Text Package Insert:LEXINOR 100 mg
LEXINOR 100 mg
Norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic
Formulation
LEXINOR tablets are white to pale yellow, film-coated, and contain 100 mg Norfloxacin.Chemically Norfloxacin is l-ethyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-7- (1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.
Description
LEXINOR is a quinolone with a remarkably broad antibacterial spectrum.The mode of action is by inhibition of DNA gyrase activity.LEXINOR is bactericidal at very low concentrations.Resistance is rare.Plasmid mediated resistance has not been reported and is, due to the mode of action, not likely to occur.
Bacterial pathogens commonly causing urinary tract infections—Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, as well as species inherently resistant to antibiotics, such as Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis are sensitive.Aerobic bacteria causing gastroenteritis, such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica are also sensitive.Both non-penicillinase and penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae are highly sensitive.Anaerobes are resistant.
LEXINOR is rapidly absorbed following oral administration.Peak serum levels in the order of 0.7 μg/ml after 200 mg and 1.6 μg/ml after 400 mg are obtained after one to two hours.One third of a given dose is excreted in the urine; 70% as unchanged drug, 20% as active metabolite.
High bactericidal concentrations in the order of 20—47 μg/ml are found in the urine still 12 h after a 200—400 mg dose.
The extent of protein binding is low, approximately 14%.The serum half-life is 4—7 hours.In patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min the serum half-life is increased and in such cases a reduction of the daily dose is necessary.During hemodialysis the half-life is approximately the same as in healthy subjects.
Indications
Infections caused by pathogens sensitive to LEXINOR, such as urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections and gonorrhea.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to quinolones.Severe renal insufficiency.
Precautions
The drug should not be given to pregnant or nursing women or prepubertal children until safety data are available for these groups.In patients with moderate renal impairment the daily dose should be reduced and the patient carefully followed.
Adverse reactions
LEXINOR is very well tolerated.Gastrointestinal tract reactions may occur.Rare cases of skin reactions, dizziness and headache have been reported.
Dosage
Urinary tract infections
Acute uncomplicated:200 mg twice daily
Recurrent or complicated:400 mg twice daily
Gastrointestinal infections:400 mg 2—3 times daily
Gonorrhea:800 mg single dose
Storage
Protect tablets from light.
Manufacturer
Astra, Sweden
NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS



NOTES
1.LEXINOR tablets are white to pale yellow, film-coated, and contain 100 mg Norfloxaxin.
white to pale yellow, film coated 是形容词短语,做表语。
and contain 100 mg Norfloxaxin 省略了主语 LEXINOR tablets (they)。
2.Chemically Norfloxacin is l-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-ox和o-7-(1-piperazinyl)- 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.
全句可译为:从化学成分上说,诺氟沙星是1—乙基—6—氟—1,4—二氢—4氧代—7—哌嗪—3—喹啉羧酸。
3.The mode of action is inhibition of DNA gyrase activity.
by inhibition of DNA gyrate activity 介词短语,作句子的表语。
全句可译为:作用的方式是抑制DNA促旋酶的活性。
4.Bacterial pathogens commonly causing urinary tract infections—Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, as well as species inherently resistant to antibiotics, such as Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis are sensitive.causing urinary tract infections 是分词短语作定语,修饰 bacterial pathogens
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis ...是名词,做bacterial pathogens 的同位语,句子的谓语是 are sensitive。句子中的 as well as 是连词,意为“又,如,以及”。
5.Peak serum levels in the order of 0.7 μg/ml after 200 mg and 1.6 μg/ml after 400 mg are obtained after one—two hours.
in the order of:约有……之多;数达……左右
after 200 mg 相当于after taking 200 mg of LEXINOR,意为“口服200 mg 后”。
mg=milligram 毫克
μg=microgram 微克
6.One third of a given dose is excreted in the urine; 70% as unchanged drug, 20% as active metabolite.
one third of a given dose:所给药物剂量的1/3
70% (is excreted)as unchanged drug:70% 的该药原样不变地(排泄出来)。该句中的谓语被省略。
7.In patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min the serum half-life is increased ...
in patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min 是介词短语,做serum half-life 的状语,此句可译为:在肾小球过滤率小于30毫升/分钟的患者,血清中药物的半衰期延长……
8.During hemodialysis the half-life is approximately the same as in healthy subjects.
在 the same 之后的 as 是关系代词,做定语从句的主语,谓语 is 省略。
9.The drug should not be given to pregnant or nursing women or prepubertal children until safety data is available for these groups.
until safety data is available for these groups:直到得到关于这些人群的安全数据后。
10.In patients with moderate renal impairment the daily dose should be reduced and the patient carefully followed.
the patient carefully followed=the patient should be carefully followed 省略了 should be,可译为:应该对病人进行仔细观察。
Exercises
Task 1 Choose A, B or C to complete each statement below according to the text.
