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a．To form the possessive of a noun，add an apostrophe and-s;if the noun ends in-s，add an apostrophe only．

名词后加“'”再加-s，可以构成名词所有格；假如名词以-s结尾，则仅须加“'”。

woman\woman's;children\children's;ladies\ladies';boys\boys';boss\boss'or boss's

b．To form the possessive of a compound noun，add the apostrophe or's to the end of the word only．

复合名词所有格在最后一个词词尾加“'”，再加“'s”。

father-in-law's;policyholder's;general managers';editor in chief's;

c．Joint ownership is shown by making the last noun possessive．If each noun is made possessive，it indicates separate ownership of two or more items．

名词共用“'s”表示共同拥有某事物；名词后分别加“'s”则表示各自拥有。

Jack and Bill's car(two persons owning one car)

Jack's and Bill's cars(two persons owning two or more cars)

d．There is an idiomatic use of the possessive in expressions involving time，amounts，or personification．

一些有关时间、数量和人格化的所有格形式已形成固定表达。

one day's pay;four months'leave;a year's pay;season's greeting;today's weather;for pity's sake;an hour's work;a dollar's worth;for conscience's sake;two weeks'work;a month's vacation;

e．With the exception of such nouns as those illustrated above，nouns that name inanimate objects should never be written or spoken as possessives．Use an“of phrase”instead．

除上述d中所列举的固定表达以外，表示无生命事物的名词通常不用“'s”所有格，可以用of结构代替。

hood of the car;top of the desk

1．confirmation：the act of confirming，of making something certain or binding确认confirm：确认

This offer is subject to our final confirmation．

We are able to confirm that the goods will be delivered on October 1．

2．L/C（Letter of Credit）：usually a letter with a customer's name from one bank to obtain the money，credit or goods the named customer may need，up to the stated value．The bank which issued the letter takes responsibility信用证

commercial L/C：商业信用证；confirmed L/C：保兑信用证；documentary L/C：跟单信用证；irrevocable L/C：不可撤销信用证；traveller's L/C：旅游信用证

3．shipment：the acting of putting goods on a ship船运，装运

These goods are ready for shipment．

We hope that you will arrange shipment next week．

4．delivery order：a written direction from the owner of goods to a person who holds them，e．g．in storage，to deliver，or to hand them over to a named party．The document can become a negotiable instrument when it is joined to a dock warrant and is accepted by a bank as security for an advance（often shortened as D．O．or d/o）提货单

5．delivery date：the time at which the ordered goods will be delivered交货期

According to the contract，the delivery date should be no later than July，15．

6．specification：any detailed description of the form and content of an article or a commodity，or the process by which something is produced产品（规格）说明

The specifications of the building have been enclosed．

7．printout：a document or processed data from the output unit of a computer，presented in the form of readable printed matter on paper（电脑）打印文件

8．delinquency：the state of having failed to pay by the due date欠款；逾期未收账款

Delinquencies are increasing because more and more people are delaying their mortgage payments．

Long-term delinquencies often turn out to be bad debts．

9．bid：an offer to buy something at a stated price报盘，报价

A bid may be taken back at any time before a buyer has formally told the seller that he accepts it．

The bid I made was higher than his．

10．billing（bill）：a bill refers to a written document with charges for supplying goods or services票据，账单；billing means performing the act of making and sending out bills（or invoices）开账单，开发票

Please bill me for these articles I purchased．

The billing department is just over these．

11．redundancy：here refers to the words in business writing that are more than necessary冗语

The redundancy of his style makes his report so tiring．

Ⅰ．Classify the following words according to Common Nouns，Proper Nouns，Concrete Nouns，Abstract Nouns，and Collective Nouns(some of them may be classified in more than one way)．

executive　Europe　paper　experience　committee　staff

Susan　desk　education　faculty　opportunity　smoke

majority　Lincoln Center　stone　accountant　document

secretary　Fulton Avenue　jury　customer　magazine

mechanic　commission　time　industry　friendship　security

Atlantic Ocean　honesty

Ⅱ．Indicate whether the following nouns are singular or plural，then give the singular form if the word is plural or the plural form if the word is singular．

hunch restaurant choices commander in chief body teeth ratio losses Ms．

Jones shelf M．D．'s deer staff procedures

Ⅲ．Correct any errors in the use of plurals in the following sentences．

1．Several concerned citizens complained about the increases in taxs over the past two years．

2．All lunchs are included in the total price for the five-day conference．

3．Ask Mary Ellen for the address where Mr．and Mrs．Jones are now staying;then send thispackage to the Jones．

4．Our sales representatives have already set up the displays of brushs and polishs．

5．Ms Van Gleason requested that we post these notices on all the bulletins board．

6．Ask the Messrs．Jordans to attend next Wednesday'session．

7．Many passerbys crowded around the scene，creating a traffic snarl at rush hour．

8．This car dealer gives fair value for trades-in．

Ⅳ．Choose the correct word in parentheses for each of the following sentences．

1．Ask for a copy of(Steve and Laura's\Steve's and Laura's)report to their supervisor on projected sales for next year．

2．The estimated income for my(mother-in-law's\mother's-in-law)business next year is $500，000．

3．Have you asked for(someone's else\someone else's)opinion on this proposal?

