Lesson 44


单词学习

名师点睛
murder /ˈmзːdə/
vt.谋杀,凶杀n.[C,U]谋杀,凶杀
【搭配】commit deliberate murder蓄意谋杀;discover/plot murder发现/策划谋杀
【例句】There has been a decrease in the number of murders in the city.城里凶杀案件有所减少。
assassinate /əˈsæsɪneɪt/
vt.刺杀(政治要人),暗杀(坏人)
【搭配】a plot to assassinate the mayor 刺杀市长的阴谋
【例句】President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963.肯尼迪总统1963年在达拉斯遭暗杀。
【链接】assassin n.暗杀者,行刺者
massacre /ˈmæsəkə/
vt.①大规模屠杀,残杀②彻底击败n.①[C,U]大屠杀,残杀②[C](比赛等)惨败
【搭配】cruelly massacre the Jews残酷地屠杀犹太人;the massacre in the Second World War第二次世界大战中的大屠杀;massacre his opponents 彻底击败他的对手
【例句】The army massacred more than 150 unarmed civilians.军队屠杀了150多名徒手的平民。
slaughter /ˈsna:tə/
vt.①屠杀,杀戮②屠宰n.[U]①屠杀,杀戮②屠宰
【搭配】slaughter the entire family 杀了全家人;slaughter millions of cattle宰杀数百万头牛
【例句】The only way to stop the virus spreading is by slaughtering all infected animals.阻止病毒传播的唯一办法就是杀掉所有被感染的动物。
suicide /ˈsu:ɪsaɪd/
n.①[C,U]自杀②[U]自取灭亡
【搭配】attempt suicide试图自杀;four cases of suicide四起自杀案例;economic suicide经济上的自取灭亡
【例句】He committed suicide forunknown reasons.他自杀身亡了,原因不明。
choke /tʃək/
v.①(使)窒息,呛②塞满,塞住
【搭配】choke sb to death使某人窒息而死;choke with anger/laughter 气/笑得说不出话;be choked with traffic塞车
【短语】choke back(one’s anger)忍住(怒气);choke up(因激动等)说不出话来
【例句】Water birds,for example,can choke on plastic bottle rings.例如水鸟会被塑料瓶圈套住而窒息。
butcher /ˈbʊtʃə/
vt.①屠宰②残杀n.[C]①肉贩②屠夫
【搭配】butcher the pig/goat杀猪/羊;be a butcher by trade职业屠夫
【例句】Women and children were butchered by the rebels.妇女和儿童遭到叛乱者的屠杀。
同义辨析
assassinate指由于政治原因对政客或知名人士进行的暗杀;massacre指杀人的量大而残忍,尤其指杀手无寸铁的人;slaughter指屠杀动物用于包装,也指残酷而不必要地杀人。


名师点睛
extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋgwIʃ/
vt.①使消亡,使破灭②熄灭,扑灭
【搭配】extinguish one’s faith in future 对未来信念的破灭;extinguish one’s hope使某人的希望破灭;extinguish afire with water用水灭火
【例句】His behaviour extinguished the last trace of affection she had for him.他的所作所为使她对他的最后一丝爱慕之情也荡然无存。
expire /ɪkˈspaɪə/
vi.断气,死亡
【搭配】expire early this morning今天早上断气
【例句】The old man expired at the age of eighty.这位老人于80岁时逝世。
perish /ˈperɪʃ/
vi.①丧生,毁灭,消亡②(橡胶、皮革等)失去弹性
【搭配】perish in air crash disasters在空难中丧生
【例句】Thousands of people perished in the earthquake.成千上万的人在那次地震中丧生了。
stall /stɔ:l/
v.①(使)(发动机)熄火②拖延 n.[C]①货摊②[常sing.](发动机的)熄火③小房间
【搭配】stall off creditors敷衍债主;(the car)stall(ed)on the freeway(车)在高速公路上抛锚;a fruit stall水果摊
【例句】An inexperienced pilot can easily stall his plane.没有经验的飞行员很容易使飞机熄火。
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
a.①灭绝的,绝种的②(火山等)不再活跃的,(火等)熄灭了的,(风俗等)已废弃的
【搭配】an extinct species/animal灭绝的物种/动物;an extinct volcano死火山;an extinct custom废弃的习俗
【例句】America’s national symbol— the Bald Eagle almost went extinct 20 years ago.美国的国家标志——秃鹰几乎已经在20年前灭绝了。
同义辨析
extinguish指用压服性的武力等手段使之毁灭;perish是指因饥饿、寒冷、暴力等意外事故而死。