1.Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum __________.
A.LEXINOR B.quinolone C.antibiotic
2.Low as the concentrations are, Norfloxacin is __________.
A.affective B.antibacterial C.bactericidal
3.Either non-penicillinase or penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae is highly sensitive, while anaerobes are __________.
A.resist B.resistance C.insensitive
4.__________ of a given dose is excreted in the urine.
A.70% B.33% C.20%
5.The serum half-life is __________ in patients with glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min.
A.decreased B.increased C.shortened
Task 2 Translate the following into Chinese.
Peak blood levels are reached within one hour after oral administration of Cetirizine1.The plasma2half-life is approximately 10 hours in adults, 6 hours in children aged 6 to 12 years and 5 hours in children aged 2 to 6 years.These data are consistent with the urinary excretion half-life of the drug.The cumulative3urinary excretion represents about two thirds of the dose given in both adults and children.Consequently, the apparent4plasma clearance in children is higher than that measured in adults.
Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next.
Plasma levels are linearly5related to the dose given.
Cetirizine is strongly bound to plasma proteins.
Notes:1.Cetirizine 西替利嗪(抗过敏药) 2.plasma 血浆
3.cumulative 积累的 4.apparent 明显的 5.linearly 线性地
药品说明书的阅读
药品说明书是药品生产厂家伴随药品所提供的、有关该药品的主要作用的文件,其主要用途有:
1.在临床医学方面,是重要的医疗参考文献,是医生开处方和药剂师配发药品的依据之一;
2.在药学科研方面,是极其重要的药物情报来源;
3.在法律上,药品说明书可以作为医疗事故诉讼裁判的法律文件。
药品说明书旧称Instruction, Description 或 Direction。现已正式定名为Insert 或 Package Insert。昔日的药品说明书的内容仅有药名、成分、适应证、剂量、用法等项内容。现根据美国食品与药品管理局(FDA, Food and Drug Administration)的规定,药品说明书的内容应为10项。有些药品说明书的项目达20项以上。除了上述的几项内容外,对药物的毒性、副作用、禁忌证、告诫事项和注意事项都讲得比较充分。
现根据美国FDA的规定,对药品说明书的内容简述如下:
一、药品名称 (Drug Name)
通常每种药物都有3个名字:
a.商品名称 (Proprietary Name, Trade Name, Brand Name)
b.通用名 (Generic Name, Official Name)
c.化学名 (Chemical Name)
例如: Proprietary Name:泰诺
Generic Name:对乙酰氨基酚
Chemical Name:对羟基苯乙酰氨
其右上或左上角的符号
表示“注册商标”(Registered Trademark 或 Trademark Rights),表示该药已经该国专利局或商标局注册核准专用,其他厂商不得擅用。
目前,由于药品生产厂家众多,同一种成分的药品商品名各不相同,容易引起用药过量,不利于安全用药,例如:
复方氨酚烷胺,市场上常见的商品名有:金刚感冒片、感康、快克等;
对乙酰氨基酚,市场上常见的商品名有:扑热息痛、泰诺林、泰诺、百服宁等;
阿莫西林,市场上常见的商品名有:再林、强必林、弗莱莫星等。
为了加强药品使用的安全性,我国国家食品药品监督管理局2006年3月10日局务会审议通过了《药品说明书和标签管理规定》,并于2006年6月1日开始执行,其中对于药品的通用名和商品名做了如下的规定:
第二十四条 药品说明书和标签中标注的药品名称必须符合国家食品药品监督管理局公布的药品通用名称和商品名称的命名原则,并与药品批准证明文件的相应内容一致。
第二十五条 药品通用名称应当显著、突出,其字体、字号和颜色必须一致,并符合以下要求:
(一) 对于横版标签,必须在上三分之一范围内显著位置标出;对于竖版标签,必须在右三分之一范围内显著位置标出;
(二) 不得选用草书、篆书等不易识别的字体,不得使用斜体、中空、阴影等形式对字体进行修饰;
(三) 字体颜色应当使用黑色或者白色,与相应的浅色或者深色背景形成强烈反差;
(四) 除因包装尺寸的限制而无法同行书写的,不得分行书写。
第二十六条 药品商品名称不得与通用名称同行书写,其字体和颜色不得比通用名称更突出和显著,其字体以单字面积计不得大于通用名称所用字体的二分之一。
第二十七条 药品说明书和标签中禁止使用未经注册的商标以及其他未经国家食品药品监督管理局批准的药品名称。
药品标签使用注册商标的,应当印刷在药品标签的边角,含文字的,其字体以单字面积计不得大于通用名称所用字体的四分之一。(该规定的全文见附录)
二、性状 (Description)
该项常用标题还有:Ingredients; Composition; Presentations 等。
这一项内容包括药品的化学结构(Chemical Structure)、化学成分(Chemical Composition)、物理及化学性质(Physical and Chemical Properties)。化学名词较长,翻译时应结合所学的化学知识,并要注意参考国家有关的翻译规定,切不可自行其是,否则常会引起误会。
例如: [Description]
White tablets, bitter in taste.
