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When you get sick in the U.S.and need medication, you have several options.If you feel quite ill, you may want to go to a clinic, a doctor, or perhaps a hospital.You would go to one of these three if you want a diagnosis for your illness.However, if you have a passing discomfort, or a sickness that you recognize or have had before, one that is not serious, you may be able to buy medication on your own, over the counter, at a local pharmacy or drugstore.Chains such as Wal-Mart or Target often have pharmacy sections where you can choose the medications you need, without a doctor’s prescription.At all pharmacies you can easily buy such over-the-counter medical supplies as cough or flu medicine, aspirin, muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, vitamins, sleeping pills and so forth.If you don’t see what you want in the shelves, just ask the pharmacist or attendant for helping find what you need.Sometimes they can even offer suggestions about what might work well for you, taking into account your illness.Common, widely used and/or lowdosage medications that are not considered dangerous are readily available to consumers without prescription in the U.S.

In these cases, such conversations may take place:

Pharmacist:Can I help you?

Customer:I think I’m getting a cold.Where do you stock your aspirin?

Pharmacist:In the next aisle.You should also get some vitamin C and probably some cough medicine.

Customer:Which cough syrup is best?

Pharmacist:This one works very fast.Don’t drink any alcohol while using it.

Customer:What about cold medicine?

Pharmacist:Try this one.Take it three times a day after meals.Do not take it with alcohol.

Customer:How long until I start to feel better.

Pharmacist:If you still feel the same after three days, you had better see a doctor.

Pharmacist:How are you, madam! Can I help you?

Customer:Hello! My stomach hurts these days.What medicine should I take?

Pharmacist:How long has this been?

Customer:More than half a year.Sometimes good and sometimes bad, it often happens when it’s cold.

Pharmacist:Before or after meals?

Customer:After meals.

Pharmacist:How long has it been after meal?

Customer:About 2 hours.

Pharmacist:What kinds of pain do you feel? Pricking, bursting or other kinds?

Customer:It’s like pricking, and is fitful pain.

Pharmacist:The pain is mainly in the lower or upper part?

Customer:In the upper.

Pharmacist:I think you get a peptic ulcer.I suggest you take “Tagamet” (Cimetidine, Omeprazole), with Metronidazole and Motilium.“Tagamet” may increase gastromucosal defense and healing in acid-related disorders.Meanwhile, Metronidazole is effective against Helicobacter pylori.Motilinum may increase the stomach peristalsis, decrease the time that food stays in stomach.During the onset of peptic ulcer, you should go on a diet, restrain from drinking, smoking, spicy food, and avoid too much work and catching a cold.

Customer:Thanks, I’ll take them.

Pharmacist:This is your medicine:three boxes apiece, all take one pill, three times a day.Take Tagamet and Metronidazole after meals; take Motilinum 20 minutes before meals.The most frequently reported adverse reactions are stomach discomfort, dizziness and so on.All side effects disappear after cessation of therapy.

Pharmacist:You are welcome! Goodbye!

Pharmacist:Hello, can I help you?

Customer:In the morning, I felt stomachache, queasy and sick.Few minutes after breakfast, I brought up all that I had eaten.Then I had severe diarrhea with pain.Now I feel so weak and tired.

Pharmacist:What did you have last night?

Customer:Cold beer and ice cream, because it’s too hot.

Pharmacist:According to your symptom, I think you get acute enteritis resulting from your cold food last night.OK, you can go home with some medicine, but if you still feel bad, seeing the doctor would be better.

Customer:OK, you’re the boss.

Pharmacist:I recommend you take “Smecta” mainly made of natural smectite.This drug possesses a fixing and inhibiting effect for virus, bacteria and their toxins in digestive tract; and coating property on the gastrointestinal mucosa.So it is used to treat acute and chronic diarrhea and painful symptoms associated with oesophago-gastroduodenal diseases.Besides, you can take some “Berberine”, which is good for the inflammation of digestive tract.

Pharmacist:This is your medicine, one box apiece; both take 1 sachet, three times a day.If the symptoms don’t relieve accompanied by frequently diarrhea, you should go to the hospital to do more treatment, such as fluid therapy to improve your electrolyte disturbances.

Pharmacist:You are welcome! Goodbye!

Pharmacist:Hello! Can I help you?

Customer:I had my hand cut by accident just now.Please give me some medicine for external use.

Pharmacist:Would you mind showing me your wound?

Customer:Not deep and not much blood out.

