Lesson 20

单词学习

名师点睛

complain /kəmˈpleɪn/

vi.①抱怨，诉苦②投诉，控告

【搭配】complain to the manager about sth找经理抱怨某事；complain of the rapid pace of life抱怨生活节奏太快；complain of the noise抱怨噪音

【例句】Most Londoners complained about the trouble caused by Exercise Flood call.大多数伦敦人抱怨由防洪演习造成的麻烦。

【链接】complaint n.抱怨，投诉：investigate sb’s complaint调查某人的投诉

accuse /əˈkju:z/

vt.指控，控告，指责

【搭配】accuse him of stealing控告他盗窃；be accused of cheating cus­tomers被指控欺骗顾客；give sb an accusing look责备地看一眼某人

【例句】Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of misconduct.生物技术产业的支持者们指责一位美国科学家行为不当。

【链接】accusation n.①谴责②指控

charge /tʃa:dʒ/

vt.①控告，指控，指责②使充电n.①[C]控告，指控②[U]管理，照管，掌管

【搭配】charge sb with murder指控某人犯有谋杀罪；charge a crime against/on sb指控某人有罪；face charges面临指控；offcial charges of child abuse虐待儿童的官方指控

【短语】in charge（of）管理，负责；take charge开始管理，接管

【例句】The statement charged that their actions violated the agreement. 声明指责他们的行为违背了协定。

sue /su:ː/

vi.①控告，起诉②（for）要求，请求 vt.控告，起诉

【搭配】sue for a divorce起诉离婚；sue sb for loss起诉某人要求赔偿；sue sb for ruining the furniture控告某人破坏家具

【例句】Get the branches off my property or I’ll have to sue you.把树枝从我的地盘拖走，不然我就起诉你。

【链接】lawsuit n.诉讼，起诉：fle a lawsuit against sb向某人提起诉讼

prosecute ˈprɒsɪku:ːt/

vt.①对……提起公诉，检举，告发②继续从事

【搭配】prosecute for sth对某事进行起诉；prosecute one’s studies继续从事研究

【例句】He was prosecuted for drunken driving.他因酒后驾车被提起公诉。

【链接】prosecution n.①（被）起诉，检举②[sing.]原告，控方③实施，从事：defence and prosecution被告和原告

file /faɪl/

v.①（for）起诉，提交……以便备案②将……归档n.[C]①档案②文件③文件夹，公文箱④锉刀

【搭配】file complaints诉说怨愤；file for divorce起诉要求离婚；file letters in a drawer把信件归档放入抽屉中；have/keep a fle on each mem­ber保管每个成员的档案

【短语】on fle存档，归档

【例句】She has filed an application for divorce.她已经提交了离婚申请书。

名师点睛

condemn /kəˈdem/

vt.①（强烈）谴责②判……刑，宣告……有罪

【搭配】condemn sb’s violent beha­viour谴责某人的暴力行为；con­demn sb to death判某人死刑

【例句】What it is wrong to condemn her for is overlooking your hard work. 因为觉得她忽视了你学习上的努力而谴责她是错误的。

【链接】condemnation n.①谴责②判刑

blame /bleɪm/

vt.责备，指责，归咎于n.[U]①责任②批评

【搭配】be to blame（for sth）应（为某事）受责备；the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming造成全球变暖的主要温室气体；lay/put the blame（for sth）on sb（把某事）归咎于某人；take the blame for... 为……而自责

【例句】Bill blamed Jane for neglecting the family.比尔指责简忽视了家庭。

curse /kɜːs/

v.咒骂，诅咒n.[C]①咒骂②祸害，祸根

【搭配】curse sb for sth为某事诅咒某人；a curse to farmers给农民带来的祸害

【例句】Loneliness in old age is the curse of modern society.老年孤独是现代社会的不幸。

rail /reɪl/

vi.（at/against）咒骂，严厉责备，抱怨

【搭配】rail at his hard luck抱怨他的不幸；rail against the government咒骂政府；be no use your railing at fate你抱怨命运没有用