名师点睛
deadly /ˈdedlɪ/
a.①致命的②不共戴天的③极度的 ad.非常
【搭配】a deadly weapon/poison致命的武器/毒药;deadly enemies不共戴天的仇敌;work under deadly strain极度紧张地工作
【例句】This is an organism that is potentially deadly to the continued survival of human beings.这种有机生物对人类的后续生存有着潜在的致命威胁。
fatal /ˈfeɪtl/
a.①致命的,灾难性的②重大的,决定性的
【搭配】receive fatal injuries受到致命的伤害;deal the enemies a fatal blow给敌人以毁灭性打击;commit a fatal mistake犯了重大的错误
【例句】Around the world,there are only about one hundred shark attacks on humans each year,ten of which proved fatal.全世界每年大约只有一百起鲨鱼攻击人类的事件,其中十起会致人死亡。
【链接】fatality n.死亡;致命性
disastrous /dɪˈza:strəs/
a.①造成灾害的②极坏的,很糟的
【搭配】bring disastrous flood带来灾难性的洪灾;result in disastrous accidents造成严重事故;have a disastrous effect on industry对工业造成极坏影响
【例句】This period was more disa-strous for farmers than earlier times had been.这一时期对农民来说是史无前例的灾难。
mortal /ˈmɔ:tl/
a.①致命的②终有一死的③不共戴天的n.[C]人
【搭配】a mortal disease绝症;in mortal danger有生命危险;a mortal combat殊死战斗
【例句】He killed Leonardo and re-ceived a mortal wound himself.他杀死了莱昂纳多,自己也受了致命伤。
同义辨析
fatal带有死亡或灾难不可避免或已经发生的含义,如fatal injuries;disastrous暗示没到全部毁灭的程度,如disastrous accidents。


名师点睛
movement /ˈmu:vment/
n.①[C,U]动作,运动②[C,U]移动
③[C]进展,动向④[常pl.]行动,活动
【搭配】be behind the movement支持运动;initiate the 4th May Movement 发起五四运动;forward patriotic movement促进爱国运动
【例句】As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery,they move instruments that are connected to a computer,which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.医生们一边观看手术的三维图像,一边操作与计算机相连的器械,计算机将这些动作传输至自动器械,由自动器械实施手术。
campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
n.[C]①运动②战役vi.参加(或发起)运动,参加竞选
【搭配】initiate a political campaign 发起一场政治运动;promote an active campaign促进一项积极的运动;campaign for better conditions为改善条件而参加运动
【例句】John’s first assignment was to create a promotion campaign for a client who is putting a new game on the market.约翰的第一项任务是为顾客策划一个促销活动,这位顾客正要将一款新游戏推向市场。
motion /ˈməʃən/
n.①[U](物体的)运动②[C]手势,眼色,动作③[C]提议v.(向……)打手势
【搭配】the motion of the planets行星的运动;adopt the motion通过动议
【例句】Never get on or off a bus while it is in motion.切勿在车辆运行过程中上下车。
expedition /ˌekspɪˈdɪʃən/
n.①[C](为特定目的而组织的)旅行,远征②[C]远征(探险)队③[U]迅速
【搭配】make an expedition to the North Pole去北极探险;join an expedition参加远征队/探险队
【例句】I’m taking part in an expedition to photograph wild animals in Africa.我要参加一支探险队去拍摄非洲的野生动物。
drive /draɪv/
n.①[C]运动②[C]驱车旅行③[C]车行道④[U]干劲,魄力⑤[C,U]欲望,内驱力
【搭配】lack the drive缺乏魄力;a big anti-smoking drive大规模的反对吸烟的运动
【例句】The manager decided to launch a sales drive.经理决定开展一次推销活动。
operation /ˌɒpəˈreɪən/
n.①[常pl.](军事)行动,活动②[C]手术③[U]操作,运转,经营④[C]运算
【短语】bring/put into operation使生效/使运行;come/go into operation 施行,实行,生效;in operation工作中,运转着;生效,实施
【例句】The general was in command of operations in the north.这位将军负责指挥北方的作战行动。
【链接】operative n.工作人员,操作员:a factory operative工厂工人a.可使用的,在使用中的
同义辨析
movement指某人或某物的具体动作,多用于社会、思想方面,如patriotic movement(爱国运动);motion主要指运动的抽象概念,如motion and rest(运动和静止);expedition指长距离的、有严肃目的的活动;operation指不一定有完成可能性的延续性工作,常与bring/put/come into搭配。


