Lesson 37


单词学习

名师点睛
want /wɒnt/
vt.①缺乏,缺少②需要n.[C,U]①缺乏,缺少②需要
【搭配】want knowledge/a sense of duty缺乏知识/责任感;(sb’s hair) want(s)cutting需要理发;die from want of food因食物短缺而死亡
【例句】He did not get the promotion for want of judgement.他因缺乏判断力而未获晋升。
shortage /ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ/
n.[C,U]不足,缺少
【搭配】overcome the shortage克服不足;cause a serious shortage of water引起严重缺水;the shortage of manpower劳动力的缺乏
【例句】Scientists say Low Till Farm-ing is becoming popular in South Asia, which is facing a severe water shortage. 科学家表示浅耕法在缺水严重的南亚地区开始变得流行。
deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsɪ/
n.[C,U]缺乏,不足
【搭配】a deflciency of good sense缺乏良知;the deflciency in the system 制度中的缺陷
【例句】The child has a calcium defl-ciency.那孩子缺钙。
【链接】deficient a.①(in sth)缺乏,缺少:be deficient in skill缺乏技巧②不完全的,不充足的
absence /ˈæbsəns/
n.①[U]缺乏②[C,U]缺席③[C,U]外出期
【搭配】the absence of evidence缺乏证据;absence of mind心不在焉
【例句】Those who don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know.不以顺境来衡量幸福的人是我们认识的最聪明的人。
deficit /ˈdefɪsɪt/
n.[C]赤字,亏空,亏损
【搭配】cover the deflcit弥补亏损;a deficit in grain production谷物产量不足;cut the large budget deflcits减少大量的预算赤字
【例句】The directors have reported a deflcit of$2.5 million.董事们报告赤字为250万美元。


名师点睛
sufficient /səˈfɪʃənt/
a.足够的,充分的
【搭配】sufficient rest充分的休息;have sufficient supplies of food有足够的食物供应;(money)be sufflcient for your trip(钱)足够你的旅行;set up a self-sufflcient colony建立一个自给自足的殖民地
【例句】A word to the wise is suffi-cient.明人不用细言。
adequate /ˈædɪkwɪt/
a.充足的,足够的
【搭配】an adequate supply of food足够的食物供应;have adequate oppor-tunity to do sth有充分的机会做某事
【例句】In addition to genes,intelli-gence also depends on adequate nutri-tion,a good education and a decent home environment.除基因以外,高智商还依赖于足够的营养、良好的教育以及相当好的家庭环境。
satisfactory /ˌsætɪˈfæktərɪ/
a.令人满意的
【搭配】flnd a satisfactory solution找到令人满意的解决办法;the only satis-factory way out唯一令人满意的出路
【例句】The students find the service in the cafeteria satisfactory.学生对咖啡馆的服务很满意。
ample /ˈæmpəl/
a.①足够的②宽敞的,面积大的
【搭配】an ample supply of water充足的水供应
【例句】There is ample reason to believe that the man is innocent.有充分的理由相信那个男人是无辜的。
同义辨析
sufficient常用于书面语体中,指需要的满足,如sufficient supplies of food;adequate指“足够符合的”,如adequate opportunity(充分的机会);ample指“充分的,足以满足需要的”,常修饰时间(time)、供应(supply)等。


名师点睛
abundant /əˈbʌndənt/
a.①大量的,充足的②(in)丰富的,富裕的
【搭配】an abundant harvest丰收;abundant and cheap labour充足而廉价的劳动力
【例句】Our country used to be abun-dant in natural resources,but now because of untempered exploitation, some resources have come to the edge of extinction.我们的国家曾经有丰富的自然资源,但是现在由于无节制的开采,一些资源接近消失的边缘。
plentiful /ˈplentɪfə1/
a.丰富的,充足的,大量的
【搭配】plentiful supplies of vegetables 大量的蔬菜供应;a plentiful supply of food丰富的食物供应
