Lesson 12

单词学习

名师点睛

avoid /əˈvɔɪd/

vt.避免，预防，避开

【搭配】avoid distractions避免分心；avoid travelling long distances避免长途跋涉；avoid the rush hour避开交通高峰期；avoid unsafe situations避开不安全的情况

【例句】To avoid fscal meltdown，pub-lic pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up.为了避免财政崩溃，必须严格控制公共养老金和医疗保险，可能必须提高税收。

【链接】avoidance n.回避，躲避：tax avoidance逃税

prevent /prɪˈvent/

vt.预防，防止

【搭配】prevent the export of e-waste 防止电子垃圾出口；prevent the di-sease（from）spreading防止疾病蔓延；prevent flooding in summer预防夏天发洪水

【例句】Take every precaution to pre-vent the ag from becoming soiled.采取一切措施防止弄脏旗帜。

【链接】prevention n.预防，防止

flee /fli:/

vt.逃避，避开，逃离vi.逃走，逃掉

【搭配】flee famine逃避饥荒；flee one’s native village逃离家乡；be forced to flee the country被迫逃往国外；ee in panic仓皇逃走

【例句】He was lucky to flee the burning hotel.他很幸运，逃出了失火的旅馆。

escape /ɪˈskeɪp/

vt.逃避，避开vi.①逃跑，逃走②（气体，液体等）漏出，泄露

【搭配】escape the crowds避开人群；escape being punished避免受罚；es-cape from one’s domination摆脱某人的操纵

【例句】We go south to escape the winter.我们到南方去过冬避寒。

exclude /ɪkˈsklu:d/

vt.把……排斥在外，不包括

【搭配】exclude doubt不容怀疑；ex-clude dust/light挡住尘土/光线；ex-clude sb from a position将某人撤职；exclude immigrants from the country 拒绝移民进入该国

【例句】In the end it’s all learning，but many children today exclude them-selves from a scientific education.说到底这些都是学习，但如今很多孩子把自己排除在科学教育之外。

preclude /prɪˈklu:d/

vt.阻止；排除；妨碍

【搭配】preclude misunderstandings between...避免……之间的误会；preclude his escaping阻止他逃走

【例句】The bad weather precluded me from attending the meeting.糟糕的天气妨碍了我出席会议。

ward /wɔ:d/

vi.抵挡，防御

【搭配】ward off（disease）预防（疾病）；a necklace to ward off evil spi-rits辟邪的项链

【例句】The European Union is creat-ing a$580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse.欧盟创立了一个5，800亿元的基金来防备国家崩溃。

discourage /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/

vt.阻止，劝阻

【搭配】discourage a one-size-fits-all approach to parenting不赞同一刀切的养育办法；discourage smoking in the school不许在校内吸烟；discou-rage teachers from reading the lecture 劝老师不要照本宣科

【例句】New screening tests are iden-tifying children at risk before they get discouraged by years of frustration and failure.新的筛查测试可以辨别那些处于危险中的孩子们，以免他们在经受多年的挫折和失败后灰心丧气。

同义辨析

avoid强调有意躲避不快的事物或情况（如collision/rush hour/accident/danger）；ee后直接跟地点名词（或短语）；exclude强调阻止或禁止某人（如immigrant）进入某地（如the country）或参加某个组织；preclude强调事先的行动。

名师点睛

interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/

vt.①阻碍，中止②打断，打扰vi.打断，打扰

【搭配】interrupt sb in his work打扰某人工作；interrupt railway services 中断铁路交通；interrupt sb in histalk打断某人的话

【例句】A war interrupted the trade between the two countries.战争使两国间的贸易中断了。

【链接】interruption n.①阻断，打断②打搅：the interruption of the body clock打乱生物钟

punctuate /ˈpʌŋktʃueɪt/

v.①不时打断②给……加标点符号

【搭配】the announcement punctuated by cheers不时被欢呼打断的宣布；learn to punctuate correctly学会正确使用标点符号