Pharmacist:Suggest you use some band-aid.

Pharmacist:One yuan per package with four pieces in.

Customer:Please give me two packages.

Pharmacist:Please keep your hand dry, which would help the wound close up.

Pharmacist:You’re welcome!

Do remember to remind your customers of visiting the doctor if he or she does not feel better after taking the medicine.

1.You would go to one of these three if you want a diagnosis for your illness.

如果你想得到疾病的诊断（结论），你可以到上述的三个（地点）之一（即前一句中a clinic， a doctor， or perhaps a hospital的其中之一）。

2.However, if you have a passing discomfort, or a sickness that you recognize or have had before, one that is not serious, you may be able to buy medication on your own, over the counter, at a local pharmacy or drugstore.

a passing discomfort：一时性的不适

a sickness that you recognize 自己了解的疾病

3.Chains such as Wal-Mart or Target often have pharmacy sections where you can choose the medications you need, without a doctor’s prescription.

全句可译为：在诸如沃尔玛、塔吉特之类的连锁店通常都设有药房，在那里你可以不用处方买到你所需要的药品。

4.sleeping pills：安眠药

5.Common, widely used and/or low-dosage medications that are not considered dangerous are readily available to consumers without prescription in the U.S.

全句可译为：在美国，一般说来，常用药及/或（人们）认为是安全的小剂量药，消费者不需要处方就可购得。

6.In the next aisle：在下一个通道。本文中应理解为：下一个货架。

7.Don’t drink any alcohol while using it.

全句可译为：服药期间不要喝酒。

8.What kinds of pain do you feel? Pricking, bursting or other kinds?

全句可译为：你觉得是怎么疼？刺痛、胀痛或是其他感觉？

9.“Tagamet” may increase gastromucosal defense and healing in acid-related disorders.

全句可译为：在胃酸所致的胃痛病，泰胃美能增强胃黏膜的抵抗力，促进（溃疡的）愈合。

10.acute simple enteritis：急性单纯性肠炎

11.I brought up all that I had eaten.

bring up=vomit 呕吐

全句可译为：我把吃下去的东西都吐了出来。

12.I think you get acute enteritis resulting from your cold food last night.

全句可译为：我想你是因昨晚吃了冷饮而得了急性肠炎。

13.OK, you’re the boss.

全句可译为：好的，你做主（听你的）。

14.This drug possesses a fixing and inhibiting effect for virus, bacteria and their toxins in digestive tract.

全句可译为：该药对消化道内病毒、细菌和毒素有固定和抑制作用。

15.such as fluid therapy to improve your electrolyte disturbances：例如输液以纠正电解质紊乱

1.How can you get a diagnosis when you are sick in the United States?

2.Where can you get medication for you illness?

3.What kind of drug is readily available to consumers without prescription in the U.S.?

4.What does the pharmacist advise the customer not to do in Conversation 1?

5.What kind of pain does the patient have in Conversation 2?

6.How does the pharmacist advise the customer to take the medication he recommends in Conversation 2?

7.What symptoms does the customer have in Conversation 3?

8.What curative effects does Smecta have?

9.What does the pharmacist advise the customer to do at the end of Conversation 3?

10.What does the pharmacist suggest his customer to buy in Conversation 4?

When living in or visiting North America, one always hopes to stay healthy and be able to enjoy the trip, conduct business or concentrate on study or learning.Alas, sometimes you get sick, not feeling well or having a medical emergency.When this happens, you must seek professional assistance.Some medication will relieve1the symptoms of whatever you may be suffering from.This is exactly what you want upon visiting a drugstore or pharmacy.You must always check with a pharmacist to make sure that you are taking the correct over the counter drugs.

The following conversations also take place often in a drugstore or pharmacy.

Pharmacist:Hello, what can I do for you?

Customer:Please give me a package of pain-killer2.

Pharmacist:How about Ibuprofen3? It has good effect on pain relieving.

Customer:That’s OK.I used to have it before.Please give me one package.

Pharmacist:Here you are.

Customer:Do you have a smaller package?

Pharmacist:Sorry, the small ones have been sold out already.Would you like waiting for a few days?

Customer:What can I do with the medicine that’s left?

Pharmacist:Please screw the bottle cap tight and keep it in dry and cool places.

Pharmacist:How are you, miss! Can I help you?

Customer:Hello! My stomach hurts these days, what medicine should I take?

Pharmacist:How long has this been?