【例句】This plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview.这部关于采访的内容丰富的全集里几乎没有涉及新闻采访。
fertile /ˈfɜːtaɪl/
a.①(想象力或创造力)丰富的②多产的③肥沃的
【搭配】be fertile in wheat盛产小麦;a fertile imagination丰富的想象力
【例句】His hope now:that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his longstanding messages about business ethics.他现在的希望是:改革的呼声能够为他一直倡导的商业道德提供更肥沃的土壤。
wealthy /ˈwelθɪ/
a.富裕的
【搭配】a wealthy family富裕的家庭;be wealthy in compassion/know-ledge感情丰富/知识渊博
【例句】He is a wealthy international business man.他是一个富有的跨国商人。


名师点睛
spare /speə/
a.①多余的,空闲的②备用的
【搭配】a spare tire备用轮胎;have no spare room/money没有多余的房间/余钱;spare parts for a car汽车的备用零件
【例句】Students may get to know the world outside the campus by taking part in various and colourful activities in their spare time.通过在课余时间参加多种多样的、丰富多彩的活动,学生们可以了解校园外面的世界。
additional /əˈdɪʃənəl/
a.添加的,额外的,另外的
【搭配】an additional tax附加税;take several additional months多花了几个月
【例句】Classes are told that if they show improved rates of attendance, they can win additional gifts.各班同学得到通知,如果他们的出勤率能得到提高,他们还会得到额外的礼物。
【链接】addition n.增加的人(或物);加(法);in addition另外,加之;in addition to...除……之外
redundant /rɪˈdʌndənt/
a.①多余的,过剩的②(因人员过剩而)被解雇的
【搭配】redundant information过剩的信息;redundant population in the cities城市中过剩的人口
【例句】Seventy men at the factory were made redundant because of falling demand for our products.由于对我们产品的需求量减少,工厂有70人被辞退。
surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/
a.过剩的,多余的n.[C,U]过剩,盈余
【搭配】surplus value剩余价值;have a large surplus of oil有大量过剩的石油
【例句】Surplus wheat is put in sto-rage and shipped abroad.多余的小麦被储存起来运到海外。
excess a./ˈekses/ n./ɪkˈses/
a.过量的,额外的n.[C,U]①过量②超越
【搭配】pay for excess luggage付超重的行李费;excrete excess排泄过剩部分
【短语】in excess of(his income)超过(他的收入);(drink/eat)to excess (喝/吃)过量,过度,过分
【例句】Optimism is a good charac-teristic,but if carried to an excess it becomes foolishness.乐观是一种好品质,但若过分乐观就是愚蠢了。
excessive /ɪkˈsesɪv/
a.过多的,过分的,过度的
【搭配】excessive speed超速;exces-sive charges过高的索价;excessive bleeding出血过多
【例句】Excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins.贪吃是基督教不可饶恕的七宗罪之一。
extravagant /ɪkˈstrævəgənt/
a.①过度的,(言语等)放肆的②奢侈的
【搭配】load sb with extravagant praise 过分赞扬某人;have some extrava-gant expectations抱有奢望;an ex-travagant banquet铺张的宴会;the extravagant promise很高的承诺
【例句】He makes the most extrava-gant claims for the new system.他对新制度提出最为过分的要求。
【链接】extravagantly ad.挥霍无度地
fringe frɪndʒ/
a.附加的,额外的n.[C]边缘vt.作为……的边缘
【搭配】a mere fringe of philosophy 哲学的边缘知识
【例句】These measures will help re-duce fringe costs.这些措施有助于减少附加费用。
supplementary /ˌsʌplɪˈmentərɪ/
a.增补的,补充的
【搭配】supplementary reading补充读物;be supplementary to the pre-vious question对前面问题的补充
【例句】There is a supplementary water supply in case the main supply fails.万一主水源断了,我们另外还有供水的地方。
auxiliary /ɔ:gˈzɪljərɪ/