【例句】He punctuated his remarks with thumps on the table.他讲话时不时地捶着桌子。

interfere /ˌɪntəˈfɪə/

vi.（with/in）①妨碍，干扰②干涉，介入

【搭配】interfere with sb’s lesson妨碍某人做功课；interfere between the husband and wife干涉夫妻之间的事

【例句】Don’t interfere in matters that do not concern you！不要干涉与你无关的事！

【链接】interference n.①阻碍，干扰②干涉，介入：interference from foreign broadcasting stations来自国外广播电台的干扰

intervene /ˌntəˈviɪn/

vi.①干涉，干预②干扰，阻挠

【搭配】intervene in the internal af-fairs干涉内政；intervene in a dis-pute/fght调停争论/干涉争斗；inter-vene to stabilise the pound斡旋以稳定英镑

【例句】The Bank of England had inter-vened in foreign exchange markets.英格兰银行已经涉足外汇市场。

【链接】intervention n.介入，干涉，干预

block /blɒk/

vt.①阻碍，妨碍②堵塞，阻塞

【搭配】block sb’s appointment妨碍某人的约会

【短语】block off封锁，封闭；block up堵塞，挡住

【例句】Legislation of this kind has been blocked by two powerful lobbies. 这类法规遭到了两大游说团体的阻止。

hinder /ˈhɪndə/

vt.阻碍，妨碍

【搭配】hinder sb from doing sth阻碍某人做某事；hinder the progress of the peace talks妨碍和平谈判的进程；hinder sb’s career耽误某人的事业； hinder their healthy growth阻碍他们的健康成长

【例句】Her progress certainly hasn’t been hindered by her lack of experience. 她的进步显然没有被有限的经验所阻碍。

hamper /ˈhæmpə/

vt.妨碍，束缚，限制n.[C]（有盖的）大篮子

【搭配】hamper the offce work妨碍公务；hamper agricultural production阻碍农业生产；fnd oneself hampered at every turn发现自己处处受阻

【例句】The local business was not much hampered by the sudden outbreak of the epidemic.这场突如其来的传染病并未给当地商业带来太大的影响。

handicap /ˈhændɪkæp/

vt.妨碍，使不利n.[C]①不利因素，障碍②残疾，缺陷

【搭配】be handicapped by lack of money因缺钱而吃亏；physical/men-tal/emotional handicap身体/精神/情感上的缺陷

【例句】British exports have been handicapped by the strong pound.英镑坚挺影响了英国的出口。

【链接】handicapped a.残疾的，弱智的：physically handicapped chil-dren身体残疾的儿童

inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/

vt.阻止，妨碍，抑制

【搭配】inhibit sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事；inhibit the growth of economy抑制经济增长；inhibit desires and impulses抑制欲望和冲动

【例句】Her tight dress inhibited her movements.紧身衣使她行动不自如。

delay /dɪˈleɪ/

vt.①耽搁，延误②推迟，使延期n. [U]耽搁（的时间），延迟

【搭配】delay the crop’s blooming period延误了庄稼的生长期；delay making the decision推迟作出决定

【例句】As it turned out，bringing down Mir only temporarily delayed the frst tourist trip into space.如其所示，米尔的坠落只是暂时延缓了第一次太空旅行。

postpone /pəʊsˈpəʊn/

vt.推迟，延期

【搭配】postpone sending an answer to a request推迟答复请求

【例句】As far as I know，the seminar has been postponed till next week.据我所知，研讨会延期至下周。

hang /hæŋ/

vt.①悬挂，吊②吊死，绞死vi.悬挂，吊着，垂下

【短语】hang about/around（the sta-tion）（在车站附近）闲荡；hang on （the receiver/learning English）握住（听筒）/不坚持（学英语）；hang on to（the house）继续保留（这所房子）；hang up（on sb）挂断（某人的）电话

