1.4 Lesson 1
Lesson 1

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单词学习

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名师点睛

increase v./ɪnˈkri:s/ n./ˈɪnkri:s/

v.增加,增长,增强n.[C,U]增加,增长,增强

【搭配】increase the yields by 20 per cent产量提高20%;increase sb’s sa-lary to...把某人的薪水增加到……;increase 20 per cent in price涨价20%;increase profts/effciency增加利润/提高效率;increase the penalty 加重处罚;the increasing popularity of the scooter摩托艇的日益流行;an increase in last-minute bookings of high-price trips to...最后时间到……的高价旅游订单增多

【例句】I think that world population will stop increasing as we all get richer. 我认为当我们都更富有时,世界人口就会停止增长。

enhance /ɪnˈha:ns/

vt.提高,增加,加强

【搭配】enhance one’s reputation提高声望;enhance one’s political consciousness提高政治觉悟;en-hance one’s chances of getting a job增加找到工作的机会;enhance other eople’s self-worth提高他人的自我价值感;enhance their graduates’ lifetimeearnings提高其毕业生一生的收入

【例句】Senior ctizen discounts only enhance the mth that older people can’t take care o themselves and need specal treatment.老年人扣只是强化了这样一种错误观念,认为老年人能照顾自己而需要特殊遇。

enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/

vt①充实,使丰富,强化②使富裕,使富有

【搭】enrich the mind充实头脑;eniched bread营养丰富的面包;a fertiliser tha enriches the soil使土壤肥沃的肥料

【例句】Many middle-class parents have gotten used to managing their children’s time and shuttling them to various enriching activities.很多中产阶级的父母已经习惯了安排自己孩子的时间,带孩子去参加各种各样的“充电”活动。

rise /raɪz/

vi.①升起②上涨,增高③反抗n. [C]①上涨,增高②兴起③(地位的)升高

【搭配】(the price)rise(s)sharply(价格)急剧上涨;rise from modest origins出身卑微;the rise in interest rates利率的提高;be on the rise over the years过去几年里一直在上涨

【短语】give rise to(unfair competi-tion)导致(不公平竞争);rise above ①(~a problem)解决(问题)②(~disadvantage)克服(不利条件);rise to the occasion应付自如

【例句】Salaries will continue to rise in line with inflation.工资将会随着通货膨胀持续增长。

ascend /əˈsend/

vi.渐渐上升,升高vt.攀登,登上

【搭配】ascend to the former century 追溯到上个世纪;(balloons)ascend into the sky(气球)升上天空

【例句】Wu Zetian ascended the throne and became the only empress in China.武则天登上了皇帝的宝座,成为中国历史上唯一的女皇帝。

accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/

v.(使)加快,(使)加速

【搭配】accelerate the crisis加速危机;accelerate economic recovery加速经济复苏

【例句】The car accelerated smoothly away.那辆汽车平稳地加速离开。

soar /sɔ:/

vi.①猛增,剧增,增长②高飞,升腾③(情绪、期望等)高涨④高耸

【搭配】(grain production)soar(s)(粮食产量)猛增;(sb’s mood)soar(s)(某人的情绪)高涨;soaring prices/production飞涨的物价/猛增的产量;(the temperature)soar(s)to 80℉ 气温骤升到华氏80度;(the rocket) soar(s)into the sky(火箭)蹿上高空

【例句】Thanks in part to the weak dol-lar,exports soared 11 per cent between May 2006 and May 2007.从2006年5月到2007年5月,美国的出口增长了11%,部分归因于美元的疲软。

rocket /ˈrɒkɪt/

vi.①迅速上升,猛涨②迅速取得成功③飞快地移动n.[C]火箭

【搭配】rocketing prices飞涨的价格;rocket to stardom跃升为明星;(prices/number)rocket(ed)overnight(价格/数量)一夜间飞涨;(the book)rocket(ed) to the top of the best-seller list(这本书)一下子跃居畅销(书)榜首

