Lesson 6

单词学习

名师点睛

abandon /əˈbændən/

vt.①遗弃，抛弃②离弃，丢弃③放弃n.[U]放任

【搭配】abandon one’s wife and child 抛妻弃子；abandon obligation/respon-sibility逃避义务/推卸责任；abandon medicine for literature弃医从文

【短语】abandon oneself to①（～lei-sure）沉溺于（享乐）②（～despair）陷入（绝望）；（wave one’s arms）with abandon纵情地（挥舞着手臂）

【例句】People were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy.人类被迫放弃原有的生活方式而采用全新的生存战略。

desert /dɪˈzʒːt/

vt.抛弃，离弃vi.擅离（职守等）

【搭配】desert the baby after giving birth生下婴儿后将其抛弃；desert from the army擅自离开军队，开小差

【例句】The birds have deserted their nest.这些鸟舍弃了它们的窝。

discard /dɪsˈka:d/

vt.丢弃，抛弃

【搭配】discard one’s old friends抛弃老朋友；discard some of the old furniture丢弃一些旧家具

【例句】Scientists have also discarded another old stereotype that almost all dyslexics are boys.科学家已经摒弃另一种认为大部分诵读困难的人都是男孩子的旧观点。

resign /rɪˈzaɪn/

vt.①辞去，放弃②（to）使顺从vi. 辞职

【搭配】resign one’s job/position辞去工作/职务；resign one’s citizenship/seat放弃国籍/座位；be resigned to the situation顺应形势；resign from the cabinet辞去内阁职务

【例句】The Foreign Minister said he was resigning，but refused to make further explanation.外交部长说他准备辞职，但他拒绝做进一步的解释。

【链接】resignation n.①辞职②辞职信，辞呈③顺从，听任：accept the defeat with resignation无可奈何地承认失败

reject /rɪdʒekt/

vt.摈弃，拒纳，退回

【搭配】reject weak plants剔除长得不好的庄稼；reject poorly written ar-ticles退回写得拙劣的文章；reject a 28 per cent property tax increase反对将财产税增加28%；reject conven-tional values摈弃传统价值

【例句】Some job applicants are re-jected by the company because they don’t have a good command of Eng-lish.有些应聘者因为英语不好而被公司拒绝了。

quit /kwɪt/

v.①停止，放弃②离开，辞（职）

【搭配】quit working/fghting停止工作/战斗；quit smoking戒烟；quit one’s hometown离开自己的家乡

【例句】For someone else，it may mean quitting his or her job，taking out a loan and going back to school full time.对另一些人来说，它可能意味着放弃自己的工作，贷款供自己回学校脱产学习。

同义辨析

abandon尤指遗弃人（如wife/child）或信仰/责任（belief/obligation）；desert强调抛舍家业（如house/village）或逃避责任（duty/obligation）；discard常表示抛弃旧衣 服（old coat）、老朋友（old friends）和过去的信仰（belief）；resign一般指辞去职务（如job/office）或放弃公民权（citizenship）；reject暗示某物因不好或无价值而被抛弃；quit多强调辞去职务（job/position），也可表突然或故意放弃，常与 working/smoking搭配。

名师点睛

cancel /ˈkænsəl/

vt.①取消，废除②抵消，对消③删去，划掉

【搭配】cancel the match/interview 取消比赛/面试；cancel delivery/an order取消送货/订单；cancel the contract/agreement终止合同/协议；cancel a check/stamp（使）支票/邮票作废

【例句】So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar，cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.美元的境况日益衰败，所以，如果想避免美元带来的影响，那就取消原定去英格兰的暑期旅游计划，改去新英格兰吧。

【链接】cancellation n.取消，注销

abolish /əˈbɒlɪʃ/

vt.彻底废除，废止

【搭配】abolish a law/custom废除法律/风俗；abolish superstitious prac-tices废除迷信做法；abolish state pensions取消政府养老金

【例句】After a few extensions，the programme was abolished.持续了一段时间之后，这个项目被废除了。

abort /əˈbɔ:t/

v.①（使）夭折，中止②流产，小产③使流产

【搭配】abort a computer programme 中止计算机的程序；abort an expectant mother为准妈妈做流产

【例句】The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you’re dealing with cats or bulls.在克隆猫或牛时，对于卵子的耗费和很多自然流产的胎儿也许还是可以接受的。

eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/

vt.①排除；消除，根除②淘汰

【搭配】eliminate insecurities消除不安；eliminate capital punishment取消死刑；eliminate the possibility of...排除……的可能性；eliminate poverty and injustice消除贫困和不公正