【例句】You’ve been hanging onto the phone for quite a while.你已经打了很久的电话啦。

suspend /səˈspend/

vt.①暂停，中止②悬，挂，吊

【搭配】suspend the sales of the drug 暂停销售这种药品；suspend pay-ment/judgement暂停支付/延缓判决；suspend the contract中止合同

【例句】Drivers who violate traffic regulations will be fined and their li-cence will be suspended.违反交通规则的司机会被罚款并扣留驾驶证。

同义辨析

interrupt指中断某活动（如work/talk）的连续性；interfere含贬义，指对别人的事务（private affairs）横加干涉；intervene强调夹在中间，指为防止某事发生或改变事情的结局而干预（如internal affairs/fight）；hinder通常指临时的妨碍（hinder sb from doing sth/hinder the progress of the peace talks阻止某人做某事/妨碍和平谈判的进程）；postpone指有意识地将某事（如meeting/sending an answer to a request）延至将来某一特定时间。

名师点睛

prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/

vt.禁止，不准

【搭配】be prohibited from smoking 禁止吸烟；be prohibited from leav-ing camp禁止离开军营

【例句】The high cost of the machine prohibits its widespread use.这种机器价格昂贵，很难普及使用。

【链接】prohibitive a.起抑制作用的：put a prohibitive tax on foreign goods 以抑制为目的对国外商品收税

forbid /fəˈbɪd/

vt.禁止，不许

【搭配】forbid sb to go swimming不准某人去游泳；forbid sb to the house不准某人进入房子

【例句】I can’t forbid you from seeing that man again.我无法制止你再和那个男人来往。

ban /bæn/

vt.①（from）禁止②取缔n.[C]禁止，禁令

【搭配】ban strikes and demonstrations禁止罢工和示威游行；ban sb from doing sth禁止某人做某事；impose a ban on overtime实施加班的禁令

【例句】Fortunately，in 1972，a law was passed to ban DDT，which saved the bald eagle from total wipeout.幸运的是，在1972年，通过了一项禁止DDT的法律，这使得秃鹰免于彻底绝种。

bar /ba:/

vt.①阻止，拦阻②阻塞，封锁（道路等）

【搭配】bar sb from a competition阻止某人参加比赛；bar the whole area封锁整个地区；bar playing cards for money禁止玩纸牌赌钱

【例句】He has been barred from practis_- ing medicine.他已经被禁止行医。

avert /əˈvɜːt/

vt.①防止，避免②转移（目光、注意力等）

【搭配】avert an accident避免一次事故；avert failure by hard work努力工作以避免失败；avert one’s eyes/gaze from...从……转移目光

【例句】There must be immediate action if chaos is to be averted.要避免混乱就必须立即采取行动。

dodge /dɒdʒ/

vt.回避，逃避vi.闪身躲开n.[C]①托

辞②躲闪

【搭配】dodge responsibility/obliga-tion逃避责任/义务；dodge military

service逃避兵役

【例句】He tried to dodge the reporters’ queries.他试图回避记者的询问。

veto /ˈvi:təʊ/

vt.&n.[C，U]否决

【搭配】veto the demonstration of stu-dents禁止学生示威游行；put a veto on a proposal否决一项提案；exer-cise the veto行使否决权

【例句】The plan was vetoed by the government.这项计划被政府否决了。

suppress /səˈpres/

vt.①禁止发表，查禁②抑制（感情等），忍住

【搭配】suppress a newspaper查禁报纸；suppress the truth about the ac-cident禁止公布事故真相；suppress a yawn/cough忍住打哈欠/咳嗽

【例句】Each nation suppressed news that was not favourable to it.每个国家都封锁对其不利的消息。

同义辨析prohibit指借助法律、规章制度阻止某事（如smoking/leaving camp）；forbid多强调阻止与被阻止双方的私人关系；ban语气较重，指权威机关正式禁止（如strike/nuclear weapon）；bar表示既不允许进也不允许出；suppress强调彻底地粉碎和禁止（如newspaper/truth）。