【例句】The Apollo astronauts rocke-ted to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.“阿波罗”号宇航员飞向月球,充分展现了冷战期间的技术力量。

boost /bu:st/

vt.①提高,(使)增长②推动,激励n.[常sing.]①提高,增长②推动,激励

【搭配】boost profts/demands提高利润/增加需求量;boost sb’s spirit鼓舞某人的士气

【例句】Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal,provides a small net boost to the economy.然而,多数经济学家的共识是,合法的和非法的移民都为经济的发展带来了一次小的净增长。

mount /maʊnt/

vi.增加,增长;加剧vt.登上n.[C] [M~][用于山名前]山,峰

【搭配】(debts/expenses)mount up(债务/花销)不断增加;(costs)quickly mount(成本)飞速增长

【例句】Tension mounted as we waited for the decision.我们等待决定时,气氛越来越紧张。

hike /haɪk/

vt.提高(价格等)vi.徒步旅行n.[C]①徒步旅行②(数量、价格等)增加

【搭配】try to hike rents企图提高租金;hike the fare to forty cents提价到四十美分;hike out to the reservoir步行去水库

【例句】Manufacturers have already hiked the effciency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70 percent since the 1980s.自20世纪80年代以来,制造商已经把冰箱和其他大型家用电器的能效提高了70%。

spiral /ˈspaɪərəl/

vi.①(物价等)不断急剧地上升(或下降)②盘旋上升(或下降)a.螺旋的

【搭配】(the smoke)spiral(s)up(烟)缭绕上升;the spiraling cost of service 不断上涨的服务费;a spiral staircase 螺旋式楼梯

【例句】The damaged plane spiraled to earth.受损的飞机盘旋着坠向地面。

maximise/-ize /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/

vt.①使增加到最大限度②充分利用

【搭配】maximise efficiency/fitness/profits最大限度地提高效率/增强体质/增加利润;maximise opportunities/resources充分利用机会/资源

【例句】Maximise the window to full screen.将电脑窗口最大化。

同义辨析

increase尤指数量、长度、尺寸等的逐渐增加;enhance强调增加价值、机会(chance)或提高声誉(reputation)或觉悟(如political consciousness)等;accele-rate强调事物运动速度或事情(如economic recovery/crisis)进展的加快;soar常表示(rocket/production/price/temperature等)轻快地迅速上升到某一高度;hike常指大幅度增加(rent/fare)。

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名师点睛

extend /ɪkˈstend/

vt.①延伸,延长②扩展,扩大

vi.(在范围或应用上)达到

【搭配】extend the meeting another week将会期延长一周;extend a gar-den/railway扩建花园/铁路;extend a visa延长签证日期;extend business/influence扩大业务/影响;extend from...to...从……绵延到……

【例句】The marketplace is no longer national or regional,but extends to all corners of the world.市场不再是国家性的或区域性的,而是延伸到了世界的所有角落。

expand /ɪkˈspænd/

v.①扩大,扩张,扩展②膨胀

【搭配】expand into a government-funded civilian research network扩展成为政府资助的民用研究网络;ex-pand their minds and horizons开阔他们的思想和视野;expand worldview 扩展世界观

【例句】Banks create online services to expand their operations at a lower cost.为了以更低的价格扩展业务,银行创办了在线服务。

【链接】expansive a.易扩张的;易膨胀的;expansion n.扩大,扩张

enlarge /ɪnˈla:dʒ/

v.①扩大,扩展,扩充②放大

【搭配】enlarge one’s house扩建房屋;enlarge the production scale扩大生产规模;enlarge one’s view/mind 扩大眼界/增长才智;enlarge on/upon the plan详述计划

【例句】Many new couples like to enlarge their wedding photo and hang it on the wall.很多新婚夫妇喜欢把结婚照放大了挂在墙上。

prolong /prəˈ1ɒg/

vt.延长,拉长;拖延

【搭配】prolong one’s life延长寿命;prolong the visit by one week把访问延长一周;prolong the runway of an airfeld延长机场跑道

【例句】She tried desperately to pro-long the conversation.她试图极力拖延谈话。

stretch /stretʃ/

vt.①拉长,拉紧;伸展②使紧张③伸出,伸长vi.伸展,延伸,延续 n.[C]伸展,延伸,延续

【搭配】stretch oneself伸展身体;stretch one’s neck伸长脖子;stretch a rope tight把绳子拉紧;stretch out a helping hand伸出援助之手;on the same stretch of track在同一段铁轨上