【例句】If you add enough insulation measures，you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air conditioning equipment.如果采取足够的保温措施，你就能减少甚至淘汰暖气和空调设备。

delete /dɪˈli:t/

vt.删除

【搭配】delete memory/words抹掉记忆/删除文字；delete a mark/trace消除记号/踪迹

【例句】Researchers at Cambridge University have found that nearly half of the social networking sites don’t im-mediately delete pictures when a user requests they be removed.剑桥大学的研究者们发现将近有一半的社交网站不会立即按照用户的要求删掉照片。

erase /ɪˈreɪz/

vt.擦掉，抹去，清除

【搭配】erase pencil marks擦去铅笔的笔迹；erase that vision from my memory把那时的景象从我的记忆中抹去

【例句】In today’s class，the students were asked to erase their mistakes on the exam paper and put in their possi-ble corrections.今天的课上，老师让同学们把试卷上的错误擦去，并做可能的修改。

scrub /skrʌb/

vt.①取消（计划等）②用力擦洗，把……擦净vi.用力擦洗

【搭配】scrub the wall clean把墙刷干净；scrub an order/a plan取消命令/计划

【例句】You’ll have to scrub hard to get that stain out.你得使劲擦洗才能把那块污迹去掉。

同义辨析

cancel表示取消事先安排好的事情（如flight/match/interview/delivery/order）；abo-lish指消除长期存在的风俗（如custom/superstitious practices）和观念等；eliminate 消除负面因素（如capital punishment/insecurity）或排除可能性（possibility）等。

名师点睛

undo /ʌnˈdu:/

vt.①取消，撤销②解开，松开③消除……的坏影响

【搭配】undo an evil/a sin消除邪恶/罪过；undo the buttons/tie解开纽扣/领带；undo the suffering/harm消除痛苦/危害；undo the good work of one’s predecessor毁弃前辈的大好成果

【例句】It may turn out that vitamin E plays a role in prevention but cannot undo serious damage.这也许可以证实维生素E能起到预防作用却不能治疗已出现的严重损伤。

reverse /rɪˈvʒːs/

vt.①撤销，推翻②使位置颠倒n. [常sing.]相反

【搭配】reverse the tape/order倒磁带/颠倒次序；reverse his original deci-sion改变他最初的决断；reverse sb’s view彻底改变某人的观点；reverse the obesity epidemic扭转肥胖普遍流行的局面

【例句】In the summer，the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well. 夏天，这个系统还可以反过来进行制冷。

【链接】reversible a.①可翻转的，可正反两用的：a reversible jacket可两面穿的夹克②可逆的，可恢复的，可医疗的

dispose /dɪˈspəʊz/

vi.（of）①去掉②处理vt.①布置②使有利于

【搭配】dispose of litter responsibly 负责任地将垃圾处理掉；dispose of the problem处理问题；dispose the soldiers for the battle为战斗布置兵力

【例句】Suspicion disposes kings to tyranny and husbands to jealousy.猜疑使国王倾向于专制，使丈夫倾向于嫉妒。

【链接】disposal n.①处理②清除③布置：at sb’s disposal任某人处理，供某人使用；deploy v.①（使部队等）进入战斗位置，调度，部署（军队等）②有效地利用（某物）：deploy one’s arguments/resources有效地利用论点/资源

rid /rɪd/

vt.（of）使摆脱，解除……的负担，从……中清除

【搭配】rid the house of mice清除室内老鼠

【短语】get rid of（the disease/sb）①摆脱（疾病/某人）②除去，处理掉

【例句】The fire saved us from the agony of deciding what to keep and what to get rid of.大火把我们从要保存什么和要扔掉什么的抉择痛苦中解救出来。

deport /dɪˈpɔ:t/

vt.把……驱逐出境

【搭配】deport the aliens把外国人驱逐出境

【例句】The spy was deported after two years’imprisonment.被关押了两年之后，该间谍被驱逐出境。

exile /ˈeksaɪ1/

vt.流放，放逐，使流亡n.①[U]流放②[C]被流放者

【搭配】exile sb from his country将某人放逐到国外；live in exile流亡他乡；send sb into exile流放某人

【例句】Several of the leaders were arrested and exiled to France.有几位领导人被捕了并被流放到了法国。

expel /ɪkˈspel/

vt.①驱逐，赶走，放逐②把……除名③排出，喷出

【搭配】expel a diplomat驱逐一名外交官；expel the student for cheating 开除作弊的学生

【例句】After the outbreak of fghting， all foreign journalists were expelled. 战斗爆发后，所有外国记者都被驱逐出境了。

