Lesson 4


单词学习

名师点睛
weak /wi:k/
a.①虚弱的②(能力等)弱的③微弱的,淡薄的
【搭配】sb’s weak points某人的弱点;be weak in sight and hearing视力和听力差
【例句】The weak dollar is a source of humiliation.疲软的美元使美国人感到丢脸。
【链接】weakness n.①虚弱②弱点
brittle /ˈbrɪtl/
a.①易碎的,易损坏的②脆弱的,靠不住的③冷淡的,不友好的
【搭配】a brittle temper急脾气;as brittle as cast iron像铸铁那样脆
【例句】Constant stress has made our nerves brittle.持续的压力让我们的神经脆弱不堪。
feeble /ˈfi:bəl/
a.①虚弱的,衰弱的,无力的②无效的,无益的,站不住脚的
【搭配】a feeble brain低能;a feeble cry无力的喊声;a feeble attempt无益的尝试
【例句】He is a man with a feeble per-sonality.他是个性情软弱的人。
fragile /ˈfrædʒaɪl/
a.①虚弱的,脆弱的②易碎的,脆的
【搭配】feel fragile感到软弱无力;fragile health虚弱的健康状况;frag-ile glass vessels易碎的玻璃容器
【例句】DDT prevented eagle egg-shells from thickening.The shells became so fragile that they shattered before the babies hatched.DDT(一种高效有机杀虫剂)使秃鹰的蛋壳无法变厚。蛋壳变得易碎,使得鹰蛋在幼鹰孵化前就碎了。
delicate /ˈdelɪkɪt/
a.①易碎的②棘手的③娇弱的④精美的
【搭配】delicate silk精美的丝绸;a delicate vase易碎的花瓶;a delicate issue/negotiation棘手的问题/谈判;delicate chemical balance in the brain人脑复杂的化学平衡
【例句】His arm was retrieved from the shark’s mouth and reattached,but the boy,who nearly died,remained in a delicate condition.尽管男孩的胳膊已从鲨鱼嘴中取回并被重新接上,但这个与死亡擦肩而过的男孩依然处于病弱状态。
【链接】delicacy n.①柔软,细嫩:the delicacy of a child’s skin小孩皮肤的娇嫩②精致,优雅③(人际关系中的)技巧和谨慎,敏感④(指颜色、食物、气味)柔和,精美,清香
crisp /krɪsp/
a.①脆的,(果蔬等)鲜脆的②(天气)清新的,干冷的n.[pl.]油炸土豆片
【搭配】crisp vegetables/air新鲜蔬菜/空气;crisp potato chips脆薯片
【例句】We went for an outing on a crisp fall day.我们在一个凉爽的秋日去郊游了。
subtle /ˈsʌtl/
a.①微妙的②诡秘的,狡诈的③隐约的
【搭配】a subtle hint巧妙的暗示;a subtle distinction between...……之间的细微差别
【例句】Why such subtle shifts make some people depressed and not others is a mystery.为什么这些微小的变化会使某些人忧郁而不会使其他人受到影响还是个谜。
tender /ˈtendə/
a.①嫩的②温柔的③疼痛的,一触即痛的
【搭配】tender meat嫩肉;a tender expression on her face她脸上亲切的表情;a tender area of skin皮肤娇嫩部位
【例句】A real estate agent describes buying properties that need a little tender loving care to make them more saleable.一位房屋代理人员描述了购买房产的注意事项,房子需要受到悉心照料以使其变得更容易出手。
sensitive /ˈsensɪtɪv/
a.①易受伤害的②神经过敏的③敏感的
【搭配】sensitive skin易受伤害的皮肤;weather-sensitive people对天气敏感的人群;(eyes/plants)be(are) sensitive to(light/pollution)(眼睛/植物)易受(光/污染)的伤害
【例句】The very rich are just as sen-sitive as you and I,and can be so when it comes to politics and policy.富翁们和你我一样,都易受时新事物的影响,并且在涉及政治和政策时他们也是如此。
【链接】sensitivity n.①体贴,体恤②悟性③容易生气④敏感性:food sensitivity食物过敏
vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbəl/
a.①易受伤的,脆弱的②易受攻击的,难防御的
【搭配】at a very vulnerable stage处于极易受伤的时期;in a vulnerable position处于容易受到攻击的位置;be vulnerable to dry winds易受到干燥的风的损伤;be more vulnerable to crimes更容易受到犯罪行为的侵犯
【例句】Thus,they learn early to hide vulnerable emotions such as love,joy, and sadness because they believe that such feelings are feminine and imply weakness.因而他们很早就学会了隐藏像爱、喜悦和悲伤这些柔弱的情感,因为他们认为这些情感很女性化并且代表着软弱。
limp /lɪmp/
a.①软弱的,无生气的,无精神的②软的,松沓的
【搭配】a limp handshake无力的握手
【例句】The flowers looked limp in the hot dry weather.花儿在干热的天气里发蔫。
susceptible /səˈseptɪbəl/
a.①(to)易受影响的②(to)过敏③(to)能经受的,容许的
【搭配】be susceptible to cold容易感冒;be less susceptible to illness不容易生病;be susceptible to proof能经受住证明的
【例句】We are all susceptible to ad-vertising.我们都容易受广告的影响。
同义辨析weak表示人或物(如legs/hearing)缺乏足够能量行动或无充分精力;feeble表示因疾病或年老而变得虚弱;fragile指物体(如glass vessels)容易被打碎,人容易受伤害,体质(health)虚弱;crisp一般用来指食物(如potato chips)松脆;delicate强调精致(如silk)、巧妙,常暗示一种易碎性;sensitive多适用于指人(如crowd/skin/ear/eyes)的感受或判断力。