Customer:About three or four days.

Pharmacist:Before or after meals?

Customer:After meals.

Pharmacist:What kinds of pain do you feel? Pricking, bursting or other kinds?

Customer:Bursting, I feel bloated5in the stomach.

Pharmacist:Besides stomachache, do you have other symptom?

Customer:Yeah, I often belch6.

Pharmacist:Do you eat too much every meal? And do you usually have sports?

Customer:Yes, I eat too much, and I’m an office man and have no time to have sports.

Pharmacist:By my estimate, your stomachache results from malnutrition7.Take it easy.You eat too much but do few exercises, which may increase your digesting load and result in your bloated stomach and belch.I suggest you take Motilium tablet; it could promote the digesting function.Meanwhile, going on a diet, doing appropriate exercise, by this way, could decrease your digestion problem.

Customer:Thanks for your proposal.I’ll buy the medicine.

Pharmacist:Please pay at the cashier’s.

Pharmacist:This is for oral administration, one tablet, three times a day.

Pharmacist:You are welcome.Goodbye.

Notes：1.relieve 缓解　2.pain-killer 止痛药

3.Ibuprofen 布洛芬（异丁苯丙酸，对异丁基苯异丙酸，消炎镇痛药）

4.indigestion 消化不良　5.bloated 肿胀的，膨胀的

6.belch 打嗝　7.malnutrition 营养不良

安眠药 sleeping pill

安全套 condom /΄kɒndəm/ n.

创可贴 band-aid /΄bændeɪd/

鼻喷雾剂 nasal spray

鼻塞 have a stuffy nose

避孕药 contraceptive /ˌkɒntrə΄septɪv/ n.

便秘 constipation /ˌkɒstɪ΄peɪʃən/ n.

便秘的 costive/constipated /΄kɒstɪv， ΄kɒnstɪpeɪtɪd/ a.

草药的 herbal /΄hз：bəl/ a.

常年性、季节性的过敏性鼻炎 perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis

处方药 prescription/ethical drug

低血压 hypotension /ˌhaɪpəʊ΄tenʃən/ n.

滴鼻剂 nose-drops /΄nəʊzdrɒps/ n.

滴耳剂 ear-drops /΄ɪədrɒps/ n.

冻伤，冻疮 frostbite /΄frɒstbaɪt/ n.

发高/低烧 have a high/slight fever

发困的 sleepy /΄sli：pɪ/ a.

发冷的 shivery /΄ʃɪvərɪ/ a.

发炎的 inflamed /ɪn΄fleɪmd/

非处方药 non-prescription drug （=OTC drug）

感冒 catch/have a cold

高血压 hypertension /ˌhaɪpə΄tenʃən/ n.

过度疲乏的 overtired /ˌəʊvə΄taɪəd/ a.

过敏性鼻炎 allergic rhinitis

过敏性皮炎 allergic dermatitis

护创膏 protecting wound plaster

怀孕 be pregnant， be with child

浑身酸痛 ache all over

甲状腺功能亢进 hyperthyroidism /ˌhaɪpə΄θaɪrɔɪdɪzəm/ n.

胶囊 capsule /΄kæpsju：l/ n.

解热镇痛药 analgesic and antipyretic

痉挛，惊厥 convulsion /kən΄vʌlʃən/ n.

脱脂棉球 absorbent cotton ball

咀嚼片 chewable tablet

抗高血压药 antihypertensive /΄æntɪˌhaɪpə΄tensɪv/ n.

抗蠕虫（既肠寄生虫）药 antihelmintic /ˌæntɪhel΄mɪntɪk/ n.

抗生素 antibiotic /ˌæntɪbaɪ΄ɒtɪk/ n.

抗真菌药 antifungal （agent）

咳嗽得很厉害 cough a lot

咳嗽药水 cough mixture

咳嗽有痰 cough up some phlegm

可的松 cortisone /΄kɔ：tɪzəʊn/ n.

缓释片 extended release tablet

口服液 oral liquid/solutin

溃疡ulcer /΄ʌlsə（r）/ n.

流感病毒 influenza virus

流鼻涕 have a runny nose

流行性感冒 influenza /ˌɪnflʊ΄enzə/ n.（俗称flu /flu：/）

脑膜炎 meningitis /ˌmenɪn΄dʒaɪtɪs/ n.（pl.meningitides /ˌmenɪ΄dʒɪtɪdi：z/）

尿糖试纸（商品名）Clinistix /΄klɪnɪstɪks/ n.