名师点睛
contest v./kənˈtest/ n./ˈkɒntest/
vt.①争夺,与……竞争②对……提出质疑,辩驳n.[C]①竞赛②争夺
【搭配】contest the seat on the council 争夺议席;contest a statement对一项声明提出质疑;hold a beauty contest举行选美比赛
【例句】A bitter contest developed between the two men for that position. 两个人为得到那个职位展开了激烈的竞争。
compete /kəmˈpi:t/
vi.竞争,比赛
【搭配】compete against foreign companies for market share同外国公司竞争市场的份额
【例句】Banks create online services to compete for customers.银行为了争取客户而开通在线服务。
【链接】competition n.竞争,比赛:stiff competition严酷的竞争;competitor n.竞争者
contend /kənˈtend/
vi.①争夺,竞争②搏斗,斗争vt. 声称,主张
【搭配】contend with others for a prize跟他人争夺奖品;contend with poverty/difficulties与贫穷/困难做斗争
【例句】They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market seg-ments.他们声称锐步关注的是多元化的市场份额。
【链接】contender n.竞争者
rivalry /ˈraɪvəlrɪ/
n.[C,U]竞争,竞赛,对抗
【搭配】enter into rivalry with other shops与其他商店竞争;a friendly rivalry between two teams两队间的友谊赛
【例句】Rivalry among businessfirms grew more intense.公司间的竞争日趋激烈。
同义辨析
contest指争夺某些事物的最高地位、优势所在等;compete指为了一个目标而努力奋斗、争夺,常含有激烈的竞争意味;contend指在比赛、斗争等活动中与对方竞争,尽极大努力挫败对方,常用contend with sb/sth结构。


名师点睛
attempt /əˈtempt/
vt.尝试;企图;努力n.[C]尝试;企图;努力
【搭配】attempt to land in a mountain-ous area试图要降落在山区;attempt an attack by night企图夜袭;make an attempt to cook the dinner试着做饭
【例句】They have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essen-tially social,psychological and spiritual needs with material things.他们试图用物质来满足本质上是社会、心理和精神方面的需求,结果徒劳一场。
shot /ʃɒt/
n.[C]①试图,设法②射击③弹丸,铅球④镜头⑤射手
【搭配】have a good shot at becoming rich努力尝试去变富;have a shot at(solving)this problem设法解决这一问题;take a shot at the enemy朝敌人开枪;put the shot推铅球;an action shot of a car chase汽车追赶动作的连续镜头
【例句】After a few shots at guessing who did it,I gave up.到底是谁干的,我猜了几次没猜到就不猜了。
strive /straɪv/
vi.努力,奋斗,力求
【搭配】strive hard to make greater progress努力奋斗争取更大的进步;strive for accuracy力争确切;strive against injustice为反抗不公正而奋斗
【例句】They are striving to improve their public image.他们正努力改善自己的公众形象。
endeavo(u)r /ɪnˈdevə/
vi.努力,尽力,尝试n.[C,U]努力,尽力,尝试
【搭配】endeavour to improve one’s work努力改进工作;endeavour after wealth/happiness努力追求财富/幸福;make one’s best endeavours to do sth尽全力做某事;previous human endeavours人类之前的努力
【例句】They endeavored to make her happy but in vain.他们努力使她快乐,却徒劳无功。
effort /ˈefət/
n.①[C,U]努力,尝试②[C]努力的成果,成就
【搭配】do sth without effort毫不费力地做某事;make the utmost effort to do sth尽最大的努力做某事
【例句】It is by making the effort of climbing up the mountain,step by step,that eventually the summit is reached.只有通过努力一步一步地向山上爬,最终才会到达顶点。
同义辨析attempt指去做自己希望会成功的事,常常包含冒险的含义;strive强调劳累紧张而不强调结果;endeavour通常强调这种事情要求非同寻常的努力,如endeavour after happiness。


