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a．An infinitive consists of the word to plus a verb．Infinitives are used as nouns，as adjectives，or as adverbs．Like verbs，infinitives may be modified by adverbs and have subjects，objects and so on．Thus an infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and the word or words that are closely connected to it．Note the examples in the following sentences．

动词不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，在句中可充当名词、形容词和副词的功能，作主语、宾语等。和动词一样，不定式可带有自己的主语和宾语，构成不定式的复合结构，并可以由副词修饰。

Mrs．Lambert announced that she plans to resign．

Mr．Peter is the person to ask．

Dale and I went to work on the report of the sales analysis．

Mr．Hamilton called to cancel his appointment．

To win the election is every candidate's greatest desire．

Where are the orders to be processed before we g o to have lunch?

b．A gerund，which is formed by adding-ing to a verb，is always used as a noun．Like verbs，gerunds may be modified by adverbs and have objects．Like nouns，they may be modified by adjectives．Thus a gerund phrase consists of a gerund and the word or words that are closely related to it．Note the examples in the following sentences．

动名词由动词原形加-ing后缀构成，其功能相当于一个名词，可被形容词修饰。但同时和动词一样，它也可带有自己的主语和宾语，构成动名词复合结构，并可以由副词修饰。

Calling to customers may be easier than writing to them．

Who said that complaining doesn't pay?

Keeping good relations will be mutually beneficial for our two companies．

Writing letters is the most important part of many jobs．

Sending him the memo was a mistake!

c．When the present participle or past participle part，or form，of a verb is used to modify a noun or a pronoun，it is referred to as a participle or as a participle modifier．In effect，it is a word that looks like a verb but that functions as an adjective．

现在分词和过去分词在句中常作定语，其功能相当于一个形容词。

The one standing nearby is the general manager's assistant．

Some advertised merchandise may not be available at all branch stores．

Does anyone know the value of the stolen equipment?

d．A participle phrase，which always functions as an adjective，consists of the participle，the adverb or adverbs that modify it，and any other words that are closely connected to it．Note the examples in the following sentences．

充当形容词的分词短语常由分词和修饰分词的副词或副词短语所构成。

Feeling ill，Paul decided to leave work early．

Being President of the company，Doctor Warren is also a member of the Board of Directors．

We heard someone jumping from Alibaba to Tunce nt last week．

Please pay attention to the clauses regulated in the S/C．

The model chosen by most people is the one with the extra chrome trim．

1．legally binding：受法律约束的

2．terms of payment，or methods of payment：付款方式。常见的有汇付（remittance）、托收（collection）及信用证（L/C）三种

3．arbitration：仲裁

4．countersign：to return a document with one's signature会签；回签

5．official order：order authorized and confirmed正式订单

6．acknowledge：v.to make known；to recognize as legal告知收到；承认（合法）

We now acknowledge the receipt of your invoice．

The publishing house acknowledged the writer's ownership of copyright of the novel．acknowledgment：n.a report to the sender that the thing he has sent has arrived回执

We should send an acknowledgment after we have received their parcel．

7．stipulated：regulated规定的

8．country of origin：to indicate from where the product is manufactured，often shortened as c/o原产地

9．order acknowledgment：a formal document from a supplier to his customer accepting an offer as an purchasing order so as to make a contract to supply订购确认书（信）；定单回执

10．invoice：a bill relating to the sale of goods or services．A separate document，sent by the seller to the buyer，for each sale，giving details of the goods sold．An invoice may be a record of a credit sale，or a demand for payment发票，装货清单

commercial invoice商业发票；consignment invoice寄售发票

11．salespitch，or sales pitch：（informal）a salesman's special way of talking about the goods he is trying to sell推销方式

Jack，as a successful salesman，has a very clever sales pitch．

12．c．o．d，or cash on delivery：a condition made by a supplier meaning that he will send goods by post if the buyer agrees to pay the postman or carman at the time of delivery the full price of the goods and any delivery charges货到付款

13．policy：a general course of action，planned and determined in advance by the top management，and adopted as a guiding rule for the business（公司）策略

Our policy is to overcome competition and to double our share in the market in the next few years．

We must adopt a more cautious policy towards bad debts by introducing stricter credit control．

14．CIF，or cost，insurance，freight：the seller's price includes all charges and risks up to the point where the ship carrying the goods arrives at the port of destination，from the point the buyer has to bear all charges and risks成本、保险和运费价；到岸价

cost insurance，freight and commission到岸价加佣金；cost，insurance，freight and exchange到岸价加汇费

15．the latest shipping date最晚装船日期

1．We have large orders on hand，and will only work with producers who can guarantee timely delivery．

2．We are pleased to receive your order and guarantee that this order will be shipped immediately．

3．We hope this order to reach your quality standard so that we can receive your next order in near future．

4．The letter confirmed the recent change in your purchasing order of July 4，2014．

5．The order you placed before the Chinese New Year is now being produced，and will be loaded next month．

6．We acknowledge the receipt of your order．

7．If we had got your samples earlier，we would have placed big orders．

8．You must guarantee the air shipment before Christmas．

9．Due to the lack of raw materials，we are unable to finish such a big order quantity．