同义辨析

dispose常与of连用，用于清除垃圾（rubbish/waste）、处理问题（problem）；exile常用exile sb from some place结构；expel带强制意味，如驱逐外交官（diplomat）、入侵者（invader）或开除学生（student）。

名师点睛

force /fɔ:s/

vt.①强迫，迫使②用力推动n.[U]①力，自然力②武力

【搭配】force a confession from sb逼供；force an entry into a building强行进入建筑物；force sb into doing sth强迫某人做某事；force people to follow the cultural mainstream迫使人们跟随文化主流；force one’s way through a crowd在人群中挤过去；force the window open用力推开窗户；drive force in bringing virtual reality to medicine致力于推动将虚拟现实应用于医学领域；enter the labour force进入劳动力市场

【例句】A slump in business travel forced Ulrich Rǒmer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany.由于商务旅行客源减少，乌尔里希·罗默在德国经营的家庭旅馆不得不降低成本。

【链接】forcibly ad.①用强力，用武力②有力地，强大地

enforce /ɪnˈfɔ:s/

vt.①强迫，迫使②实施；生效；执行

【搭配】enforce obedience upon sb强迫某人服从；enforce one’s thoughts on sb将自己的想法强加于某人；enforce discipline执行规定；enforce family planning执行计划生育

【例句】A frm might publish a privacy-protection policy，but who enforces it？一个公司也许会发布其隐私保护方案，但是谁来保证它的实施呢？

【链接】enforcement n.强制；实施；加强

compel /kəmˈpel/

vt.强迫，迫使

【搭配】compel sb to stay indoors迫使某人待在家里；compel sb to one’s will强迫某人服从自己意愿；com-pel tears from the audience使观众感动得流泪

【例句】This law will compel employ-ers to provide health insurance.这项法律将迫使雇主提供健康保险。

【链接】compelling a.强制的，强迫的

prompt /prɒmpt/

vt.①促使，推动②提示

【搭配】prompt public concern引起公众的注意；prompt investigation/development推动调查/发展；prompt memory/thought激起回忆/思考；prompt sb to do sth激励某人做某事【例句】The poor boy confessed that it was hunger that prompted him to steal the bread.可怜的男孩承认他是因为太饿了才偷面包的。

oblige /əˈblaɪdʒ/

vt.①迫使②施恩于，帮……的忙③使感激

【搭配】oblige sb to close the factory迫使某人关闭工厂；oblige sb with money借给某人钱；feel obliged to sb非常感谢某人

【例句】They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales.他们不得不工作更长时间以增加销量。

impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/

vt.①（on）把……强加于②征（税），处以（罚款等）vi.利用

【搭配】impose ambition on our chil-dren把野心强加给我们的孩子；im-pose one’s company/oneself on sb硬缠着某人；impose duties on tobaccos and wines征收烟酒税；the penalties imposed on careless drivers对粗心的司机的惩罚；impose on/upon sb’s kindness利用某人的善良

【例句】Parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes.父母在履行社会赋予的改变孩子人生的义务中得到的帮助很少。

render /ˈrendə/

vt.使得，致使

【搭配】render him helpless使他无依无靠；render it impossible to do sth使不可能做某事；be rendered unconscious使失去知觉

【例句】This new form of part-read-ing，of part-perception against back-ground distraction，renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration.这种在背景有干扰的情形下的半阅读、半感知的新形式几乎不能使人做到基本的理解和集中精力。

require /rɪˈkwaɪə/

vt.①要求，规定②需要

【搭配】require sb to conform to the law要求某人遵守法律；require a lot of reading要求大量的阅读；re-quire silence of sb要求某人保持安静；require sth of sb向某人要某物；support the required amount of brain power提供脑部所需的能量