4．Several(applicant's\applicants')resumes were sent to the Personnel．

5．(Marthia's\Mathias')suggestion was innovative and practical．

6．Westcott Lumber requested 30(day's\days')notice to submit its bid．

Ⅰ．Compare the following pairs of sentences，choose the better one and state your reason．

1．I have pleasure in informing you．

I am pleased to tell you．

2．Please tell(or，inform)us．

Please be good enough to advise us．

3．Will you kindly send us a reply before the end of the month for which a stamped envelope is enclosed．

Will you please send a reply in the enclosed envelope before the end of the month．

4．I was informed that you had a typewriter for sale and would like to know if it is still on sale，if so，please advise me as to the price．

If you still have the typewriter，which you offered for sale，please inform me of the price．

5．We are sorry that the merchandise is not up to the standard and we shall gladly make an exchange．

It is not our intention to suggest that you should keep unsatisfactory merchandise，so we are willing to ask you to return it to us at once，and we will be glad to make an exchange．

6．Thank you for your remittance of January 30 for $ 500．

We have your remittance of January 30 in the amount of $ 500，and wish at this time to thank you for it．

Ⅱ．Rewrite the following sentences to achieve conciseness．

1．Please see that an inquiry is conducted to determine the reason．

2．We express our regret at being unable to fulfill your order on this occasion．

3．Payment of their accounts will be made by Johnson next week．

4．It is on the last day of June that the meeting will be held．

5．We are returning all the merchandise that is defective．

6．In the event that Model 404 is not available，please substitute Model 606．

Ⅲ．Rewrite each sentence in order to express its meaning more courteously．

1．You have made a mistake．You should check the figures again．

2．Your proposal isn't any good，so we're not going to accept it．

3．You haven't paid us yet．You're late．Send the money right away．

4．You won't get your order because you didn't give us the information．

5．We must tell you that we can't accept your proposal．

6．You claim that there are 3 witnesses to the accident．We need their names and addresses．

7．Thank you in advance for all the help you will give me．

8．Your letter is not clear at all．I can't understand it．

9．We need the statement by the end of next week．

10．This is to inform you that the goods will not be ready by June 4．We will not be able to deliver them until June 8．

Ⅳ．Read the following letter and answer these questions．

1．What is the purpose of the letter?

2．Does the letter follow the form of opening，body，and closing?

3．What does the writer want the reader to do?

4．Do you think this letter accomplished its purpose?

Hall-Davis＆Company sells more single family residential property than any other kind．Through our 48 residential sales offices located from Seattle to San Diego，we have sold over$ 300 million of residential property in 2013．

Traditionally，spring and summer are the most active periods of the year for residential sales．The vast exposure of Hall-Davis＆Company，one of the Nation's largest realtors，puts us in contact with highly qualified，well-motivated buyers;and now，with the prevailing favorable interest rates，we anticipate another record year for our expanded residential office．

If you were considering the sale of your home，now it would be a most opportune time．I would appreciate meeting with you at your convenience．

Ⅴ．Rewrite these openings so that they get to the point immediately．

1．Thank you for writing us for information about our new delivery service．We have been in business for six months，and already our customers are finding the service is dependable and economical．A brochure giving complete details about our service is enclosed．Please call us at 123－4567 should you have additional questions．

2．In regard to your letter of March 25，we cannot find a record of your order for rug shampoo．

We are very sorry．We have searched all of our files to no avail．Would you please send us a copy of your original order;and when we receive it，we'll rush it to you by special delivery．Again，we regret this error．

3．Thank you for requesting a copy of our brochure．Converting to the Metric System．We are glad to comply with your request and will see that a copy is mailed to you within the week．

4．This is in reply to your letter of April 15 in which you inquired about the dealer in your area who handles Acme Clock Radios．We are happy to supply this information．At the present time，the dealer who handles our products exclusively in your area is J．Rogers，211 Main Street，Greenfield．

5．We are sorry that you have not received your order for an X-L Pocket Calculator．The order was sent two weeks ago by parcel post，but mails seem to be slow lately—perhaps it is because of seasonal delivery problems．If the calculator has not arrived by the time you receive this letter，either call us or write to us;and we will send you another calculator immediately．

6．We wonder if you still have available No．675 Marking Pens．We placed an order for them two years ago，but we have used up all of them．We liked them very much．If they are available，would you please send us 4 dozen and bill our company．

Ⅵ．The following letter is an extract from an old fashioned business letter．Read carefully through it，and then rewrite in clear，concise，modern English．

With reference to your order for a 4G i-phone，we are in receipt of your check and are returning it to you．

I beg to inform you that，as a manufacturer，our company sells electronic products to dealers only．In compliance with our wholesale agreement，we deem it best to refrain from direct business with private consumers．

For your information，there are many retailers in your vicinity who carry 16G i-phone．Attached please find a list of said dealers．

Hoping your understanding in advance．