VC泡腾片 vitamin C effervescent tablet

止喘药 antiasthmatic /ˌæntɪæs΄mætɪk/ n.

气雾剂 aerosol /΄eərəʊsɒl/ n.

氢化可的松 cortisol /΄kɔ：tɪsɒl/ n.

软膏（剂），油膏 ointment /΄ɔɪntmənt/ n.

杀真菌剂 fungicide /΄fʌndʒɪsaɪd/ n.

舌溃疡 ulcerated tongue

失眠 insomnia /ɪn΄sɒmnɪə/ n.

栓剂suppository /sə΄pɒzɪtərɪ/ n.

嘶哑的（声音）hoarse /hɔ：s/ a.

糖浆syrup /΄sɪrəp/ n.

贴膏plaster /΄plɑ：stə（r）/ n.

痛经dysmenorrhea /ˌdɪsmenə΄rɪə/ n.

头癣，发癣 tinea tonsurans

细菌性痢疾 bacillary dysentery

血压计 blood pressure meter （正式名称是sphygmomanometer /ˌsfɪgməʊmə΄nɒmɪtə（r）/ ）

咽喉痛 have a sore throat

眼药水 eye-drops /΄aɪdrɒps/ n.

药店 drugstore /΄drʌgstɔ：（r）/， pharmacy /΄fɑ：məsɪ/， dispensary /dɪs΄pensərɪ/ n.

药粉 powder /΄paʊdə（r）/ n.

药片 tablet /΄tæblɪt/ n.

药师 pharmacist /΄fɑ：məsɪst/ n.（执业药师 licensed pharmacist）

药丸pill /pɪl/ n.

药物不良反应 adverse drug reaction （ADR）

胰岛素insulin /΄ɪnsjʊlɪn/ n.

用法用量 usage and dosage

月经量过多 lose a lot

在正常范围内 within normal limits

早孕测试笔（纸）home pregnancy test

症状 symptom /΄sɪmptəm/ n.

止泻药 antidiarrheal agent

中草药 Chinese herbal medicine

中耳炎 otitis media

中医药 traditional Chinese medicine

周期性偏头痛 periodic migraine

Are you allergic to penicillin？您对青霉素过敏吗？

Can I help you， sir/madam？/What can I do for you？先生/女士，您需要什么帮助？

Did you take any medicine before？你以前用过药吗？

Do you cough up any phlegm？你咳嗽有痰吗？

Do you have a temperature？你发烧吗？

Did you take your temperature？您量过体温了吗？

Have you ever nauseated or vomited？你有过恶心，呕吐吗？

Have you got any chronic diseases in the past？您以前患过什么慢性病吗？

How long have you been like this？像这样多长时间了？

I am constipated for several days.我便秘好几天了。

I hope you’ll be completely recovered from your illness as soon as possible.希望您早日康复。

I need some medicine for my cold.我要一些感冒药。

I think this drug may be suitable for you.我想这种药会适合你。

I wonder if you cough up phlegm.我想问一下，您咳痰吗？

I have a rash all over my body.我全身起皮疹。

I’d like to prescribe some painkiller tablets and anti-inflammatory tablets, and I advise you to stop smoking cigarettes these days.If it continues like that， please go to hospital for help.我为你配点止痛片和消炎药，并建议你这两天不要吸烟。如果还不见好转，请去医院就医。

I’ve got a terrible cough and a pain down here in my chest.我咳得很厉害，胸部下面这儿痛。

If you still feel the same after three days， you had better see a doctor.如果服药3天后还是老样子，你最好去看医生。

It’s a very effective， less toxic and better tolerated drug.这药非常有效，毒性小，且耐受性好。

My teeth ache heavily.我牙痛得厉害

My throat feels swollen.我的喉咙肿了。

My congestive feet are itchy.我的双脚充血发痒。

Please go to the cashier to pay the fee first.请先到收银台付款。

So always ask for help and read the instruction on the bottle or box containing the medicine.所以，应该经常询问一下药剂师并仔细阅读药瓶或药盒上的服药说明。

Take a rest and you will be well soon.注意休息，很快就会好的。

Take this medicine 3 tablets once after meals， and three times a day.每日3次，每次3片，饭后服用。

The cashier is over there.收银台在那边。

This is a special adhesive for easing the pain， apply it to the painful part and change it every two days.这是专门止痛的膏药，贴在患处，两天换一次。