【例句】Some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years.一些左翼亿万富翁，像乔治·索罗斯已经抱怨收入不均很多年了。

criticise/-ize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/

vt.①批评，批判②评论，评价

【搭配】criticise sb for doing sth批评某人做某事；criticise the decision as unrealistic批评决定不合实际；criti­cise a new book评价一本新书

【例句】This report has been criticised as inaccurate and incomplete.这份报告被批评为既不准确又不完整。

denounce /dɪˈnaʊns/

vt.①谴责，指责②告发

【搭配】denounce the new law指责新法律；denounce the minister’s action指责部长的行为；denounce sb as a spy揭发某人是奸细

【例句】He denounced the offenders to the authorities.他向当局告发了肇事者。

reproach /rɪˈprəʊtʃ/

vt.责备，批评n.[U]责备，批评

【搭配】reproach sb for being late批评某人迟到；reproach the pupil with laziness批评学生懒惰；give sb a term of reproach责备某人

【例句】She was astonished at the look of reproach on his face.看到他一脸责备她的样子，她感到惊讶。

【链接】reproachable a.应责备的

damn /dæm/

vt.①[用于诅咒]诅咒，咒骂②严厉批评

【搭配】damn gambling and strong drink谴责赌博和酗酒；damn sb’s suggestion说某人的建议不好

【例句】This flm was damned by the critics.这部影片受到了批评家的指责。

rap /ræp/

vt.&vi.①责备，训斥②（out）突然厉声说出③急敲

【搭配】rap the police for its negli­gence责备警方的疏忽；rap out a complaint大声埋怨；rap the table to be quiet敲桌子要求安静

【例句】The chairman rapped the delegate for naming names.会议主席训斥了举出有关人士名字的那名代表。

同义辨析

curse指乞求上帝来惩罚坏人或敌人；rail表示不满和怨恨，强调用粗野的、侮辱谩骂性的语言；reproach只是表达不满而已。

名师点睛

charge /tʃa:dʒ/

vt.①索（价），要……支付②使充电 n.[C，U]费用

【搭配】charge fares on public trans-port公共交通的收费；charge too much for the treatment治疗收费太高；expensive freight charges高昂的运费

【例句】If the deadline passed，cus­tomers were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card ac­counts.如果限期一过，消费者会通过银行或信用卡账户被强行缴费。

claim /kleɪm/

vt.①索取，对……提出要求②需要③宣称n.[C，U]索赔

【搭配】claim 2 dollars from him for damage向他索赔两美元的损失费；claim ownership of the land提出对土地的产权要求；make a claim for damages要求赔偿损失

【例句】And it is vital that once an in­stitution claims to be particularly good at something，it must live up to it.一旦一家教育机构声明自己尤其擅长某事，那么它就必须名副其实，这一点至关重要。

tax /tæks/

vt.①对……征税②使负重担n.[C，U]税（款）

【搭配】tax imports征进口税；tax everyone’s patience耗费每个人的忍耐力；lay a tax on sth对某物征税

【例句】A government can tax its citi­zens directly，and it can tax the property they own.政府可以直接向公民课税，也可以对他们的财产课税。

levy /ˈlevɪ/

vt.征收（税款等）n.[C]征税，税款

【搭配】levy a tax on tobacco征收烟草税；levy a ransom on sb向某人索取赎金；a direct food levy直接食品税

【例句】The government levies taxes for national expenses.政府为国家的开支而征税。

同义辨析

charge指卖方要价或索取费用（fare）；claim特指因为有权拥有某物（如ownership/two dollars）而“索要，要求”；tax强调用种种不同的方法，专指征收金钱，如 tax imports（征进口税）。