名师点睛
purpose /ˈpзːpəs/
n.[C]①目的,意图②用途③效果
【搭配】achieve/attain one’s purpose 达到/实现某人的目的;the purpose of her visit她来访的目的;with the purpose of studying以学习为目的
【短语】on purpose故意,有意
【例句】He wanted to leave his body for medical purposes.他想把他的遗体留作医学研究。
intention /ɪnˈtenʃən/
n.[C,U]意图,意向,目的
【搭配】do sth by deliberate intention故意做某事;fulfil/reveal one’s intention 实现/暴露某人的意向;with the inten-tion of doing sth怀着做某事的目的
【例句】Wilma Subra had no intention of becoming a public speaker.威尔马·苏夫拉没打算成为一名演说家。
target /ˈta:gɪt/
n.[C]①目标,对象②靶子vt.瞄准
【搭配】set a target for production为生产制定目标;become the target of criticism成为批评的对象;hit/miss the target击中靶子/脱靶
【例句】The members of the alliance against leprosy plan to target the coun-tries which are still threatened by lepro-sy.反麻风病组织成员计划针对那些仍受麻风病威胁的国家开展行动。
deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/
n.[C]最后期限
【搭配】meet the deadline在最后期限前完成;the deadline for applying for the visa申请签证的最后期限
【例句】They ask for an extension of the deadline.他们申请延时。
destination /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃən/
n.[C]①目标,目的②目的地,终点
【搭配】obtain/fulfil one’s destination 达到目的;reach thefinal destination 到达终点
【例句】Allow plenty of time to get to your destination.你要留出充裕时间以到达目的地。
object n./ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
v./əbˈdʒekt/
n.[C]①目标②对象③物体④宾语vi.(to)反对
【搭配】accomplish one’s object达到目的;an unidentified object一个不明物体;object to smoking反对吸烟
【例句】The object of education is to prepare the young to educate them-selves throughout their life.教育的目的在于让年轻人做好在生活中自学的准备。
intent /ɪnˈtent/
n.[U]意图,意向,目的
【搭配】do sth with good/evil intent 出于好/恶意做某事;with intent to steal意图行窃
【短语】to all intents(and purposes) 在一切重要方面,实际上
【例句】The man was charged with intent to kill.那人被指控蓄意谋杀。
同义辨析
purpose指某一行动的因由,常与动词attain/achieve搭配;intention指采取某一行动的决心和计划,如fulfil/reveal one’s intention;intent为法律用语,常指坏想法、坏主意,如with intent to steal。


名师点睛
anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/
a.①焦虑的,发愁的②渴望的,急切的
【搭配】be anxious about one’s safety 为某人的安全担忧;be anxious for a change渴望改变
【例句】He is anxious to find a cure for his high blood pressure.他急切想找到治疗自己高血压的方法。
eager /ˈi:gə/
a.热切的,渴望的
【搭配】be eager about one’s progress 渴望进步;be eager for success渴望成功;with an eager expression带着殷切的表情
【例句】She always has the latest news in town and is eager to talk it over with me.她总是有镇上最新的消息并会迫不及待地告诉我。
keen /ki:n/
a.①(on)热心的,渴望的②敏锐的③激烈的④锋利的
【搭配】be keen about going to the pic-nic热衷于去野餐;take a keen inter-est in his work对他的工作极感兴趣
【例句】They are rather keen to pur-chase Chinese goods.他们非常渴望购买中国货。
【链接】keenly ad.敏锐地
intent /ɪnˈtent/
a.(on)①专心的,专注的②急切的
【搭配】an intent stare目不转睛地凝视;be intent on one’s studies专心致志地学习;an intent look on one’s face脸上急切的神情
【例句】He was intent on going abroad for advanced studies.他一心想出国深造。
同义辨析
anxious多表示对某种不幸、危险等的担忧,如be anxious about one’s safety;eager有为了满足某种欲望而表现出热情的含义,如be eager for success;keen常用于口语中,表示对某人或某物有着一种强烈的爱好和兴趣;intent常与on连用,表示专心致力于实现某种愿望或热衷于某项活动。