三、增译
增译就是在译文中添加一些原文没有的字眼,有时是为了让译文读者更清楚地理解原文的信息,有时则是为了使译文更加完满,更富有宣传性。一般说来,第一种情况适用于汉译英,因为汉语旅游材料中许多名胜古迹均与一定的历史事件、典故、人物等联系在一起。除上文所述的对名称的解释外,有时还添加一定的信息,如上文例8中关于苏东坡所在朝代、年代以及苏东坡历史地位的字眼都是原文所没有的,但这样一来就可以增加一些背景资料有利于英语读者的了解。后一种情况一般则适用于英译汉,由于英文背后的思维结构和审美心理不同于汉语,英文更注重信息和写实,汉语更注重艺术和渲染,所以一些英文旅游材料在译成中文时往往添加一些渲染的词汇,以迎合中文读者的审美预期和思维方式。我们可以将两种增译分别称作“信息增译”和“修辞增译”。两种情况举例如下:
例10:
琼岛东北部有“琼岛春荫”碑,为1751年所建,附近风光秀丽,过去是燕京八景之一。
In the northeast of Qiongdao Island, there is a stone tablet, erected in 1751, with “Qiong Dao Chun Yin” (Spring Shade on the Qiongdao Island)engraved on it.It is said the inscription was written by Emperor Qianlong(with his reign from 1736 to 1796).This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
例11:
(桃花源)始建于晋,初兴于唐,鼎盛于宋,大毁于元,时兴时衰于明清,萧条于民国,渐复于新中国成立后,大规模修复开发于1990。
Taohuayuan (the peach flower source) was first built in the Jin Dynasty (256—439A.D), began to take shape in the Tang Dynasty(618~709), flourished in the Song Dynasty (960—1297), and went to ruin in the Yuan Dynasty (1279—1368).With ups and downs through the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368—1911), it was almost abandoned in Minguo Period (1912—1949) but restored from the year 1949 on.A large-scale renovation began in 1990.
例10的英译文中除对“琼岛春荫”四个汉字进行了注释外,还添加了It is said the inscription was written by Emperor Qianlong (with his reign from 1736 to 1796)。这—信息,有助于读者了解所介绍景点的历史意义。例11的英译文除对“桃花源”三个字进行了注释外,还对涉及的每个时期添加了起始时间,有利于英文读者了解所介绍景点的历史以及这些朝代的公元纪年起始时间。这两个汉译英的例子就是“信息增译”。个别情况下,英语材料在翻译成中文时也会利用“增译”策略使所表达的信息更为明确,当然这样的情况比较少,请看一个例子:
例12:
If you opt for the northerly shore route from the entry area, you’ll find many caves and indentations as you explore the underwater terrain.The lava wall is literally filled with hiding places for Kona’s famous ula(Spiney Lobster) and (although they are being overharvested) you just may glimpse one or two peeking out at YOU!
如果沿第二条线路潜游,即从入口潜向北岸,观察水下地形时将看到许多大的空隙及缺口(海岸线凹入处)。熔岩床是科纳带刺龙虾的藏身之地(尽管已被大量地捕捞),你还会发现有那么一两只正瞪大眼睛看着你!
这个例子中,“沿第二条线路潜游”和“海岸线凹入处”就属于“信息增译”,目的是向中国读者说清楚方位所在或对特殊情况进行解释,便于他们更好地游览。当然,更多的时候英译汉需要“修辞增译”,请看几个例子:
例13:
Towers, domes, balanced rocks, and arches have been formed over millions of years of weathering and erosion, and the process continues,constantly reshaping this fantastical rock garden.
岁月沧桑,风化雨蚀,造就了这里奇特的山体风貌:满山“巨塔”高耸,“穹丘”浑圆,“不倒翁”摇摇欲坠,“大拱门”凌空而立,奇形怪状,浑然天成。大自然造物不尽,还在不断创造新的神奇。
例14:
On the road leading from central Europe to Adriatic coast lies a small Slovenian town of Postojna.Its subterranean world holds some of Europe’s most magnificent underground galleries.Time loses all meanings in the formation of these underground wonders.The drip stone-stalactites, columns,pillars and translucent curtains, conjure up unforgettable images.
