1.46 Lesson 43
Lesson 43

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单词学习

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名师点睛

risk /rɪsk/

n.①[C,U]危险,风险②[C]引起危险的事物(或人)

【搭配】run the risk of losing one’s job 冒丢工作的危险;take a risk in driving on冒险驾车赶路;our willful blindness to risk我们故意对危险视而不见

【短语】at risk处境危险;at the risk of(one’s life)冒着(生命)的危险

【例句】We have experienced both the benefits and risks of a truly global economy.我们从真正的全球经济中获得了好处,同时也经历了风险。

crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/

n.[C,U]①危机,危急关头②决定性时刻,关键阶段

【搭配】encounter an economic crisis 遭遇经济危机;stand at the crisis of the history处在历史的紧要关头

【例句】Hill slopes are cleared of forests to make way for crops,but this only accelerates the crisis.山坡上的树被砍光为庄稼腾地方,但这只会使危机加剧。

menace /ˈmenɪs/

n.①[C]具有危险性的人(或物)②[C,U]威胁,威吓

【搭配】constitute a menace to world peace对世界和平构成威胁

【例句】He spoke with menace.他带着威胁的口气讲话。

hazard /ˈhæzəd/

n.[C]危险,公害

【搭配】a hazard to health对健康的危害;eliminate drug hazard消除毒品危害;run/take the hazard冒险

【例句】But such concrete hazards are beside the point.It’s the dangers parents can’t—and may never— quantify that occur all of a sudden.但是这些具体的危险不是关键。关键的是那些家长不能——也可能永远无法确定突然发生的危险。

【链接】hazardous a.危险的;有害的

同义辨析

risk表示为了某种利益主动行事而遭遇到的危险;crisis指给人以悬念的危急关头、转折点,其结果将对疾病、生命、历史产生决定性的影响;hazard指偶尔发生或无法控制的危险。

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名师点睛

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endanger /ɪnˈdeɪndʒə/

vt.危及,危害

【搭配】endanger one’s chances of success危及成功的机会;frighten away an endangered species of whale 把濒临灭绝的鲸鱼吓跑了;endanger other countries威胁到其他国家

【例句】Smoking endangers your heal­th.吸烟有害健康。

chance /tʃa:ns/

vt.①冒……的险②碰巧

【搭配】chance it碰碰运气;(sb) chance(s)to be in(某人)碰巧在家;chance on碰巧遇到

【例句】Don’t chance sailing in a storm.不要冒险在暴风雨中航行。

risk /rɪsk/

vt.冒……的危险,使遭受危险

【搭配】risk losing the opportunity冒着失去机会的风险;risk everything on a single throw孤注一掷

【例句】For centuries,explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown.几个世纪以来,探险家们冒着生命危险探索未知领域。

hazard /ˈhæzəd/

vt.①冒……风险②尝试着做(或提出)

【搭配】hazard one’s life冒着生命危险;hazard a remark斗胆进言;ha­zard a guess试着猜猜

【例句】He hazarded all his money in the attempt to save the business.为了挽救这家企业,他不惜冒险投入他的全部资金。

jeopardise/-ize /ˈdʒepədaɪz/

vt.危及,损害

【搭配】jeopardise relations between two countries危及两国关系;jeo­pardise one’s political career危及政治生涯

【例句】Your teacher could jeopardise a student’s chance of getting a scholar-ship or getting into a top college.老师会使学生失去得到奖学金或进入名牌大学的机会。

menace /ˈmenɪs/

vt.威胁,威吓

【搭配】menace sb with one’sfist clen­ched握紧拳头威胁某人;be menaced by/with the war受到战争的威胁

【例句】The robber menaced him with a revolver.强盗用左轮手枪威胁他。

venture /ˈventʃə/

vi.冒险vt.①敢于②拿……冒险

【搭配】venture out to sea冒险出海;venture on an undertaking冒险从事一项事业;venture one’s life for the just cause为正义事业而冒生命危险