【短语】at a stretch不停地,连续地

【例句】Longline fishers can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles.长线捕鱼船可以在能够延伸数英里的渔网上挂满上千个鱼钩。

magnify /ˈmægnɪfaɪ/

vt.①放大,扩大②夸大,夸张

【搭配】magnify difficulties夸大困难;magnify the germs with a mi-croscope用显微镜放大细菌;mag-nify the object five times把物体放大5倍

【例句】By turning this knob to the right you can magnify the sound from the radio.向右旋转旋钮,收音机的音量就会变大。

amplify /ˈæmplɪfaɪ/

vt.①放大(声音等),增强②扩大;详述,进一步阐述

【搭配】amplify an electrical signal 增强电子信号;amplify the matter by illustration用例证详述这件事

【例句】We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你进一步阐述你的说法。

multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/

v.①(使)增加;(使)繁殖②乘,(使)相乘

【搭配】multiply the diffculties of life 增加生活困难;multiply enormously and rapidly大量迅速地繁殖;multi-ply one’s chances of success增加个人成功的机会

【例句】Without such regulations, tragedies involving water scooters are sure to multiply.没有这样的规定,与摩托艇有关的悲剧一定会层出不穷。

exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt/

v.夸大,夸张

【搭配】exaggerate achievement夸大功绩;exaggerate the difficulties/mistakes夸大困难/错误;be vastly exaggerated被极大地夸大

【例句】I couldn’t sleep for three days—I’m not exaggerating.我三天没能合眼——一点不夸张。

【链接】exaggeration n.夸张;夸大之词

crane /kreɪn/

v.伸长(脖子等)n.[C]①起重机②鹤

【搭配】hoist cargo with a crane用吊车吊起货物

【例句】The children at the back craned to see what was happening.后面的孩子们伸长了脖子想看看出了什么事。

widen /ˈwaɪdn/

vt.加宽,放宽vi.①变宽②拉大

【搭配】widen a road/street拓宽道路/街道;widen one’s knowledge/out-look/horizons扩大知识/视野/见识

【例句】The gap between the rich and the poor has widened.贫富差距已经拉大。

swell /swel/

vi.①增加,增多,扩大②肿胀,膨胀,鼓起

【搭配】(face)swell(s)up(脸)肿起来

【例句】It took another twenty years for the population to swell to twice its size.又过了二十年人口增长了一倍。

同义辨析

extend多指(如meeting/visit/visa/railway/garden)在时空上延展或延续;expand指范围的扩张(如telephone network/influence/trade/knowledge);enlarge主要指体积、范围(如house/production scale)、能力(如view/mind)等的增加;prolong强调时间(如life/visit)或空间(如runway)上的延长;stretch指(同时)延长事物的长度和宽度;multiply主要指成倍增加事物的数量。

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名师点睛

decline /dɪˈklaɪn/

vi.①下降,减少②衰退n.[C,U] ①下降,减少②衰退

【搭配】(population)decline(s)by 50%(人口)减少50%;a declining dollar不断贬值的美元;a(sharp) decline in profits利润的(大幅度)下降;the decline in health健康状况下降;(production)on the decline(产量)正在下降;a decline in business transactions交易量的下降;experi-ence a signifcant decline面临严重衰退

【例句】At the same time,perhaps inevitably,the humanities have experi-enced a signifcant decline.与此同时,人文学科已经经历了一次显著的衰退,这或许是不可避免的。

decrease v./dɪˈkri:s/ n./|dɪːkri:s/

v.减小,减少n.[C,U]减小(量),减少

【搭配】decrease the costs减少成本;a 10%decrease in sb’s income某人的收入减少10%

【例句】Recently,the rate of traffic accidents in big cities has been on the decrease.最近,大城市的交通事故率已经有所下降。

slump /slʌmp/

vi.①大幅度下降,暴跌②突然倒下

【搭配】(the company’s share)slump(s) (公司股价)暴跌;slump down to the foor倒在地板上

【例句】Political sentiment is notori-ously changeable:What if things begin to go wrong for Obama,and his popularity slumps?政治情绪是出了名的善变:如果事情开始发生变故,奥巴马受欢迎的程度急剧下降,会怎样呢?