从中欧通往亚得里亚海岸的路上有一座斯洛文尼亚小城,叫作波斯托伊纳。这座小城的地下藏着欧洲一些最为神奇的美术馆,这些地下奇迹蔚为壮观,历史悠久,置身其中,可以欣赏到钟乳石、石柱、透明的石帘,可谓形象千姿百态,令人流连忘返。
例15:
The Glacier Express cuts a cross-section through stunning Switzerland—pure train-travel pleasure.You are our honoured guest, so prepare to be pampered in the Glacier Express.Savour meals specially prepared by our chef served in our stylish dining car.Or relax in your comfortable seat and enjoy coffee, snacks and drinks served from our mini-bar.The Glacier Express is superb in all four seasons: shimmering peaks in summer, snowcovered, fairy-tale scenery in winter, fabulous Alpine flowers in spring and a kaleidoscope of colour in autumn.
冰川快车横穿魅力无穷的瑞士—让您尽享火车旅行的乐趣。作为我们尊贵的客人,您可以在冰川快车享受到尽善尽美的服务:在风格别致的餐车享用我们的厨师为您精心烹制的风味美食,或轻松舒适地坐在座位上品尝迷你酒吧为您精心准备的香浓咖啡、小吃和饮料。一年四季,冰川快车都带给您无与伦比的旅行体验:春季,阿尔卑斯鲜花娇艳动人;夏季,千山万壑熠熠发光;秋季,各种色彩缤纷绚丽;冬季,整个世界粉妆玉砌。
例16:
In addition to the comfortable postbus all other means of transport,belonging to the reliable Swiss transport system, can be used.
除舒适的邮政巴士外,其他交通工具均可乘坐,它们都隶属于瑞士交通系统,方便快捷,安全可靠。
对照以上例13到例16的原文和译文,我们不难发现,译文中有部分或多或少地属于增译的成分,有些完全是添加上去的,有的则是在原文词语基础上的进一步发挥,但我们不得不承认,这些添加或发挥的部分迎合了中文读者的审美诉求和思维习惯。试想,如果没有这些部分,汉译文在中文读者中间就不会引起太多的共鸣,那么就起不到旅游文本的宣传语气,尤其是其中的四字成语如“摇摇欲坠”、“凌空而立”、“奇形怪状”、“浑然天成”、“蔚为壮观”、“千姿百态”、“尽善尽美”、“无与伦比”、“光彩夺目”、“粉妆玉砌”、“娇艳动人”、“缤纷绚丽”、“方便快捷”、“安全可靠”等。
另外,细心的读者还会发现,例14的译文中添加了动词“置身其中,可以欣赏到”,而例15中“让您尽享火车旅行的乐趣”和“冰川快车都带给您无与伦比的旅行体验”中的“尽享”和“带给”这两个动词也是译文中添加的。这是因为英语更倾向静态,汉语更倾向动态,所以在英译汉的时候要添加一些动词,才能使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯,显示汉语的动态特征(彭萍,2009)。关于这个现象,请再看几个例子:
例17:
The supplement for these trains will be CHF 30 per person.
乘坐这些列车每人需要支付30瑞士法郎的附加费。
例18:
A cart brake serves to make transport easy and convenient.
行李车所配的制动装置使行李运送变得更加轻松便捷。
例19:
Austria is wedged between seven other countries.Liechtenstein, Switzerland,and the Federal Republic of Germany are to the west.Czechoslovakia is to the north.Hungary is to the east.To the south are Italy and Yugoslavia.
奥地利与七国相邻:西濒列支敦士登、瑞士、德意志联邦共和国,北邻捷克斯洛伐克,东连匈牙利,南接意大利和南斯拉夫。
对照译文和原文可以看出,例17增加了动词“乘坐”,例18增加了动词“变得”,例19分别添加了四个不同的动词“濒”、“邻”、“连”、“接”,显得生动形象,又避免了重复。