名师点睛

restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/

vt.限制，约束，限定

【搭配】restrict access to the place限制进入该地方；restrict sb’s freedom of choice限制某人选择的自由；re-strict sb to smoking 2 cigarettes限定某人吸两根烟；the restricted operat-ing areas受限制的操作区域

【例句】This opposition finally led to the passing of immigration laws in the 1920s which restricted further immigra-tion.这种反对最终导致在20世纪20年代通过了限制未来移民的移民法。

【链接】restriction n.限制，约束；restrictive a.限制性的；restrictively ad.限制性地

constrict /kənˈstrɪkt/

vt.限制，限定，抑制，约束v.使（某物）缩紧，缩小或缩窄

【搭配】constricting rules and regula-tions具有约束性的规章制度；a constricted vision of the world一种狭隘的世界观；a drug that constricts the blood vessels收缩血管的药

【例句】Our way of life is rather constricted now that our income is so reduced.由于我们的收入减少了这么多，我们的生活方式受到一定限制。

confnevt./kənˈfaɪn/ n./ˈkɒnfaɪn/

vt.①限制，使局限②使不外出，禁闭n.[pl.]界限，范围

【搭配】confine the remarks to the subject将发言限于话题之内；be confned to the house by illness受疾病限制不能出家门；be confined in prison被监禁在牢房里

【例句】Many places are worth visiting within the confines of China，so why bother to rush to foreign countries？中国境内就有很多地方值得游览，为什么大费周折地出国旅游呢？

【链接】confnement n.①限制②监禁

imprison /ɪmˈprɪzən/

vt.监禁，关押

【搭配】feel imprisoned in home感到在家如同坐牢

【例句】They were imprisoned for possession of drugs.他们因持有毒品而被监禁。

constrain /kənˈstreɪn/

vt.①限制，约束②克制，抑制③强迫，迫使

【搭配】constrain the plant’s growth 抑制植物的生长；be constrained by lack of cash现金不足而受到限制；be constrained to do...不得不做……

【例句】Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometimes environments give those people oppor-tunities.有时候环境限制那些人，有时候环境给他们提供机会。

restrain /rɪˈstreɪn/

vt.①阻止，控制②抑制，遏制

【搭配】restrain his sobs/laughter止住他的哭声/笑声

【例句】We should try our best to re-strain ourselves from smoking.我们应该竭尽全力克制自己不要抽烟。

【链接】restraint n.①抑制，限制②约束措施

refrain /rɪˈfreɪn/

vi.（from）抑制，克制，戒除n.[C]（诗歌的）叠句，副歌

【搭配】refrain oneself自制；couldn’t refrain the tears禁不住掉眼泪；refrain from hostile action不采取敌对行动

【例句】Refrain from making pro­mises they cannot honour.不做无法兑现的承诺。

withhold /wɪðˈhʊld/

vt.①抑制，制止②拒绝，不给

【搭配】withhold payment拒付；withhold one’s support不支持，不援助；withhold the truth from sb对某人隐瞒真相

【例句】Visas were withheld from some members of the delegation.代表团的一些成员被拒发签证。

boycott /ˈbɔɪkɒt/

vt.（联合）抵制，拒绝参与n.[C]（联合）抵制，拒绝参与

【搭配】boycott a meeting拒绝出席会议；a boycott of foreign goods抵制国外商品；put goods under a boy-cott实行联合抵制货物

【例句】For a few days every year， people from DPRK will boycott every-thing from Japan.每年都有几天，朝鲜人会一起抵制一切来自日本的东西。

同义辨析

restrict指限定在某空间、领土（access to the place）或领域内的事物；confne强调禁止或不能越过的边界，如confne the remarks to the subject（将发言限于话题之内）；restrain指用某种强迫手段或劝说来约束或完全制止；refrain指克制自己做某事（如smoking/hostile action）的一时冲动。