本品为白色片剂,味苦。
White to almost white crystalline powder, easily soluble in water.
本品为白色或类白色结晶粉末,易溶于水。
One sustained-released capsule contains isosorbide 5-mononitrate 40 mg.
一粒缓释胶囊含5-单硝酸异山梨酯40mg。
Other ingredients:sucrose, corn starch, stearic-palmitic acid, ethyl cellulose, talcum, pigments E171, E172.
其他成分:蔗糖,玉米淀粉,硬脂—软脂酸,乙基纤维素,滑石,E171,E172色素。
三、临床药理学 (Clinical Pharmacology)
该项常用标题还有:
Clinical Observation 临床观察 Clinical Data 临床资料
Clinical Experience 临床经验 Clinical Effect 临床疗效
Clinical Discussion 临床讨论 Bacteriology 细菌学
Microbiology 微生物学 Physiology 生理学
Toxicology 毒理学 Clinical Use 临床应用
Mode or Mechanism of Action 作用方式或机理
Pharmacological Actions 药理作用
Therapeutical Actions 治疗作用
该项目主要记载药物的药理作用、临床疗效、解释其特点及毒性等。有的简单,有的详细,涉及学科广泛,专业词汇多,缩略语多,语法亦较复杂。
例如:
The mode of action is by inhibition of DNA gyrase activity.
其作用是抑制DNA促旋酶的活性。
[Pharmacological Action]
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic.It is an inhibitor of restraining epoxidase that the biological synzyme of prostaglandin can be restrained.Only produce slight lesions in alimentary canal, it has long curative effect.
本品具有消炎、镇痛、解热的作用。它是一种抑制环氧化酶,能抑制前列腺素的生物合成酶。对消化道损伤轻微,而且疗效持久。
四、适应证和用法 (Indications and Usage)
该项常用标题还有:
Indications 适应证 Major Indications 主要适应证
Clinical Indications 临床适应证 Principal Indications 主要适应证
Treatment 主治
本项目涉及的语法较为简单,主要是列举疾病名称,通常不使用完整的句子。
例如:
(It is effective to)Infections caused by pathogens sensitive to LEXINOR, such as urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections and gonorrhea.
适用于对本品敏感的病原体引起的感染,如尿路感染、胃肠道感染及淋病。
Indications:For respiratory tract infection (acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, tympanitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.)caused by sensitive bacterium, urinary infection and skin soft tissue infection.
适用于敏感菌所致的呼吸道感染(急性咽炎、扁桃体炎、中耳炎、支气管炎、肺炎等)、泌尿生殖道感染及皮肤软组织感染等。
五、禁忌证 (Contraindications)
该项常用标题还有:
Restriction on Use 限制使用
常用的词(组)有:
pregnant women 孕妇 women of childbearing age 育龄妇女
hypersensitive to ...对……过敏者 allergic reaction 过敏反应
lactation; early infancy 哺乳期;婴幼儿
kidney, renal 肾;肾的 liver; hepatic 肝;肝的
insufficiency; impairment 机能不全
heart; cardiac; myocardial 心脏;心脏的;心肌的
damage; danger; failure 损伤;危险;衰竭
例如:
Contraindications:
Hypersensitivity to quinolones.Severe renal insufficiency.
禁忌证:对喹诺酮类过敏者。严重肾功能不全者。
Contraindications:
Cefradine is contraindicated in patients with previous allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)to cephalosporins or penicillin allergic shocks and those who had immediate reactions to this drug.
禁忌证:对头孢菌素曾有变态反应或有青霉素过敏性休克的病人以及对本药有速发型反应者禁用本品(头孢拉定)。
六、注意事项 (Precautions)
该项常用标题还有:
Cautions 注意事项 Remarks 注意事项
Notice 注意事项 Attention 注意事项
本项内容不仅谈到药物在单独和合并使用中的问题,而且指出调配、给药、保管等各方面应该注意的事项。因而,此项内容涉及的词汇较为广泛,语法较为复杂,常分条书写。例如:
The drug should not be given to pregnant or nursing women or prepubertal children until safety data are available for these groups.In patients with moderate renal impairment the daily dose should be reduced and the patient carefully followed.