名师点睛
exible /ˈfleksɪbəl/
a.①灵活的,可变通的②易弯曲的,柔韧的
【搭配】a fexible schedule灵活的进度表;fexible rules卷尺
【例句】Inter-Tel found that 28%more companies claimed to have introduced fexible working practices than a year ago.Inter-Tel发现,与一年前相比又有28%的公司称他们引入了弹性工作制。
elastic /ɪˈlæstɪk/
a.①灵活的②有弹性的n.[U]橡皮圈,松紧带
【搭配】elastic rules/regulations灵活的规则/规定;an elastic band橡皮筋
【例句】The plants become elastic like rubber bands.植物变得像橡胶带一样有弹性。
【链接】elasticity n.弹性,弹力;灵活性
plastic /ˈplæstɪk/
a.可塑的n.①[常pl.]塑料(制品)②[U]信用卡
【搭配】a plastic substance可塑性物质;a plastic bag塑料袋;put it on the plastic用信用卡付账
【例句】The mind of a child is plastic. 儿童的思想具有可塑性。
variable /ˈveərɪəbəl/
a.①易变的,多变的②可变的
【搭配】variable weather/wind多变的天气/风向;a variable mood反复无常的情绪;variable capital可变资本
【例句】Prices are variable according to the rate of exchange.价格会随汇率而变动。
loose /luls/
a.①(宽)松的②不精确的,不严密的③散漫的
【搭配】loose T-shirt宽松的T恤衫;a loose translation不拘泥原文的翻译,意译
【例句】I tied the boat to the tree but it has come loose.我把船系在树上,可后来松开了。
同义辨析
flexible表示某事(如working time/class patterns/schedule)灵活变通;elastic表示(如band)弹性很强的;plastic指事物(substance/bag)是“可塑的”;loose指松散,如T-shirt/coat的宽松肥大。


名师点睛
bound /baʊnd/
vi.跳跃,跳跃着前进vt.成为……的界线,给……划界n.[C]①跳跃②[常pl.]界限,限制
【搭配】bound up to the platform蹦到台上;(one’s heart)bound(s)with excitement某人兴奋得(心)怦怦直跳;make progress by leaps and bounds进步飞快;beyond the bounds of reason超出理性的范围
【短语】know no bounds不知限量,无限
【例句】He bounded to his feet and waved goodbye to his friends.他一跃而起,向朋友们挥手告别。
bounce /baʊns/
v.(使)弹起,(使)反弹,(使)颠跳n.[C]弹,反弹
【搭配】(ball)bounce(s)two or three times(球)弹起两三次;(the car) bounce(s)up and down(车)上下颠簸;bounce out of bed从床上跳下来;bounce a ball使球弹起来
【例句】Sounds bounce off heavy storm clouds and return to earth with increased force.声音从厚重的暴风云中反弹出来,以更强的力度返回地面。
hop /hɒp/
vi.①(人)单足跳跃(行)②(鸟、昆虫等)齐足跳跃(行)vt.跳上(汽车、火车、飞机等)n.[C]①蹦跳②(飞机的)短程航行
【搭配】hop a freight train跳上一辆货车;hop across the room单脚跳着穿过房间;(pigeons)hop onto one’s fnger(鸽子)跳到某人手指上
【例句】He had hurt his foot and had to hop along.他一只脚受了伤,只好单足跳行。
leap /li:p/
vi.①跳,跃②急速行动n.[C]①跳,跳跃②激增,骤变
【短语】by/in leaps and bounds极其迅速地
【例句】Over the past decade,prices leaped by more than double the infa-tion rate.过去十年里,价格的涨幅超出了通货膨胀率的两倍。
pulse /pʌls/
vi.搏动,跳动n.[C]①脉搏②脉冲
【搭配】feel/take the pulse测脉搏;stir sb’s pulses激起某人的热情
【例句】The news sent the blood puls-ing through his veins.这消息使他热血沸腾。
同义辨析
bound强调动作的连续性,表明情绪的高昂、兴奋;bounce可指任何投射物(如 ball/car)的反弹;hop指人单脚跳或小动物蹦;pulse指脉搏、心脏等有规律地跳动。


