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Nowadays，with the tide of globalization andprosperity of advanced modern science and technology，times of vocalization of the entire people has approaching.Mass media has becoming a wide spread net encircling the culture and enhancing the social bond.At the same time，what media present to the public are uneven，the good and the bad，the beautiful and the ugly，the superficial and the profound are intermingled.What blur the boundary of entertainment and degradation？What snub the morality and confuse the hearts？Should media be a bed in which intoxicating but meaningless dreams are planted，or an operating-table on which objective reality is dissected？In the opinions of the author，the topic is discussed in the following three aspects：relationships between media and philosophy，politics and ethics.

Keywords：mirror stage；ideology；art commercialization；political；media ethics

In a time of loneliness，everyone wishes to lay his/her heart bare，everyone is so anxious to clarify，to state，to curry favor by claptrap.Therewith the mass media performs the function of expressing and communicating of both individual and community，a microphone that plays an increasingly essential role in modern society.Nevertheless，not all chatter of media could be seen as pure girls who can be turned into adorable beauties just with a little make up.In fact，most of the wisecrack and flowery language turns out to be like raddled commonplace women who cannot bear closer analysis，as time wipes，faces of old and decadent souls exposed.Ultimately，what media transmits become screams unaware of the truth，so noisy that you cannot but cover your ears.

ChapterⅠ. Media and Philosophy

Media is not only something about technology or digital，but also a revolution of experience，of human's existence mode and discourse right.As far as I am considered，the extension of media might be science and technology，audio-visual technology，network technique etc.But the deep layer，the connotation of media is something metaphysical，philosophical and psychological.

1.1　The mirror stage and second time self-id entity

One of the most remarkable phenomena in twentieth century intellectual history is a concept called“mirror stage”，put forward by Jacques Lacan，which philosopher Raymond Tallis describes as“the cornerstone of Lacan's oeuvre.”[1]

“The mirror stage is a phenomenon to which I assign a twofold value.In the first place，it has historical value as it marks a decisive turning-point in the mental development of the child.In the second place，it typifies an essential libidinal relationship with the body image.”

The mirror stage describes the formation of the Ego via the process of identification，the Ego being the result of identifying with one's own specular image.

In six months the baby is still lack of coordination，but Lacan speculated that babies can recognize themselves in the mirror to control their movements.Children see it as a whole image，but this lack of coordination with the body，resulting in a fragmented perception of the child's body.Lacan hypothesized that this contrast is first felt by the babies'competition with their own image，because they feel the threat to the integrity of the image fragments.Therefore the mirror stage results in an aggressive tension between the subject and the image.In order to solve this aggressive tension，the subject identifies with the image：This is what corresponds to the initial form of self-identification.

Similarly，Tallis notes that a literal interpretation of the Lacanian mirror stage contradicts empirical observations about human identity and personality：“the mirror stage theory would predict that congenitally blind individuals would lack selfhood and be unable to enter language，society or the world at large.There is no evidence whatsoever that this implausible consequence of the theory is borne out in practice.”[2]

Applying Lacan's mirror stage theory to mass media communication，plenty of similarities could be seen.As the form of the screen resembles mirror very much，it separates the reality and movie images，structuring an imaginary world to audience.And the scene that audience gazing at movie screen is somewhat alike to the scene that the baby seeking the mirror for self-identity.In other words，the audience will seek for self-identity from the characters in movie as well as what the baby do from the mirror，transferring his/her inside feelings to the characters on screen，then reflecting the identification to the motivation and value the characters embody.

The influence and persuasiveness of mirror function of film mediaundoubtedly have convinced people that it is getting difficult to know the truth and reality of the off-set world.Facing the unavoidable coming of the era of illustration on vision brought by media，the reflection of reality in human minds may just be fake and false mirror image offered by media.Thereby the survival condition and life style of humanity may up against a whole new round of revolution.

1.2　The comparatively independence of culture and ideology

Recent years has witnessed the sea change which globalization brought to society，economy and culture all around the world.The change of ideology is especially striking.The function of ideology is to construct a fake consciousness between oneself and the history.Then what in the world has rooted the fake consciousness in the hearts of the people in a time of globalization？The answer turns out to be transmitting culture，to be specific，media culture.Along with the synchronous proceeding of culture consumption，ideology changes all the time.Although some kinds of information have been carried by consumption，conveying something ideological，this way of transmitting can not be a main path.