10．This is our customer's urgent order，so please rush it．

11．Upon receipt of your issued L/C at sight，we will arrange the shipment immediately．

12．After receiving the 30% advance payment，we will start production without delay．

13．Due to the rise of labor cost and the fluctuation of RMB exchange rate，we have to increase the price．

14．We hope to receive your faxed sales confirmation with signature within 3 days．

15．This is our S/C with signature．Please check and advise．

16．As regulated by the clauses in the contract，the airway bill must be borne by your side．

Ⅰ．Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses for each of the following sentences．

1．The photographs are usually(hang)to dry for several minutes．

2．The reference materials that you need are(lie)on the credenza．

3．We(lay)the handouts on a table in the front of the room．

4．Of course，I do wish that I(was)earning more money so that I could return to school．

5．I(set)all the graphs on the conference room table，just as Ms．Wilson had requested．

6．Although all of us were careful，the new monitor for the word processor(break)．

Ⅱ．Find any verb shifts in these sentences;then rewrite the sentences to eliminate the shifts．

1．During the drive Mr．Jay talked about the problems of traffic safety as the driver of the car breaks the speed limit．

2．If I were you and if I was offered the job，I should accept it immediately．

3．The mystery story tells how the detective finds the body，discovers the motive for the crime，and exposed the killer．

4．After the job interview，Linda called me and asks for a letter of recommendation．

5．If this information concerning inflation be true and if prices continue to rise，salaries will not be adequate．

6．Open the shutters and then you can see the parade in the street．

7．Susan unlocked the office at eight，but the doors were locked at five by the office supervisor．

8．The members of the union signed the contract，but it was not approved by many of the members．

9．Mrs．Terry said that she needed my computer and she asked that I should use another．

10．I do not understand the instructions，and I wanted to get further clarification．

Ⅲ．Proofread this letter and correct all the err ors in verb forms．

It is my great honor to informed you that you have been name Employee of the Month by the administrators of the Union Bank of Freeport．

Words cannot expressed our deep appreciation of your valiant behavior during the holdup on April 22．We feel strongly that your fast thinking and good judgement save the lives of your fellow employees as well as our customers，not to mention the thousands of dollars that would have been losted had the robber escape．

In recognition of your heroism and the stress it must have create for you，we would like you to spent，as our guest，a weekend of your choice at Todman's Mountain Resort．In addition，we will be please to present you with a plaque commemorating the occasion at the staff luncheon to be hold on Friday，May 10，at 1 p．m．

Thank you，Mr．Temple．You are a very special man．

Ⅰ．Translation．

1．很高兴收到贵方订单，我方保证它们将及时运出。

2．我们希望这批货能达到你方质量要求，并且能很快获得返单。

3．你方9月25日所下订单，现在已开始生产，预计下月可以装船。

4．这批货是客户急需的，你方必须保证在圣诞节之前空运。

5．由于原材料供应不足，恐怕我们没有能力满足你们所需的巨大订货量。

6．一旦收到你方开具的即期信用证，我们将立刻与船运公司联系。

7．你方30%预付款到账后，我们将立刻安排生产。

8．由于劳动力价格上涨和人民币汇率变化，我们的利润空间已变得很小。

9．希望贵方收到我方正式订单3日内，能够回传签字的销售合同。

10．根据合同条款，由于你方交货延迟所产生的空运费，必须由你方承担。

Ⅱ．Rearrange the following paragraphs into a reply letter．

1．Dear Mr．Locker，

2．However，we are unable to meet with your deadline of the shipping date．

3．As you may know，the price of raw materials has risen dramatically since earlier this year．

4．In regard to your letter of July 29，2015，we are very happy to receive your repeated order．

5．I look forward to your reply．

6．It becomes more and more difficult for us to ensure the supply of these materials．

7．It would be helpful if you agree to change the shipping date．

Ⅲ．Write a letter based on the following situations．

A．You are employed in the shipping department of Tiandi Products，Inc．，200 Southeast Fourth Street，Nanjing 210001．Write a letter acknowledging the following order from Ellen Minsky，buyer for Gold's Specialty Shops，3632 West Grace Street，New Jersey 20036．

Please send me two dozen exercise suits(Style L－29)in the following assortment of sizes and colors:

Vanilla－3 petite，3 small，4 medium，2 large．

Chocolate－2 petite，4 small，4 medium，2 large．

Charge my account(886GSS)for the wholesale price of $ 35 per suit．

I would like the order shipped by air express and would appreciate your letting me know how soon I may expect delivery．

B．Write a covering letter with attached S/C with the information listed above．

C．You are employed by the Lawsen Linen Company，P．O．Box 762，Lanma Street，Fuzhou，Fujian．Write a letter to Mrs．Chang，432 Shengli Street，Suzhou，Jiangsu，to explain a delay in shipping her order for 100 sets of Flora Mist queen-size sheets and pillowcases．Because of a factory strike，all orders have been held up，but assure her that negotiations are progressing and a settlement is expected soon．Convince her to wait and not to cancel her order．