对孕妇、哺乳期妇女或青春期前儿童在得到(用药)安全性资料后才可使用本品,对有中度肾脏损害的病人,每日剂量应减少并细心观察。
七、警告 (Warnings)
该项常用标题还有:
Additional Warnings 告诫事项
本项内容较“注意事项”严重,表示用药后可能引起的严重后果,如孕妇流产,心、肾病患者死亡,休克等后果,并注明抢救措施。
例如:
Careful inquiry should be made for a history of hypersensitivity reaction to any antibiotic or other drugs.Antibiotics should be given with caution to any patient who has had some form of allergy,particularly to drugs.It is recommended that patients who have had immediate hypersensitivity reactions (e.g.anaphylactic or urticarial)to penicllins and/or cephalosporins should be followed with special care.If an allergy reaction to aztreonam occurs,discontinue the drug and institute supportive treatment as appropriate (e.g.maintenance of ventilation, pressor amines, antihistamine, corticosteroids).Serious hypersensitivity reactions may require epinephrine and other emergency measures.
要仔细询问对任何抗生素或其他药物的过敏史。任何有某种形式的过敏者,特别是对药物过敏者,使用抗生素要注意。建议对青霉素类和/或头孢菌素类发生过速发性过敏反应(例如过敏或荨麻疹)者,要特别小心注意。如对本品(氨曲南)发生过敏反应,要停止用药,开始进行支持治疗(如:保持通风、给予升压胺、抗组织胺药、皮质类甾醇等),严重的过敏反应要用肾上腺素和其他应急措施。
八、不良反应 (Adverse Reactions)
该项常用标题还有:
Side Reactions 副反应 Toxic Reactions 毒性反应
Side Effects 副作用 Double Infections 双重感染
该项内容在于提醒医生:药品虽为推荐剂量,仍会产生不良反应。医生用药时应权衡利弊得失,慎重行事。
例如:[Side Effects]
Stomachache,no appetite,diarrhoea,constipation,nausea,thirst and stomatitis are the most frequently occurring syndrome in alimentary canal,along with vertigo, headache,drowsiness,tinnitus,tic,and transient abnormality of liver function.
消化道常见症状有胃痛、食欲不振、腹泻、便秘、恶心、口渴和口腔(黏膜)炎,其次为头晕、头痛、困倦、耳鸣、抽搐,及一过性肝功能异常。
九、用药过量 (Overdosage)
常用标题:
Treatment of Overdosage用药过量的治疗
药物的用量需在一定范围内才会安全有效,超过限量则会产生不良反应、重度甚至危及生命。此项目说明用药过量的后果及其治疗、抢救措施。
例如:If necessary, Aztreonam may be cleared from the serum by hemodialysis and/or peritoneal dialysis.
必要的话,本品(氨曲南)可用血液透析和/或腹膜透析方法从血清中加以清除。
Excessive blood levels of penicillin G cannot be corrected by peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis.
青霉素G的血液浓度过高不能用腹透析或血液透析来矫正。
十、剂量和用法 (Dosage and Usage)
常用标题有:
Method for Administration用法 Dosage剂量
Usage and Dosage用法与剂量 Clinical Application临床应用
注意下列单位的表达方法:
剂量单位 (Units):
kg=kilogram千克;g=gram克;mg=milligram毫克
l=litre升;ml=millilitre毫升
CC=cubic centimetre立方厘米=ml;IU=International Unit国际单位
年龄和性别 (Age and Sex):
adult 成人;male 男性;female 女性;pregnancy 孕妇
children 儿童;infants 婴幼儿;newborns 新生儿
dosage for children儿童剂量
服药时间和次数 (Time and Frequency of Administration):
once a day, (daily), q.d.(qd), quaque die [拉]每日1次
twice daily, b.i.d.(bid), bis in die [拉]每日2次
three times daily, t.i.d.(tid), ter in die [拉]每日3次
four times daily, q.i.d.(qid), quater in die[拉]每天4次
q.h., quaque hora [拉] 每小时1次
q.q.h., quaque quarta hora [拉] 每4小时1次
prn., Pro re nata [拉] 必要时
per kilogram of body weight 每公斤体重
mg/kg/day 每日……毫克/公斤(体重)
剂量和服法 (Dosage and Administration):
once daily for 10 to 15 days 每日一次,连服10—15天
divided into three eight-hour doses 分为3剂,每8小时服用1剂
10,000 to 20,000 IU daily per kg of body weight
每日每公斤体重1—2万国际单位
0.8—1.2 mg/kg/day 每日 0.8—1.2 毫克/公斤(体重)
给药方式:
intramuscularly 肌肉注射 intragluteally 臀肌注射
intraarterially 动脉注射 intravenously 静脉注射
intrathecally 鞘内注射 orally 口服地
parenterally 肠胃外给药 locally 局部给药地