By contrast，media culture is much more different.First of all，producing media culture is restricted by market economy law，the bond between economic development and cultural development is enhanced.Secondly，as the point of view of media culture development mechanism，since global media culture is driven forward by economy，it surely fell in with popular demand.Making a comprehensive survey of contemporary media culture，the saying“audience is king”is often considered as a core strategy.For instance，the cultural production of Hollywood can be so worldwide popular because it makes design closer to the public and satisfies audience's needs.

Besides，the mirror stage theory of Lacan could also prove to explain this issue，as what is just discussed above.These may help explaining why media never stop planting splendid，entertaining and enjoyable dreams to audience.

1.3　Win-win solution of“best game no one played”

Jameson has proposed：“Modernism is characterized by a utopian vision，while postmodernism is closely linked to commercialization.”Art business has become one of main arguments today.It refers to the combination of art and commercial operation，as business involves the relationship of supply and demand，it is hence related to most people's“taste”，or whether art is able to cater to the market as a commercial product.

Recently，plenty of media products，such as films or TV shows，have encountered a problem describedas”best game no one played”.This phenomenon reveals the sticking point of balancing commercial value and artistic value in the process of media producing.

Some people holding the idea that“Business is business”may wonder that why should the media industry try to be“popular”，since it is not charity？They argue that profit is the first and foremost concern of business.Outsiders would find it hard to understand the difficulty involved.

The higheststandard of business is in the interests of long-term on the basis of maximizing the interests，which requires the subject standing in the global business perspective and exploring things visionary.Then the commercialized art，in order to serve this ultimate purpose，also need to promote，to enhance its own value.Thus for the art itself，the experience of the baptism of business will be much helpful and meaningful.Conversely，the arts also inject a fresh force into business in the competitive environment，which greatly improved its image and competitiveness.Therefore，to get a win-win result of art and business，organic commercialization of art should be properly developed.

ChapterⅡ. Political media

As the development of media create a whole new world and vast space for people to discuss varieties of issues and topics，a new kind of life style relying mainly on media broadcasting has growing and getting increasingly powerful.Thus，by the affection of it，buildup of new political strength is allowed to take shape.While new political value is shown，progressive disadvantages are also brought.How to deal with drawbacks that media brings to politics？It has attracted attentions of governments and academicians.

2.1　The political function of media

Long time ago，mass media has functioned politically.At the beginning ofnineteenth century，French politician Alexis de Tocqueville found that the influence of newspaper is much powerful in people's political public life.Along with the progressing of new media era，the political function of mass media has becoming more and more impressive.No matter whose hands media is possessed in，or by which means it exert an influence，it will undoubtedly become an essential part of political system.We should not ignore the political existence of media.

AsEdwin R.Black writes in his book“Politics and News”，the political function of media has been revealed.Black's examination of unexamined biases about the mass media come as an eye-opener，an instance of the Aristotelian principle of“the tyranny of the majority”[3]in our vaunted，liberal media.True to his contention that no framework contrived to analyze press performance is entirely free of its own biases，Black does not flinch from casting his skeptical gaze on cherished belief of the media nearest and，perhaps，dearest to us.Defined only as“data circulated in the political system”，political communication shimmers just out of reach as the hardened master key that might unlock this puzzle and the bigger one of the press's power.

On the matter of the audience，Black describes it as the“one critical factor”[4]neglected in much of the heated debate about the mass media.One is not quite sure whether he may not be using overstatement to pedagogical effect，for the discussion that follows includes a wealth of research material supporting the opposite picture of audience analysis.Elsewhere，he claims that presuppose audience studies of a sophisticated nature.

Black's contribution toward a new appreciation of“the power of the press”is a beginning in explicating“the real power of the mass media，which is changing the whole of our political life，while we，the chief actors or victims，remain largely unaware of the nature of the transforming force”[5]

2.2　The political responsibility of med ia

No matter what the audience would like to see from media，media ought to shoulder its cultural mission，and hold the principle and integrity in the tumultuous world.Generally speaking，media shoulders three missions：supervising the government，supplying message source and the so-called“recording history”.To accomplish those tasks，media ought to assume responsibility to aspects as follow.