a.①辅助的,补助的②备用的,后备的
【搭配】auxiliary nursing staff助理护理人员;an auxiliary engine备用发动机;auxiliary units后备部队
【例句】Esperanto is an artificial lan-guage,designed to serve internation-ally as an auxiliary means of commu-nication among speakers of different languages.世界语是一种人造语言,它是为了辅助国际上讲不同语言的人进行交流而设计的。
同义辨析
spare特指备用的,如spare tire(备用轮胎);redundant主要形容言谈、文章或人使用了重复的、不必要的词或短语;excessive意为“过度的”,多用于贬义,如excessive speed(超速),excessive charges(过高的索价);extravagant用来形容人的行为或习惯是奢侈的,如extravagant expectation(奢望),extravagant banquet(铺张的宴会)。


名师点睛
mark /ma:k/
n.[C]①痕迹,斑点,污点②记号vt.①标明②纪念
【短语】mark off(this area)划出(这片区域);mark(the price/grade) down降低(价格/分数);mark up (sb/stock)提高(某人的分数/股票的价格)
【例句】The MBA,a 20th-century product,always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed.工商管理硕士学位是20世纪的产物,它往往被看作是低级商业和贪婪的标志。
【链接】marked a.显著的,明显的;markedly ad.显著地,明显地:drop markedly with inflation随着通货膨胀而显著下降
trace /treɪs/
n.①[C,U]痕迹,踪迹②[C]微量,少许
【搭配】without leaving a trace没有留下一点痕迹;a mere trace of a smile一丝笑意
【例句】The archaeologists found some traces of an ancient civilisation in that area.考古学家在那个地区发现了一些古代文明的遗迹。
spot /spɒt/
n.[C]①斑点,污点②地点,处所③少量
【搭配】a spot on sb’s fame某人名誉上的污点;leave brown spots on the shirt在衬衫上留下棕色污点;historic spots古迹;a shady spot阴凉的地方
【短语】on the spot在场,到场;立即,马上
【例句】The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages.过去的1万年中宜人的全球环境只不过是多年以来气候广泛变化大格局中的一个亮点。
stain /steɪn/
n.[C]污点,污迹vt.沾污,染污,染色
【搭配】find blood stains发现血迹;without a stain on one’s character性格未受任何影响
【例句】I washed the tablecloth se-veral times but couldn’t get the gravy stains out.我把桌布洗了几次,但上面的肉汁污迹还是洗不掉。
splash /splæʃ/
n.[C]①(光、色等的)斑点②溅出的水(或泥浆等)③溅泼声v.溅,泼
【搭配】be white with brown splashes 白中夹杂棕色斑点;jump into the pool with a splash扑通一声跳入池中
【例句】The rain came down in a splash.雨哗哗地下。
trail /treɪl/
n.[C]①痕迹,足迹,踪迹②小路
vt.跟踪,追踪
【搭配】lose the escaped convict’s trail失去在逃犯的踪迹;trail the criminals追踪犯罪分子
【短语】trail along没精打采地(跟在后面)走;trail away/off逐渐减弱,缩小
【例句】Up until 1995,English was the second most common native tongue in the world,trailing only Chinese.到1995年,英语仅次于汉语,成为了世界上使用人口数排名第二的母语。
signal /ˈsɪgnəl/
n.[C]①信号,暗号②标志vt.向……发信号
【搭配】send out/receive the signal发出/接收信号;signal a ship nearby for help向附近船只发求救信号
【例句】Germany was sending a sig-nal,one that was clearly received i India and other countries.德国在发出一个信号,这个信号被印度和其他国家清楚地接收。
signature /ˈsɪgnətʃə/
n.[C,U]签名,署名,签字
【搭配】bear/have the signature有签名;add/attach one’s signature on the contract在合同上签名
【例句】Petitions bearing nearly a half-million signatures were sent to the White House.有将近50万人签名的请愿书被送到白宫。
symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/
n.[C]①符号,标志②象征
【搭配】read/understand the symbols 读/理解这些符号;devise a symbol设计一个标志;a symbol of purity/courage 纯洁/勇气的象征