【例句】Nothing venture,nothing have. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。

同义辨析

chance为口语,表示“试试看,碰碰运气”;risk指面临或进行真正的冒险,如risk everything on a single throw;hazard强调不稳定、不安全、不大可能得到好的结局,较正式,如hazard a remark;venture暗示希望通过把握机会得到满意的结果。

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名师点睛

chance /tʃa:ns/

n.[C,U]①机会②可能性③冒险

vi.碰巧vt.冒……的险

【短语】by chance偶然,碰巧;by any chance万一,也许;stand a good chance of passage很可能获得通过;take a chance冒险,投机

【例句】Will middle-class folks have a chance to take their families to space? 中产阶级有机会带他们的全家去太空吗?

opportunity /ˌɒpəˈtju:nɪtɪ/

n.[C,U]机会,时机

【搭配】take this opportunity of thank-ing you趁此机会感谢你;miss/seize/afford an opportunity错过/抓住/给予机会;an opportunity to be educated 受教育的机会;a commercial oppor-tunity商机

【例句】When I heard about the open-ing in Boston,I jumped at the opportu-nity.当我听说波士顿有个空职位时,我抓住了这个机会。

occasion /əˈkeɪʒən/

n.①[sing.]时机,机会②[C]盛会③[C]时刻,场合④[U]起因,理由 vt.引起,惹起

【搭配】choose one’s occasion(for sth)选择(做某事的)时机;on a public occasion在公共场合

【短语】on occasion(s)有时,间或

【例句】I can’t believe Karen is late for such an important occasion as a jobinterview.我不敢相信卡伦竟然在工作面试这么重要的场合迟到。

destiny /ˈdestɪnɪ/

n.[C]①命运②定数,天命

【搭配】go by destiny命中注定;a master of one’s own destiny掌握自己命运的人

【例句】It was his destiny to die in a fo­reign country,far from his family.他命中注定要死在远离亲人的异国他乡。

fate /feɪt/

n.[C,U]命运

【搭配】accept one’s fate认命;aban-don sb to his fate任由命运摆布;go to one’s fate走到命运的尽头

【例句】Don’t be too upset.I have the same fate.别太难过。我也和你同病相怜。

doom /du:m/

n.[U]厄运,劫数vt.注定,命定

【搭配】go to/fall to/meet one’s doom 死亡,灭亡;send sb to his doom将某人处死

【例句】Any attempt to set back the wheel of history is doomed to failure. 任何想使历史车轮倒转的努力都注定会失败。

lot /lɒt/

n.①[C]命运,运气②[C,U]签,抽签

【搭配】one’s hard lot命运坎坷;cast lots抽签;draw lots抓阄(决定做);be chosen by lot由抽签选中

【例句】It has fallen to my lot to oppose the President in the election.命中注定我要在选举中反对总统。

同义辨析

chance强调其偶然性和侥幸;opportunity表示做某件想做的事的恰当时机,多指特殊的机会;occasion表示采取行动的合适时机,常和动词take/miss/seize等搭配,常指一般性的机会;destiny意为“命运,天数”,如go by destiny(命中注定);fate指非人力所能决定或改变的命运;lot表示由于某种偶然机会而降临在某人身上的命运。

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名师点睛

situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/

n.[C]①形势,环境,状况②位置,地点

【搭配】be in a terrible situation处于不利的形势;let the situation get worse使形势进一步恶化;save the turbulent situation挽救动荡的局势;be in an embarrassing situation处境尴尬;a win-win situation双赢的局面; analyse the domestic and international situation分析国内外形势