名师点睛
shake /ʃeɪk/
v.①(使)颤抖,震动②摇动,摇n. [C]①颤抖,震动②摇动,摇
【搭配】shake(hands)with sb与某人握手;be badly shaken by the news 对这个消息大为震惊;a bolt shaking loose in an engine发动机上震松的螺栓
【短语】shake(sb)down①敲诈(某人),勒索②彻底搜查;shake off ①抖落②(~the pursuers)摆脱(追捕者);shake up①使震惊②(~the company)(公司)改组,使重组
【例句】Her voice shook with emo-tion.她的声音因激动而颤抖。
【链接】shaky a.①颤抖的②不牢靠的,成问题的:a shaky chair不安全的椅子
tremble /ˈtrembəl/
vi.①颤抖,哆嗦②摇晃,摇动③担心,焦虑n.[C]①颤抖,哆嗦②摇晃,摇动
【搭配】tremble for fear of sb因惧怕某人而颤抖;tremble from/with ex-citement由于激动而打颤
【例句】The whole house trembled as the train went by.火车开过时,整幢房子都晃动了。
shiver /ˈʃɪvə/
vi.战栗,发抖n.[C]战栗,发抖
【搭配】shiver with anger气得发抖;cause/feel a shiver引起/感到战栗
【例句】As the temperature dropped abruptly,the campers were shivering all over with cold.由于气温骤降,野营者冷得浑身发抖。
quiver /ˈkwɪvə/
vi.颤抖,发抖,抖动n.[C]颤抖,抖动,颤声
【搭配】quiver with fear at the sound 听到声音害怕得发抖;feel a quiver of anger感到气得发抖
【例句】The building quivered as the explosive went off.炸药爆炸时大楼直颤。
同义辨析
shake指上下来回短促而急速地摇动;tremble指由于fear/grief/excitement等情绪以及因cold/fatigue等引起无意识地颤抖;shiver指由于寒冷、恐惧或生病而发抖;quiver指轻微、迅速地振动,如琴弦或叶子的振动。


名师点睛
hurl /hʒːl/
vt.①猛投,力掷②大声叫骂
【搭配】hurl threats at(sb)恶狠狠地威胁(某人);hurl a spear at the wild wolf向野狼投掷标枪;hurl oneself upon/at the enemy向敌人猛扑过去
【例句】He hurled curses at the man who had hurled a stone at his window. 他大骂那个向他窗户扔石子的人。
cast /ka:st/
vt.①投,扔②剔除③投射(光、视线等)④脱落,蜕(皮)⑤铸造n. [C]演员表,全体演员
【搭配】cast seed播种;cast fishing lure投鱼饵;cast away illusion抛掉幻想;the steel-casting factory炼钢厂
【短语】cast about/around for(fresh evidence)到处寻找(新的证据);cast aside①去掉②(~the old clothes) 把(旧衣服)丢一边;cast off(his wife)抛弃(他的妻子);cast(sb)out of①把(某人)赶出去②驱逐
【例句】Coming events cast their shadows before.未来之事先有预兆。
dash /dæʃ/
vt.①猛掷②(使)猛撞③泼,洒n. [C]①[sing.]猛冲,飞奔②破折号
【搭配】dash forward向前猛冲;dash water over sb给某人泼冷水
【短语】dash off①迅速写完②迅速离去
【例句】If scholars suddenly discovered that Rembrandt had dashed off The Night Watch in an afternoon,it would still be The Night Watch.如果学者们突然发现伦勃朗的《夜巡》是在一天下午匆匆完成的,它依然还是《夜巡》。
dart /da:t/
vt.①投,射②瞥vi.猛冲,飞奔n. [C]①急驰,飞奔②飞镖(游戏)
【搭配】dart spears投矛;make a sudden dart across the road突然冲过马路
【例句】She darted an angry look at her sister.她气冲冲地瞥了她妹妹一眼。
ing /flɪŋ/
vt.①(用力地)扔,掷②使投身n. [C]一时的放纵
【搭配】fing a stone at a dog朝狗投掷石块;have one’s fing尽情放纵
【例句】He fung himself into the elec-tion campaign.他全力投入到了竞选活动中。
toss /tɒs/
vt.①扔,抛,掷②猛抬(头)③(使)摇动,(使)颠簸④拌(食品)⑤(打赌等时)掷(钱币)vi. ①(up)掷币来决定②翻来覆去n. [C]①掷钱币来决定②猛抬头
【搭配】toss sth aside把某物抛在一边;toss about in bed在床上辗转反侧;toss the ball to each other把球互相扔来扔去;toss sb’s thought back and forth反复琢磨某人的想法;toss (up)to do sth=toss a coin to do sth抛硬币决定做某事
【例句】The ship tossed about on the stormy sea.船在暴风雨的海面上下颠簸。
pitch /pɪtʃ/
vt.①投,掷,扔②使猛然倒下③把……定于特定程度(或标准等)vi.(船、飞机)颠簸n.[C]①强度②沥青
【搭配】pitch a stone into the river向河里扔石头;pitch her expectations too high把她的志向定得太高远;pitch in the storm在暴风雨中上下颠簸;pitch over backwards向后倒下;high-pitched voice高声
【短语】pitch in协力,做出贡献
【例句】She pitched the ball as far as
she could.她尽力把球投得远一些。
同义辨析
cast常连用的词有net/lure/seed等,且该词有“脱落,蜕(皮)”的含义;dart指使某人或某物(如spear)突然而且飞速地行动;toss表示“轻快,随便”,常常是无目标地扔球(ball)等;pitch主要用于投球(ball)、抛石(stone)或硬币等,也常带有生气、着急等情绪。