【例句】Back at field headquarters, field commanders will view symbols that identify different forces on com-puter screens.在后方的野战司令部里,战地司令们能在电脑屏幕上看到代表不同军队的标志。
sign /saɪn/
n.[C]①符号,标记②招牌③迹象v.签(名),签署
【搭配】look out for a sign to the mo-torway留意通往高速公路的路标
【短语】sign away/over签字放弃;sign for签收;sign off停止播送;结束;sign on/up签约雇用;签约受雇;sign out签名登记离开;登记携出(某物)
【例句】At theflrst sign of trouble,the school of fish swim as close together as they can get.一旦出现有麻烦的迹象,鱼群会尽可能紧地聚到一起。
icon /ˈaɪkɒn/
n.[C]①图标,图符②崇拜对象,偶像
【搭配】the printer icon打印机图标;a feminist/gay icon女权主义者/同性恋者的崇拜对象
【例句】To open a new file,click on the icon.点击这个图标打开新文件。
symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/
n.[C]①症状②征候,征兆
【搭配】physical symptoms身体症状;study the patient’s symptoms研究病人的症状;the symptom of jetlag时差反应的症状;cold symptom感冒症状
【例句】The riot can be considered a symptom of political in stability.动乱可以被看作是政治上不稳定的征兆。
同义辨析
mark的常用搭配:an ink mark(墨渍);trace指某些已出现或发生的事所留下的记号、痕迹等,如leave a trace(留下一点痕迹),a trace of a smile(一丝笑意);signal指为了警告、命令或报信而发出的“信号”,常和send out/receive搭配;symptom表示一个过程或状态的外在显示,如symptom of jetlag(时差反应的症状)。


名师点睛
indication /ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/
n.[C,U]①指示,表示②象征,迹象
【搭配】show indications of decline 显示衰落的迹象
【例句】This map gives no indication of the heights of the hills.这张地图没有标出这些山的高度。
label /ˈleɪbəl/
n.[C]①标签,标记②称号vt.①贴标签于②把……称为
【搭配】put labels on the products给产品贴标签;attach/paste labels on the luggage给行李系上/贴标签
【例句】All the sale items had special labels.所有减价品都有特殊标签。
badge /bædʒ/
n.[C]①标记,标识②象征③徽章,证章
【搭配】wear the school badge on his coat把校徽别在他的外套上
【例句】Wisdom is the badge of matu-rity.智慧是成熟的象征。
brand /brænd/
n.[C]商标,(商品的)牌子vt.①打烙印于②谴责
【搭配】the famous/popular brand著名/流行的品牌;the new brand of biscuits新品牌的饼干;brand sth in one’s memory牢记某事
【例句】Would you please tell me where I can get batteries for this brand of camera?请问你能告诉我在哪儿可以买到这个牌子的相机的电池吗?
trademark /ˈtreɪdma:k/
n.[C]①特征,标记②商标,牌号
【搭配】imitate a trademark冒牌
【例句】A federal law provides that a trademark cannot be registered if it comprises the flag,coat of arms,or badges of the United States.联邦法规定,如果一个商标中使用了国旗、国徽或者象征美国的任何徽章图案就不能进行注册。
landmark /ˈlændma:k/
n.[C]①陆标,地标②里程碑③有历史意义的建筑物
【搭配】a landmark decision具有里程碑意义的决策;a major landmark in theflght against terrorism与恐怖主义斗争的重要里程碑
【例句】Scenes of natural beauty and important landmarks have been spoiled by mindless grafflti.自然美景和重要地标已经被愚蠢的涂鸦糟蹋了。
index /ˈɪndeks/
n.[C]①标志,表征②索引③指数(标)vt.为……编索引
【搭配】an index of one’s mood情绪的表征;the price index价格指数
【例句】The face is no index to the heart.知人知面不知心。
notation /nəˈteɪʃən/
n.[C,U]记号,标记法
【搭配】musical/chemical notations音乐/化学符号;marginal notations页边批注
【例句】He made a notation on his en-gagement calendar.他在约会日程上作了记号。
scar /ska:/