relieve /rɪˈli:v/

v.①缓解,解除②使轻松③使得到调剂④接替

【搭配】relieve sb of burden/pain解除某人的负担/痛苦;relieve stress/one’s mind减轻压力/使心境释然;relieve people in food-stricken areas救济遭受水灾的灾民

【例句】Being able to check in with a child anytime goes a long way toward relieving parental anxiety.能够随时获知孩子的行踪有助于减少父母的担心。

alleviate /əˈli:vɪeɪt/

vt.减轻,缓解,缓和

【搭配】alleviate the pain缓解疼痛;alleviate children’s boredom缓解孩子们的厌烦情绪

【例句】Indeed,the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress.的确,新的研究表明,动情的泪水也许能对减轻压力起到直接的作用。

【链接】alleviation n.缓和

shrink /ʃrɪŋk/

vi.①收缩,起皱②退缩,畏缩③减少,缩小vt.①(使)收缩,起皱②减少

【搭配】shrink to a child’s size缩小到儿童的尺码;shrinking pounds贬值的英镑;shrink the number of jobs减少就业岗位;a shrinking of the green 绿色空间的缩小

【例句】America’s population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking.在其他多数发达国家的人口数量减少时,美国的人口还将持续增长。

slim /slɪm/

v.(用运动、节食等)减轻体重,变苗条a.①苗条的②薄的③(机会)少的,小的

【搭配】try to slim设法减肥;keep slim by taking exercise通过锻炼来保持苗条;slim chances of winning获胜的机会渺茫

【例句】Nowadays,many people, especially young women in particular are trying diverse means of slimming down in order to lose weight.现在,许多人,尤其是年轻女性,开始尝试用各种各样的办法瘦身。

contract /ˈkɒntrækt/

vi.①缩小,收缩②订合同vt.感染(疾病),染上(恶习)

【搭配】contract with cold受冷收缩;contract a bad habit染上恶习

【例句】This job isn’t contracted to un-scrupulous(毫无顾忌的)junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas.这项工作没有承包给那些毫无顾忌地向海外出口有害零部件的废料商。

同义辨析

decline指数目(如criminal rate)、价格、利益(profit)、健康状况等的下降;alleviate表示暂时或部分减轻了痛苦(pain)或烦恼、压力(stress);contract指语句、内容等的缩短;shrink在数量(number)、尺寸(size)或价值方面变低、减小,其最常见意义为“缩水”。

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名师点睛

minimise/-ize /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/

vt.①使减少(或缩小)到最低限度②极力贬低,对……做最低估计

【搭配】minimise the tragedy and pain 将悲剧和痛苦降到最低程度;mini-mise sb’s role低估某人的作用

【例句】Subway said that it worked hard to minimise the impact of litter on communities.赛百味说它已努力致力于将社区垃圾影响最小化。

diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/

vi.变少,变小,降低vt.减少,减小,降低

【搭配】diminish in population人口减少;diminish the cost of production降低生产成本;diminish his strength削弱他的体力

【例句】However,these changes have also led to habitat(栖息地)loss and to diminishing biodiversity.然而,这些变化也导致了栖息地的丧失和生物多样化的锐减。

deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/

vt.扣除,减去

【搭配】deduct the tax from the pay从薪金中扣除税款;deduct the cost from one’s allowance从津贴中扣除成本

【例句】The cost of your breakages will be deducted from your salary.损坏东西的费用将从你的工资里扣除。

【链接】deduction n.①推理,演绎②(推理所得出的)结论③扣除,减除:the deduction of tax from earn-ings从收入中扣除税金;deductive a.推理的,运用推理的

subtract /səbˈtrækt/

v.减(去)

【搭配】subtract nothing from one’s merit丝毫没有减损功绩

【例句】If you subtract 10 from 30, you will get 20.30减去10等于20。

【链接】subtraction n.减(法)

lessen /ˈlesən/

vt.降低,减少vi.变少

【搭配】lessen parents’anxiety减少父母的焦虑情绪;lessen distance/heat缩短距离/减少热度;lessen in-fuence/pressure削弱影响/缓解压力;lessen sb’s chances of winning the championship减小某人夺冠的希望