【例句】From that day onwards the situation worsened.从那天起情况就越来越糟。

【链接】situate vt.①使位于,使坐落于②使联系:situate the events in their historical context把这些事情与其历史背景联系起来

circumstance /ˈsзːkəmstæns/

n.[C]①环境,条件,形势②[pl.]境况,经济状况

【搭配】in exceptional circumstances在特殊的情况下;live in reduced circumstances过着穷困潦倒的生活

【短语】under no circumstances无论如何不,决不;in/under the circum-stances在这种情况下,(情况)既然如此

【例句】I can’t imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.我无法想象我什么时候会去偷东西。

condition /kənˈdɪʃən/

n.①[pl.]环境②[C,U]状况,状态③[C]条件vt.①决定,支配②使习惯,使适应

【搭配】in a delicate condition处于病弱状态;driving conditions驾驶环境;condition consumers to buy things使顾客习惯来购买东西

【短语】on condition(that)如果;out of condition健康不佳

【例句】They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.他们可能习惯了成功,任何挫折都会使他们失望。

【链接】unconditional a.无条件的,绝对的:an unconditional surrender 无条件投降

context /ˈkɒntekst/

n.[C,U]①背景,环境②上下文,语境

【搭配】in the context of reform在改革的背景下;be apart from the context脱离上下文;quote a remark out of its context断章取义

【例句】Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties.在任何社会环境中与其他人构成各种关系的每个人都会遭遇相似的困境。

premise /ˈremɪs/

n.[C]①前提,假设②[pl.](企业、机构等使用的)房屋和地基

【搭配】start with the premise that... 以……假设开始;act on the premise of/that...在……前提下行动;a minor/major premise小/大前提

【例句】The remote working has en­abled the company to dispense with its business premises altogether.远程办公使该公司得以完全弃用办公场所。

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名师点睛

atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə/

n.[C]①气氛,环境②空气③大气

【搭配】in a cordial atmosphere在友好的气氛中;live in an atmosphere of freedom生活在自由的环境中;a smoky atmosphere烟雾缭绕的环境

【例句】This hotel tries to create a homelike atmosphere.这家旅馆尽力营造一种宾至如归的氛围。

【链接】atmospheric a.①大气的,大气层的②制造气氛的:atmospheric lighting制造气氛的灯光

surroundings /səˈraʊndɪŋz/

n.[pl.]周围的事物,环境

【搭配】be situated in pleasant sur-roundings所处环境优美;pay at-tention to one’s surroundings注意周围的环境;grow up in comfortable surroundings在舒适的环境中长大

【例句】Graffiti will spoil the natural beauty of their surroundings.涂鸦会糟蹋它们周围的自然美景。

vicinity /vɪˈsɪnɪtɪ/

n.周围地区,临近地区

【短语】in the vicinity(of)(……)附近,(与……)接近

【例句】There used to be a mill in the vicinity.附近曾有一座磨坊。

proximity /prɒkˈsɪmɪtɪ/

n.[U]接近,邻近

【搭配】in the proximity of a town在城镇的附近

【例句】Proximity to a good shopping centre was very important.邻近有一个不错的购物中心是很重要的。

同义辨析

surroundings指围绕着某物的周遭环境,注意是复数;vicinity指近处的范围;proximity指在地点上的接近。

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名师点睛

excuse /ɪkˈskju:s/

n.[C,U]借口,理由,辩解

【搭配】have excuse for doing sth借口做某事;offer no excuses不作任何辩解

【例句】You should not plead inexpe-rience in excuse of your mistake.你不应该以缺乏经验为借口为你的错误辩解。

pretext /ˈpri:tekst/

n.[C]借口,托辞

【搭配】under/on the pretext of illness 以生病为借口;find a pretext to refuse an invitation找借口推辞邀请

【例句】The little boy tried very hard to find a pretext for not doing his homework.小男孩竭力想找个不做作业的借口。

warrant /ˈwɒrənt/

n.①[C]授权令②[U](正当)理由,根据

【搭配】have no warrant for one’s action无权这样做;issue a warrant for his arrest发出对他的逮捕证;without a warrant没有正当理由

【例句】You have no warrant for such a statement.你没有理由这样说。

justification /ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

n.[U]正当的理由,借口

【搭配】be no justification for his absence没有缺席的理由

【例句】What can be said in justifica-tion of what he had done?他能说些什么来为他自己所做的事辩解呢?