2.2.1　Truth telling

Way ofpublic officials conducting themselves through their own technical progress has been manipulated by media.Constant television coverage displays the legislative proceedings；exposed to the whole government that the process is much faster than ever before，unjust rulings throughout the government process.Truth telling is crucial in media ethics as any opposition of truth telling is considered deception.Anything shown by the media whether print or video is considered to be original.When a statement is written in an article or a video is shown of a public official，it is the original“truthful”words of the individual official themselves.

2.2.2　Correct guidance

President Johnson once quipped that“Reporters are puppets.They simply respond to the pull of the most powerful strings.”The point echoes Walter Lippmann's classic analysis of the press，Public Opinion，in which he raised difficult questions about adequacy and the purity of media information.If the information we are getting is tainted，he asked，are we capable of performing our duty as democratic citizens？

“The press...is too frail to carry the whole burden of popular sovereignty，to supply spontaneously the truth which democrats hoped was inborn.And when we expect it to supply such a body of truth we employ a misleading standard of judgment.We misunderstand the limited nature of news.”

In the book Media Power Politics（1981），David Paletz and Robert Entman argue that“by granting elites substantial control over the content，emphases，and flow of public opinion，media practices diminish the public's power.”What this means，they concluded，was that“the mass media are often the unwitting handmaidens of the powerful.”

The problem may have less to do with the type or the quantity of coverage than with the fact that most of the time most of the media rely on information not ferreted out by investigative reporters but provided by government.What kind of guidance the media give to audience can be of importance.Truths or lies，right or wrong，what make us sleep，what wake us up.

ChapterⅢ. Media Ethics

At the moment，as media develops quickly，it affects the society strengthening increasingly，while social ethics questions becoming more outstanding.Therefore currently，being the manufacturer of the spirit thought product，media industry not only carries the mission of the oneself development，but also carries the mission of spreading the responsibility of accept，constructing or purchasing，maintaining the social ethics morals.Media ethics is something about moral principles and values as applied to the conduct，roles and content of mass media.

3.1　Issues in the ethics of entertainment med ia

Media Ethics is to deal with specific ethical principles and standards of media，including radio，film，theater，art，print media and the Internet.The field covers many varied and highly controversial topics，mainly include：

3.1.1　The depiction of violence and sex

Violence and pornography，there is strong language to describe.Ethical guidelines and legislation in this area are common，and many media such as film or computer games are subject to ratings systems and supervision by agencies.

3.1.2　Product placement

Increasingly common marketing strategy is the product position in the entertainment media.Media producersof such media may receive a high amount of money，to show the brand's products.This practice is controversial，largely unregulated.

Extensive use of stereotypes could be seen in both advertising and entertainment media.Stereotypes people may have a negative impact on their views，or the promotion of social misconduct.The stereotypical portrayals of men，affluences and ethnic groups are examples of major areas of debate.

3.1.4　Taste and taboos

Our values of art and entertainment purposes have always been questioned by entertainment media.Normative ethics is often about moral values，and what kinds should be implemented and protected.The two sides of media ethics conflict.In the name of art，media may deliberatelyattempt to break with existing norms and shock the audience.Some of the ethical issues are associated with the abandonment of moral values or norms of obligation are closely related.It is an acceptable level of ethics and it is always a hotbed of controversy.When good taste falls away to bad manners，slips down the slide of moral negligence，and descends to dereliction of duty，maybe only Miss Manners knows exactly where and when.

3.2　Deep end of ethicsvs.Practical choose

This summer，the media tycoon Rupert Murdoch News Corporation's Henglupote management of international news，“News of the World”exposed wiretapping scandal，has triggered ethical topic of media attention.July，British Prime Minister Cameron mandate Lai Weisen to start phone tapping investigations.The survey was officially launched on the 14th the first round of hearings，the British media in general think that the investigation could last several years.Seeing the ongoing controversy involving the News of the World，the News International phone-hacking scandal，people concern media ethics heavier than before.