名师点睛

punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/

n.[U]处罚，惩罚

【搭配】receive/take punishment受到惩罚；physical punishment体罚

【例句】The alternative to capital pu­n­is­hment is longer sentences.取代死刑的方法就是更长时间的监禁。

fine /faɪn/

n.[C]罚金，罚款vt.处……以罚金a. ①晴朗的②健康的，舒适的

【搭配】pay a fne of 20 dollars付罚款20美元；fne sb heavily重罚某人；turn out fne转晴

【例句】The government has made laws to ban spitting and littering in public places，and offenders will be severely fined.政府已经制定了法律禁止在公共场所随地吐痰和乱丢垃圾，违者将受到重罚。

penalty /ˈpenltɪ/

n.[C]（犯罪或体育运动的）处罚，惩罚，罚金

【搭配】the death penalty死刑；a fi­nancial penalty经济处罚；penalties for drunken drivers对酗酒司机的处罚

【例句】It would increase the penalty for failing to return a deposit.它将加重因为不返还押金而受到的处罚。

sentence /ˈsentəns/

n.[C，U]判决，宣判vt.宣判，判决

【搭配】pronounce sentence of death宣判死刑；serve one’s sentence服刑；suspended sentence缓刑；the maximum sentence for this type of crime这类犯罪的最大量刑

【例句】The assassin was sentenced to death.刺客被判死刑。

detention /dɪˈtenʃən/

n.①[U]拘留，监禁②[C，U]课后留校的惩罚

【搭配】detention without trial未经审判的关押；be given two hours’de­tention被罚留校两小时；a detention camp拘留营

【例句】They can’t give me a deten­tion for this.他们不能因为这件事而拘留我。

名师点睛

duty /ˈdju:tɪ/

n.[C，U]①责任，义务②职责（务）③（关）税

【搭配】do one’s duty尽职；fail in one’s duty失职

【短语】on duty在上班（的），在值班（的）；off duty下了班（的），不值班（的）

【例句】I feel it is our duty not to pol­lute our environment.我认为不污染环境是我们的义务。

【链接】undutiful a.①不顺从的②不孝的③不忠的④无义务观念的：an undutiful son不孝子

responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsɪˈbɪtɪtɪ/

n.①[U]责任（心）②[C]职责

【搭配】take the responsibility of/for... 负起……的责任；bear heavy respon­sibilities承担重大责任；claim re­sponsibility for sth声称对某事负责；have a legal responsibility to question 有法律责任去质疑

【例句】And 30 percent of fathers report that they take equal or greater re­sponsibility for their children than their working wives do.30%的父亲称，他们在照管孩子方面承担着与有工作的妻子相同的甚至更多的责任。

【链接】responsible a.①承担责任的②重要的

accountability /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪtɪtɪ/

n.[U]负有的责任，有说明的义务

【搭配】proposals for greater police accountability主张警察负更多职责的提案；the accountability of a com­pany’s directors to the shareholders公司董事向股东所负之责；encourage delegated responsibility and accounta-bility鼓励责任下放

【例句】There is a need for increased professional accountability.有必要加强职业责任观念。

【链接】accountable a.负有责任的，有说明义务的：be accountable for sth对某事负责

obligation /ˌɒbtɪˈgeɪʃən/

n.[C]义务，责任

【搭配】have an obligation to do sth 有义务做某事；discharge sb from an obligation免除某人的责任；be/lie under an obligation to sb对某人有义务

【例句】Our parents fulflled their ob­ligation to support us.父母尽到了抚养我们的义务。

commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/

n.①[C]承担的义务②[U]信奉，献身③[C]承诺，许诺，保证

【搭配】take on too many commitments 承担太多的义务；lifelong commitmentto domestic and global issues致力于国家及全球问题的终生承诺

【例句】Her commitment to work is beyond question.她的敬业精神是不容置疑的。

assignment /əˈsaɪnmənt/

n.①[C]（分派的）任务，（指定的）作业②[U]分配，指派

【搭配】complete the assignment完成任务；receive an assignment接受一项任务；be responsible for the as­signment of jobs负责分派工作