dodge /dɒdʒ/

n.[C]①妙计,伎俩②躲闪,躲避

【搭配】a tax dodge逃税的伎俩

【例句】Those were the dodges he used to escape taxation.那些是他逃税惯用的伎俩。

plea /pli:/

n.[C]①借口,托词②抗辩,辩护③恳求

【搭配】under the plea of ill health以健康不佳为借口;enter a plea of not guilty提出无罪的答辩;the insanity plea以精神失常为由进行的申辩;make a plea for mercy恳求宽恕

【例句】She left the party on the plea of a headache.她借口头疼离开了晚会。

同义辨析

pretext表示为掩盖自己的真实动机而找出的虚假的借口、托词;plea常与for连用,表示为寻求理解而对自己的所作所为做出解释。

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名师点睛

forgive /fəˈgɪv/

vt.①原谅,饶恕,宽恕②豁免

【搭配】forgive sb for being late原谅某人迟到

【例句】Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.通过对选择基础医疗为职业的学生免除学生贷款债务,缩小专科医生和普科医生在收入上的显著差距,让基础医疗对医科学生更具吸引力。

spare /speə/

vt.①饶恕②使免遭③省出④节约

n.[C]备件

【搭配】spare one’s life饶某人一命

【短语】to spare过剩,有余

【例句】In my opinion,it’s advisable that we spare no effort to protect our forest resources and to plant more trees for a better environment and for our offspring.我认为,为了有个更好的环境,为了我们的子孙后代,我们不遗余力地保护我们的森林资源并且多种树是明智之举。

exempt /ɪgˈzempt/

vt.(from)免除,豁免a.被免除(义务、责任等)的,被豁免的

【搭配】commodities exempted from taxes免税商品;be exempt from all taxes免除一切赋税

【例句】He was exempted from military service because of bad health. 他因身体不好而免于服兵役。

immune /ɪˈmju:n/

a.①(from)免除的②(to)不受影响的③免疫的

【搭配】be immune from punishment/taxes免除处罚/免税;be immune to persuasion不能被说服;be immune to disease对疾病有免疫力

【例句】Stress reactions can reduce the disease-fighting effectiveness of the body’s immune system.压力反应能够减少人体免疫系统抵抗疾病的有效性。

【链接】immunise/-ize vt.使免疫

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名师点睛

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factor /ˈfæktə/

n.[C]因素,要素

【搭配】go into the various factors 阐述不同的因素;ignore/lack the essential factor忽视/缺乏基本要素;key/crucial factors重要因素

【例句】A 1993 study by the US National Academy of Sciences listed “biological,individual,family,peer, school,and community factors”as all playing their parts.美国国家科学院1993年的一项研究指出,“生物学、个人、家庭、同龄人、学校和社区等因素”都会起作用。

sake /seɪk/

n.[U]缘故,理由

【搭配】do sth for any sake无论如何要做某事;for convenience’s sake为方便起见

【短语】for the sake of(safety)为了(安全)起见,看在……的份上

【例句】The vast majority of indivi-duals who want to change their body weight do it for the sake of appearance.大多数想改变体重的人都是出于对外表的考虑。

basis /ˈbeɪsɪs/

n.[C]基础,根据,原则

【搭配】the basis of...……的基础;on the basis of...在……基础上,根据……

【例句】As far as I am concerned,it is advisable that college students do some temporary jobs on a part-time basis.在我看来,大学生在课余时间找一些临时工作是可取的。

motive /ˈmətɪv/

n.[C]动机,动因,目的

【搭配】conceal one’s motive隐瞒某人的动机;diagnose the underlying motive探询内在动机;trace the motive for murder探究杀人动机; people with poor motives动机不纯的人

【例句】What makes life dreary is the want of motive.没有了目的,人生便黯淡无光。

同义辨析

factor具有数学及解析意味;basis指抽象意义上的基础;motive指作用于意志并使人行动的情感或者身体欲望。