Ethics means to choosebetween justice and injustice.When the life，honor and the news intertwined ethical confusion，the journalistic ethics become one of the most difficult media practitioner's choices.Classical Greek Athenian philosopher Socrates once said on moral issues：“If your son is sick and refused to take medicine，as a father，you cheat and told him that it is not a drug but a good thing to eat，which it is not immoral.”Two thousand years ago，people are well aware that ethical issues are not static，eternal and immutable.As this community does not need the full truth，as this community does not need to“recognize the good things”，when the truth may bring even greater disaster，when praise could lead to greater damage，all the socalled tenets need to re-examine and positioning.This is the traditional“morality”in the situation of a pluralistic society.

Manufacturing News is no longer an unfamiliar word in present era.In the profitmaximizing premise，rendering，sensational，out of context have become the normal acts of conspiracy of media and the public.Media is interested in creating so-called“Aspect”in order to meet public expectations of adventures.On one hand，media no longer has the authority of universal ideological position，and the sense of service is replacing the guidance function.On the other hand，media still can be a huge social impact，enhancing or weakening a specific question making it to enter or escape the public eye.

When the enormous influence of the media ethics is replaced by means of superior entertainment，the spirit of the lead was replaced by the lies of materialism，living in the ocean of media，tobelieve it or not，has become a problem to audience.

3.3　Fund amental principle of ethics

Britishscholar Matthew Kieran thinks that there are two standards of good media，which are also two ethical principles，that is，“objectivity and impartiality”[6].The former one may be determined by the nature of media work itself，and it is very difficult to do.Indeed，objectivity and impartiality are usually decided by the amount of reported information.For the same thing，the timing of interventions，the angle of observation or understanding of the journalists could be directly related to the amount of information conveyed in the news.This requires that media workers must fully understand the importance of their careful work，collecting information sources as much as possible，and make a scientific and realistic analysis.

Meanwhile，media workers should also strive to avoid adding personal，subjective opinions to reports in the collection of information，materials and writing.Working in the media must always implement the principle of objective and impartial，and elaborate objective and fair assessment.

Media isa social and cultural window of the world.In the universal sound era，media have the obligation and duty to uphold its integrity，to stand in the right track，picking out the gold from sands of noisy audio-visual media products and information，for the world to show.Media can be beds selling dreams，hidden in the darkness，excessively over drafting nights and planting dreams to soothe tired hearts.But we all knew that dreams will be sold out one day.When that moment comes，daylight shines，the world is just like an operating table.Media need to remove the dreaming gland，so that people could have a clear vision when they wake up.

[1]Tallis，Raymond.（1988）Not Saussure：A Critique of Post-Saussurean Literary Theory，Macmillan，1988，p.133.

[2]Tallis，Raymond.（1988）Not Saussure：A Critique of Post-Saussurean Literary Theory，Macmillan，1988，p.153.

[6]Matthew Kieran，Objectivity，Impartiality and Good Journalism，Media Ethics，Routledge，1998，p.25

1.Black，Jay and Ralph Barney.“The Case against Mass Media Codes of Ethics.”Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication，1985，15 p.[ED 259 348]

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3.Eason，David L.“On Journalistic Authority：The Janet Cooke Scandal，”Critical Studies in Mass Communication 3，December 1986，429-47.[EJ 343 549]

4.Matviko，John.“How Far Do You Go and How Much Do You Show：Pittsburgh Television News Media and the R.Budd Dwyer Suicide.”Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Communication Association，1988，18 p.[ED 294 257]

5.Merrill，John C."Is Ethical Journalism Simply Objective Reporting？Journalism Quarterly 62，summer 1985，391-93.

6.Merrill，John C.“Good Reporting Can Be a Solution to Ethics Problem，”Journalism Educator 42，autumn 1987，27-29.[EJ 357 906]

7.Reaves，Shiela.Digital Alteration of Photographs in Magazines：An Examination of the Ethics.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication，1989.[ED 310 444]

9.Matthew Kieran.A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH，Westport，Conn.，and London：Praeger Publishers，1997，168 pp

10.Matthew Kieran，Objectivity，Impartiality and Good Journalism，Media Ethics，Routledge，1998.