【例句】His behaviour lessened him in her eyes.他的行为降低了他在她心目中的地位。

reduce /rɪˈdju:s/

vt.①减少,缩小②使降级,使沦落③迫使

【搭配】reduce stress减轻压力;re-duce volume缩小体积;reduce Afri-can grassland to desert使非洲草原退化成沙漠

【例句】Try to reduce the amount of fat in your diet.要尽量减少饮食中的脂肪。

descend /dɪˈsend/

vi.①下来,下降②(on/upon)袭击③(to)沦为④(感情等)来临vt.走下,爬下

【搭配】descend from the top of the hill从山顶上下来;descend on/upon an enemy袭击敌人;descend the steps下楼梯;descend to 2,000 feet 下降到2,000英尺

【例句】A double blessing has de-scended upon Tom.汤姆双喜临门。

同义辨析

minimise指努力使悲剧或风险(tragedy/risk)等尽可能地减小;diminish指形状缩小或数量(如cost/population/income)减少等;lessen表示数量(如distance/chance)或程度(如influence/suffering/pressure)的降低;descend指从某一高度(如the top of the hill)、斜面(the steps)上(落)下来。

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名师点睛

dip /dɪp/

vi.落下,下降

【搭配】rise and dip in their fight它们一上一下地飞翔

【短语】dip into the newspaper浏览报纸;dip into the bag of sweets掏糖袋(拿糖)

【例句】The sun dipped below the western sea.太阳慢慢沉入西边的海里。

slip /slɪp/

vi.①下降,跌落②滑(倒),滑落③溜走vt.悄悄放进n.[C]疏漏,差错

【搭配】(profits)slip slightly(利润)稍有下降;(opportunity)slip(ped) through sb’s fngers某人错过(机会)

【短语】slip up失误,出差错;let slip (the secret/news)偶然泄露(秘密/消息);give sb the slip甩掉某人

【例句】He anticipates a world where the share of people who are native English speakers slips from 9 percent in the mid-1990s to 5 percent in 2050.他预计世界上以英语为母语的人的比率会在2050年从20世纪90年代中期的9%降到5%。

slide /slaɪd/

v.①(使)下滑,(使)滑动②(使)悄悄地移动

【搭配】slide on the ice滑冰;the slid-ing profits下降的利润;slide out of/into the room溜出/进房间;slide a note into sb’s hand把字条塞进某人手里

【短语】let slide放任自流

【例句】Olestra just slides through the intestines without being broken down. 奥利斯特拉油没被分解就滑过肠道。

glide /glaɪd/

vi.滑行,滑动,滑翔n.[C]滑行,滑动,滑翔

【搭配】(the years)glide past(岁月)流逝;(boat)glide(d)over the river (船)在河上平静地驶过;glide out of the room溜出房间

【例句】Couples are gliding over the dance floor.一对对男女在舞池中轻盈起舞。

tumble /ˈtʌmbəl/

vi.①(价格等)暴跌②跌倒,摔下,滚下③翻滚④不由自主地卷入

【搭配】come tumbling down轰然倒塌;tumble on the ice跌倒在冰面上;tumble restlessly in bed在床上辗转反侧

【短语】tumble to(sb’s words)(突然)明白(某人的话),领悟(某人的话)

【例句】Stock market prices tumbled after rumours of a rise in interest rates. 受到利率上升的谣言的影响,股票市场价格暴跌。

narrow /ˈnærəʊ/

v.①(down)(使)缩小,压缩②(使)变窄,(使)变小

【搭配】narrow an argument down缩小争论的范围;narrow the gap be-tween the rich and the poor缩小贫富差距

【例句】The police now have narrowed down the list of suspects.警方现已缩小了嫌疑犯人数的范围。

dock /dɒk/

vt.①从(工资)中扣除②剥夺③使(船)靠码头vi.(船)进港

【搭配】have sb’s salary docked扣除某人的工资;dock his wages for ab-sences因缺勤扣除他的工资

【例句】Illness docked him of the pleasure of childhood.病魔剥夺了他童年的欢乐。