n.[C]①伤疤,伤痕②(精神上的)创伤v.(给……)留下伤痕(或创伤)
【搭配】leave a nasty scar留下难看的伤疤;scar his face在他脸上留下疤痕
【例句】The scars of poverty have un-doubtedly left their marks.贫困的创伤无疑在他们身上留下了烙印。
syndrome /ˈsɪndrəm/
n.[C]①综合病征,综合症状②(某种条件下有共同特征的)一系列表现(事件、举动等)
【搭配】become a syndrome as the months wore on随着时间推移形成综合症状
【例句】Their lifestyle is typical of the bored middle-aged housewife syn-drome.她们的生活方式是无聊的中年家庭主妇的典型体现。
tag /tæg/
n.[C]标签,标牌vt.给……加上标签
【搭配】attach/fix a price tag to the product把价签系/贴在商品上
【短语】tag along(sb)尾随/跟随(某人)
【例句】Most of us tend to look at to-day’s price tag more than tomorrow’s potential savings.大多数人只看到眼前的价格标签却看不到今后潜在的能节省下的钱。
tick /tɪk/
n.[C]①记(勾)号②[sing.](钟表)滴答声vt.给……标记号vi.发出滴答声
【搭配】tick off an item on a list在单子的项目旁打钩
【短语】tick away/by(时间一秒一秒地)过去
【例句】He put a tick beside each word in the glossary that he had learned by heart.他在词汇表中每一个已熟记的单词旁边做了个记号。


名师点睛
pollute /pəˈlu:t/
vt.①弄脏,污染②腐蚀③玷污,败坏
【搭配】pollute the air/environment污染空气/环境;polluted water污水;pollute sb’s honour/reputation玷污某人的名声/名誉
【例句】Like one in three American rivers,this river is so polluted that it’s unsafe for swimming and fishing.与三分之一的美国河流一样,这条河污染严重,已不适合游泳和垂钓。
【链接】pollutant n.污染物,污染物质:release pollutants into the atmos-phere将污染物排放到空气里
spot /spɒt/
vt.①使有斑点②玷污
【搭配】spot the clothes with ink墨水把衣服弄脏;(the mud)spot(ted)the rug(泥)弄脏了地毯
【例句】The scandal spotted his cha-racter.丑闻玷污了他的人格。
stain /steɪn/
vt.染污,染色
【搭配】stain the floor with blood血染地板
【例句】The blackberry juice stained theirflngers.黑莓汁把他们的手指给染了。
contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/
vt.弄脏,污染
【搭配】a contaminated reservoir被污染的水库;be contaminated with wastes被垃圾污染
【例句】The air has been contaminated by exhaust fumes.空气已被废气所污染。
【链接】contamination n.污染,弄脏
rust /rʌst/
v.(使)生锈n.[U]铁锈
【搭配】rust the iron roof使铁皮屋顶生锈;an old car with a lot of rust锈迹斑斑的旧汽车
【例句】Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft,rust too easily,or have some other drawbacks. 许多纯金属用处并不大,因为它们要么太软,要么太容易生锈,要么还有别的缺陷。
infect /ɪnˈfekt/
vt.①传染,感染②影响
【搭配】infect the plant with a virus 用病毒感染植物;infect the whole class with one’s laughter笑声感染了全班同学
【例句】Tears contain a substance that kills certain bacteria so they can’t in-fect your eyes.眼泪含有能够杀菌的物质,能够防止眼睛受到感染。
【链接】infection n.传染病;传染,传播
communicate /kəˈmju:nɪkeɪt/
vt.传染
【搭配】communicate a disease to sb 把疾病传染给某人
【例句】He communicated colds to the rest of his family.他把感冒传给了家里其他人。
contract /kənˈtrækt/
vt.感染(疾病),染上(恶习)
【搭配】contract a cold患感冒;con-tract a bad habit染上恶习
【例句】My brother contracted a di-sease(malaria)during the war and has recurrent attacks.我弟弟在战争中染上了一种病(疟疾),并经常发作。
同义辨析
pollute指把干净的物体(如air/environment)弄脏或弄得有毒、有害的整个过程,也指玷污、败坏纯洁的事物(如honour/reputation);contaminate指外来的影响使某物受到玷污或变得糟糕,如contaminated reservoir。