全部安排都应该在我们出发之前完成。
literal /ˈlɪtərəl/
a.①照字面的,原义的②逐字的
【搭配】a literal transcript全文抄本;a literal translation直译
【例句】What is the literal meaning of the word?这个字的原义是什么?
【链接】literally ad.照原文地;精确地;illiterate n.文盲:computer illi-terate计算机盲a.文盲的;不通顺的;外行的
antique /ænˈti:k/
a.古时的,古老的n.[C]古物,古玩,古董
【搭配】collect antique furniture收集古老的家具;an antique dealer古董商
【例句】In the museum we saw antique plates.我们在博物馆看到了古时的盘子。
medieval /ˌmedɪˈi:vəl/
a.中世纪的,中古(时代)的
【搭配】in medieval times在中世纪;medieval agriculture中古时期的农业
【例句】My parents hold a rather medieval attitude towards dating.我父母对约会持保守态度。
preceding /prɪˈsi:dɪŋ/
a.在先的,在前的,前面的
【搭配】in the preceding day前一天;in the preceding chapter在前一章;income tax paid in preceding years前些年付的收入所得税
【例句】He had been in Cuba the preceding summer.去年夏天他曾去过古巴。
senior /ˈsi:nɪə/
a.①资格较老的,地位较高的②年长的n.[C]①较年长者②(中学或大学的)毕业班学生
【搭配】a senior officer一位高级军官;befive years senior to him比他大五岁
【例句】He is a senior member of the committee.他是委员会中的资深委员。
【链接】seniority n.①年长;级别高②资历:a lawyer with five years’ seniority有五年从业经验的律师


名师点睛
following /ˈfɒləɪŋ/
a.接着的,下述的n.[常sing.]一批追随者
【搭配】the following day次日;a large following of admirers大批崇拜者
【例句】Let me illustrate the truth of the proverb with the following example.让我用下面的例子阐述该谚语的正确性。
attendant /əˈtendənt/
a.伴随的n.[C]服务人员,侍者,随从
【搭配】attendant difficulties随之而来的困难;attendant circumstances 附带情况;a queen’s attendants女王的侍从
【例句】One of the problems attendant on shift work is lack of sleep.倒班带来的问题之一是睡眠不足。
subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
a.随后的,后来的
【搭配】the subsequent event随后的事件;on the day subsequent to his arrival在他到达的翌日
【例句】His negligence of duty and subsequent dismissal from his job brought on a crisis in his life.他玩忽职守,随之遭到解雇,这给他的生活造成了危机。
【链接】subsequently ad.后来,随后
succeeding /səkˈsi:dɪŋ/
a.以后的,随后的
【例句】He was sick in bed in the succeeding years.在随后的几年里,他一直病得卧床不起。
consequent /ˈkɒnsɪkwənt/
a.作为结果(或后果)的,随之发生的
【搭配】the confusion consequent on the fire随火灾而发生的混乱;be consequent on the failure of the crops由收成不好引起的
【例句】A severe ood struck the city and there was a consequent shortage of food.该市遭受了严重的洪灾,食物短缺问题也随之而来。
resultant /rɪˈzʌltənt/
a.作为结果的,因而发生的
【例句】He was arrested for drunk-en-ness and the resultant publicity ruined his career.他因酗酒而被拘留,结果这一坏名声毁了他的前程。

名师点睛

therefore /ˈðeəfɔ:/
ad.因此,所以
【例句】You may have been raised to think that women were best at nurtur-ing and caring and,therefore,should be teachers and nurses.你可能从小就认为妇女最擅长照料和看护别人,因此她们应该做老师或护士。
consequently /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntlɪ/
ad.所以,因此
【例句】They found school unchal-lenging and consequently lost interest. 他们发现学校课程缺乏挑战性,因此渐渐就失去了兴趣。
thus /ðʌs/
ad.①因此,从而②如此,这样
【例句】Some people hold the view that unequal income will give rise to inequality and thus result in a lot of social problems.有些人认为收入的不均等会造成不平等,从而导致许多社会问题的产生。
hence /hens/
ad.①因此,所以②今后,从此
【例句】The town was built near a bridge on the River Cam;hence the name Cambridge.该城镇建在卡姆河上的一座桥附近,由此得名“剑桥”。
accordingly /əˈkɔ:dɪŋlɪ/
ad.因此,所以,于是
【例句】He was too sick to stay. Accordingly,we sent him home.他身体欠安,不能留下来了,因此我们便把他送回家去了。
thereby /ðeəˈbaɪ/
ad.因此,从而
【例句】The strike closed most of the mines,thereby reducing the coal pro-duction by one-half.罢工使大多数煤矿关闭,煤产量下降了一半。