名师点睛
disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə/
vi.不见,消失
【搭配】disappear round the corner of a street从街角消失
【例句】The fgures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from“threat-ened”to“endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.这些数字迫使Oceana(海洋环境保护组织)向政府请求将对北大西洋红海龟的保护程度由“受到威胁”提升到“濒临灭绝”——这意味着如果没有额外的保护,它们将面临消失的危险。
【链接】disappearance n.不见,消失
disperse /dɪˈspʒːs/
vt.①使分散,散开②使消散,消失vi.①分散,赶散②消散,驱散
【搭配】disperse news散布消息;dis-perse the crowd驱散群众;(crowd) disperse in all directions(人群)散开了
【例句】The wind dispersed the clouds. 风吹云散。
dissipate /ˈdɪsɪpeɪt/
vt.①使消散,使消失②浪费,挥霍
【搭配】dissipate sb’s efforts耗尽某人的精力;(the wind)dissipate(d)the clouds(风)驱散了云
【例句】Her son’s letter dissipated all her fears and anxiety.儿子的来信消除了她的一切恐惧和忧虑。
drain /dreɪn/
v.①排去……的水②渐渐耗尽n.[C]排水沟,排水管
【搭配】drain off/away the dirty water 排去脏水;be drained of sb’s energy 使某人筋疲力尽;drain a district of its resources使一个地区资源枯竭
【例句】After four years in the same job his enthusiasm fnally drained.相同的工作做了四年之后,他的热情被耗尽了。
eclipse /ɪˈklɪps/
vt.①(日、月)食②使暗淡,使失色,使相形见绌n.①[C](日、月)食②[C,U](地位、声誉等的)消失,黯然失色
【搭配】eclipsing status/fame/repu-tation没落的地位/名望/声誉;(one’s acting career)be in eclipse(表演生涯)黯然失色
【例句】She is completely eclipsed by her sister,who is cleverer,prettier, and more amusing.她妹妹比她更聪明、更漂亮、更风趣,完全使她相形见绌。
elapse /ɪˈlæps/
vi.(时间)消逝,过去
【搭配】(days/months/years)elapse(日/月/年)消逝
【例句】Weeks elapsed before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.涉嫌银行抢劫案的人在几个星期之后才被拘捕。
evaporate /ɪˈvæpəreɪt/
vi.①消失,不复存在②蒸发,挥发vt.使蒸发,使挥发
【搭配】evaporate to dryness蒸干;(the sun)evaporate(s)the mist(太阳)使雾气蒸发
【例句】We just make some half hard resolution and it evaporates after a week or two.我们仅仅是下了半真半假的决心,过不了一两个星期就又放弃了。
fade /feɪd/
vi.①逐渐消失②褪去,褪色③凋谢,枯萎vt.使褪色
【搭配】(fowers)fade away(花)凋谢;fade(away)into the night在夜色中渐渐消失;(memory)fade(s)from one’s mind(记忆)逐渐消失
【例句】They are expensive and I’ve heard the printing fades easily when you wash them.它们很贵,而且我听说这些印花洗的时候很容易褪色。
vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/
vi.①突然不见,消失②不复存在,绝迹
【搭配】vanish into nothing化为乌有;vanish from sight从视线中消失;vanish in the crowd在人群中消失
【例句】Many types of insects have now vanished from the earth.许多昆虫现在已经灭绝。
同义辨析
disappear指从视野中消失,或不再存在;disperse指比较有秩序地分散、散布、散开,以至不再看见;dissipate明确地指通过蒸发、弄碎等途径使(cloud/mist)彻底散开或分散,最后使其消失;vanish强调不留痕迹地、迅速地消失。