This will loosen your stools.这种药可以通便。

This medicine can fast relieve.这种药可以迅速缓解症状。

What’s wrong with you？您怎么啦？

You can have it filled at pharmacy.你可以到药房去配药。

You have a fungus infection on the feet.你的脚染上真菌（得了脚癣）了。

You may have an allergy to some of the ingredients in a particular drug.你可能会对某一种药品中的一些成分产生过敏。

You must always check with a pharmacist to make sure that you are taking the correct over-thecounter drug.你应该经常跟药剂师确定一下你所选的非处方药是否正确。

一、规模经营IT的运用

美国连锁药店大都规模很大、分店多、分布广、发展快。仅加州就有1 800多家。连锁药店在药品市场的份额逐年扩大，1997年已达到约40%，一般可分为地区性和全国性两种。区域性的药店如Bartell在西雅图地区就有40家分店。而全国最大的连锁药店RiteAid共有4 000多家分店。加上近年愈演愈烈的重组、合并趋势，规模更加庞大。据估计，现阶段中国的连锁药店大约只相当于美国20世纪40、50年代的水平。规模大是指其各分店多为2 000平方米以上，经营四五万个品种，这样的药店如网络般分布于美国的大街小巷、各个社区，提供了优良便利的服务。

但是，按照经济学理论分析，规模越大，管理成本越高，对于地点分散的连锁店更是如此。然而，美国连锁药店充分运用现代信息技术（IT），实现了高效率的管理，从而节省了费用，保证了经济效益。各家药店均有先进的计算机系统的终端遍布各分店，从而实现流程化、标准化管理，包括电子数据管理、卫星通信和配送盘货控制，销售分析，以至于员工的绩效考核和分店每日营业数据都以最快的速度汇总至总部，由总部在充分掌握具体情况的条件下决定下一步的对策；总部的任何指令几乎同时到达数百家或上千家分店。另外，很多药店都不自设配送中心，而由批发商来担任这个角色，依靠电子订货系统，与批发商或供应商在网上联络，随着传递需求，由此实现了流通的畅通无阻。POS扫描系统、计算机网络的运用给连锁药店带来了不可估量的价值。

二、配备药师和实行专业化服务

美国药店按联邦法律规定都必须设有药师。在美国医药消费已形成了“大病进医院、小病进药店”的习惯，更使药店内的专业咨询服务发挥越来越重要的作用。尤其是大型连锁店，每个店都设有主管药师及助理药师。他们的目标是“少一些开药方，多一些信息和咨询”。美国的药师同医生一样，也有一套严格的持证上岗制度，所以其素质可得到严格保证，而各药店的声誉也有赖于这些专业人员的服务。另外，药店对普通售货员的素质也有较高要求。

多年以来，美国医药零售业已有一套全面系统的制度，且执行得力。例如对处方药的控制，必须凭医生处方。每个药店都可从联网计算机上查到全国所有医生的登记资料。若遇到处方不能肯定是否为某个医生开出时。售货员甚至会打电话给那个医生，核实之后才能卖出药品。

三、充分发挥联盟组织NACDS （National Association of Chain Drug Stores）的作用

NACDS，全称是“美国全国零售连锁药店协会”，于1933年11月由6家连锁店的首脑在纽约组建。最初，其目的是由一个组织以统一的口径代表零售药业发言，建立零售药品法规，以促进连锁业的发展和繁荣。随着成员药店规模的扩大和发展，协会不断调整自身结构和功能，以便更好地为各成员服务。至1998年，协会成员已增至135名，准会员1 344名，在美国各商业团体中建立了稳固而显要的地位，也成为美国连锁药业的权威组织，竭尽一切能力为成员们的共同繁荣服务。协会由95名专业人员组成，包括律师、药剂师、图书管理员、零售商、政府事务专家等。协会的作用首先是帮助各成员沟通信息、联合与交流、互通有无；每季及每年对各成员店进行信息汇总和分析，出版专刊，发布行业标准。每年都有各种形式的年度行业大会，其中最重要的是非处方药大会Mardet-Place，遍及全国乃至世界的成员们都会派代表参加。自1938年吸收供应商为协会成员后，更加强了零售与生产的沟通协作。同时，可从全局的高度，分析整个行业的未来发展趋势，并制定战略对策。另外，协会作为各成员统一的发言人，更会不断与政府沟通，努力影响政府和立法机构，争取成员的最大利益。