【例句】It is sometimes required that we work overtime，and that we change shifts four or fve times a month.它有时要求我们加班，而且我们一个月轮班4到5次。

request /rɪˈkwest/

v.请求，要求n.[C]请求，要求

【搭配】request for an increase in pay 要求加薪；request sb to leave the company要求某人离开公司；re-quest sth from sb从某人处要某物；make an urgent request紧急请求

【例句】Out of 20 such requests，six customers proceeded with the pur-chase.在20个询问的人当中，有6位顾客买下了它。

demand /dɪˈma:nd/

vt.①要求，强令②需要n.①[C]要求②[U]需要，需求（量）

【搭配】demand to speak to sb要求和某人谈话；demand reparations要求赔偿；refuse sb’s demand for a pay raise拒绝某人增加工资的要求；meet the demands of consumers满足消费者的需求

【短语】in demand有需要，销路好；on demand一经要求

【例句】Demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an ex-tra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.发展中国家对动物制品的需求增长如此之快，以至于到2050年，每年要消耗的额外的谷物量达3亿吨。

plead /p1i:d/

vi.①恳求，请求②申诉，答辩，辩护vt.①为……辩护②提出……为理由

【搭配】plead for mercy乞求发慈悲；plead with sb to do sth恳求某人做某事；plead pressure of work提出工作压力大为理由

【例句】He could not plead ignorance as his excuse；he should have known what was happening in his department. 他不能用不知道来搪塞；他本应该了解他部门里发生的事。

entail /ɪnˈteɪl/

vt.使承担；使成为必要，需要

【搭配】entail the great expense承担很多的经费；entail considerable ef-fort需要相当大的努力

【例句】Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and asking for advice.获取知识需要学习和勤问。

同义辨析

force着重指使用权力或力量强迫某人做某事；compel表示“强迫某人做某事”，用compel sb to do sth的结构；oblige指受物质、道德等力量所迫，常用被动语态；impose作“强加于”讲，常与介词on搭配；render表示“使之处于某种状态”；request后只能接一个宾语，常见request sth from/of sb；require有需要、规定的意思，其用法为require sb to do sth/require doing sth；demand与以上两词表示“需要”时同义，但语气稍重。

名师点睛

compulsory /kəmˈpʌlsərɪ/

a.必须做的，强制性的；（课程）必修的

【搭配】compulsory execution/measures 强制执行/手段；compulsory classes in water safety水上安全的必修课

【例句】Many countries have adopted systems of compulsory education in order to promote the average level of education.许多国家实施了义务教育制度，以提高（国民的）平均受教育程度。

imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/

a.命令的n.[C]必要的事，必须完成的事

【搭配】imperative military orders强制军令；an imperative tone of voice 命令的腔调；an imperative manner 专横的态度；a moral imperative道德上必须做的事

【例句】More importantly，finding ways to increase school communities’ social capital is imperative to the suc-cess of the school as a whole，not just the athletes.更重要的是，寻找方法以增加学校集体的社会成本不仅对运动员，而且对整个学校的成功都很重要。

arbitrary /ˈa:bɪtrərɪ/

a.①专断的，武断的，专制的②随意的，任意的

【搭配】the arbitrary rule of a dicta-tor独裁者的专制统治；an arbitrary interpretation/decision武断的解释/决定

【例句】The diet for people who are on a diet imposes overall calorie lim-its，but daily menus are arbitrary.减肥食谱规定了总的卡路里限制，但人们可根据喜好随意自定每天的菜单。

【链接】arbitrarily ad.专制地，独断地

authoritative /ɔ:ˈθɒrɪtətɪv/

a.①专断的，命令式的②权威性的，可信的

【搭配】the captain’s authoritative manner军官专断的行为方式；an authoritative statement/account权威的声明/报道

【例句】It’s not advisable to follow an authoritative opinion blindly.盲目服从权威的意见是不明智的。

同义辨析

compulsory表示有权威的人或法律规定的一种行动，常见搭配如：compulsory measures（强制手段），compulsory schooling/education（义务教育）；imperative强调有义务做某事，如：imperative tone of voice（命令的腔调）；arbitrary指“专 横的”，只凭个人意愿，常跟rule/interpretation/decision等构成搭配。