【例句】The assignment on physics is a real challenge.物理作业真是一个挑战。

mission /ˈmɪʃən/

n.[C]①使命，任务，天职②代表团，使团

【搭配】carry out a dangerous mission 执行危险的任务；fulfil the mission完成使命；on business mission因公出差

【例句】He was the head of a French trade mission to the United States.他是法国派往美国的贸易代表团团长。

liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪtɪ/

n.①[U]责任②[pl.]债务③[C]不利条件

【搭配】liability to pay taxes纳税的义务；hold no liability for damages 不负损坏赔偿责任

【例句】He admitted his liability for the accident.他承认自己对这起事故负有责任。

burden /ˈbɜːdn/

n.[C]①重担，精神负担②重负，负荷vt.①加重压于，烦扰②装载

【搭配】bear/carry/shoulder the burden担起重担；relieve fnancial burden减轻财政负担；relieve some pressing fnancial burdens减轻一些经济负担；burden a horse with a load让马驮东西

【例句】College tuition has become a heavy burden for the students.大学学费已经成为学生的一个沉重负担。

【链接】burdensome a.难以承担的，令人困扰的：burdensome duties/re­sponsibilities难以承担的职责/责任

同义辨析

duty常指道义上的责任，强调自觉，牢记do one’s duty（尽职）；responsibility指对某人、公众、社会或某事应负的义务、职责，常与动词bear/claim搭配；assign­ment指上司分给的一定量的而且是限期完成的工作；burden指难以承受或负担过重的事物，常与动词bear/carry/shoulder搭配。

名师点睛

award /əˈwɔ:d/

n.[C]奖，奖品，奖金

【搭配】hand out/present an award颁奖；obtain/gain/win an award获奖；the major/minor award重大的奖/小奖

【例句】The novel earned him a lite­rary award.这部长篇小说为他赢得了文学奖。

reward /rɪˈwɔ:d/

n.①[C，U]报答；奖赏②[C]报酬，酬金

【搭配】claim a reward索酬金；de­serve a reward应受奖赏；get nothing in reward for one’s hard work辛苦工作而无报酬

【例句】Winning the match was just re­ward for the effort the team had made.取得了比赛的胜利是对整个团队所付出的努力的回报。

medal /ˈmedl/

n.[C]奖牌，奖章，勋章

【搭配】win a gold medal in the game在比赛中赢得金牌；award sb with a medal授予某人奖章

【例句】In the Olympic Games the winner will get a gold medal.在奥运会上获胜者会得到一枚金牌。

premium /ˈpri:mɪəm/

n.[C]①奖品；赠品；额外津贴②额外费用③（投保人向保险公司支付的）保险金

【搭配】give a premium for...因……给予奖品；pay the agent a premium 付给代理人额外费用

【短语】at a premium①奇缺的②售价高的；put/place a premium on（sth）高度评价（某事）

【例句】Hard-to-get theatre tickets can be bought at a premium.可以出高价买到紧俏的戏票。

allowance /əˈlaəns/

n.[C]津贴，补贴；零用钱

【搭配】be given travelling allowance给出差津贴；deserve a government allowance应享受政府的补贴

【短语】make allowance（s）for（one’s rudeness）①原谅（某人的无礼），体谅②考虑到，估计

【例句】The fact that there is an iced coffee on the market with over a quar­ter of a woman’s daily calories allow­ance is alarming.具有警示性的一个事实是，市场上所出售一杯冰咖啡的卡路里含量相当于女士日常卡路里可摄入量的四分之一。

同义辨析

award指因表现出色而得的奖金或证书，常同present/obtain/hand out等构成搭配；reward通常指因做某事或提供了某种服务而得到的报答或酬谢，常与claim，de­serve构成搭配。