全屏显示专题章节

这类文章的写作任务是要求对某一观点进行讨论，其标志性语言就是“讨论”这个词，首先在首段介绍情景，说明写作意图，然后在主题段进行论证，而作为一篇议论文，只有一个论据是不足以证明论点的，必须有两个以上的分支观点，根据分支观点的多少分段，每段对一个分支观点进行阐述，主题句应当是每段的第一句话。尽量采用平衡结构，也就是说在谈到一件事情时，应当正反两方面都有所论及，讲了优点再讲缺点，讲了支持的理由，就应当讲讲反对的理由。而结尾段也有两种写法。一种是在最后走向折中，并不明确表态，既支持A又支持B，但前提是在主题段落的论证过程中有折中的可能性。另外一种写法是在最后一段倒向一边，即一边倒的结尾。但应该注意如果采用一边倒的结尾，正文部分的最后一段的分支观点应与结尾段的观点一致。这是一个技术问题，从阅读心理的角度考虑，例如第一段表示支持，第二段表示反对，结尾段又表示支持，这样只能削弱文章的整体感，显得没有气势。应当第一段反对，第二段支持，结尾再支持，这样一来文章就更有力度。

在写作时，不必考虑别人是什么观点，这样做徒劳无益，写议论文时，没有所谓的正确观点或错误观点，重要的是对自己的观点能够自圆其说，写作主要重视的是作者的语言水平，并不是他所持观点的正确与否。如：

For over fifty years， a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space. This research has been very costly，of course. Has this money been well-spent or wasted？

Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminated because of its incredible expense， not only in terms of money， but also in terms of scientific and human resources. These people point out the fact that it costs billions of dollars to send astronauts to the moon， but all they brought back were some worthless rocks. These people say that the money and effort now being wasted in outer space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth， such as providing housing for homeless people， improving the education system， saving the environment， and finding cures for diseases.

However， other people believe that space research has provided many benefits to mankind. They point out that hundreds of useful products， from personal computers to heart pacemakers to freeze-dried foods， are the direct or indirect results of space research. They say that weather and communication satellites，which are also products of space programs， have benefited people all over the globe. In addition to these practical benefits，supporters of the space program point to the scientific knowledge that has been acquired about the sun， the moon， the planets， and even our own earth as a result of space research.

I agree with those people who support space research and wish it to continue. Space research， as is shown， has already brought many benefits to humanity. Perhaps it will bring even more benefits in the future. Moreover， just as individual people need challenges to make their lives more interesting， I believe the human race itself needs a challenge， and I think that the peaceful exploration of outer space provides just such a challenge.

2.问题+理由+建议类

这类议论文首先在首段要对现象加以描述，然后在主体段说明出现这一现象的理由或该现象的具体体现形式，最后在结尾段提出建议和措施。最后提出的建议和措施不能只写一点，因为主体段落通常不会只陈述一个理由或是说明一种体现形式，相应的结尾段也不可能只有一点建议，至少写两点。如：

There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not the relationship between family members is as close as before. Diverse contributing factors can be identified. In the following， I would like to present my point of view.

Great changes have taken place in family life along with the development of society. One of them is that the once-extended family tends to become smaller and smaller. Many children have to leave their parents at an early age to study or work elsewhere. As time passes， children become emotionally estranged from their parents.

Compared with the past， social competition is becoming increasingly fierce. People are urged to concentrate their efforts upon work， so that they can achieve success， or at least a good standard of living. As a result， they can't afford to spend their leisure hours with their families. The importance of bonds of kinship is gradually fading from their minds.

In addition， the availability of various kinds of recreational facilities also diverts people from enjoying chats with the members of their families. Their free time is mostly occupied by watching TV， surfing the internet or playing video games. They come to lose interest in communicating with the other members of their families.

In view of such alienation within families， I do believe that urgent steps must be taken. For members of families who live away from one another， regular contact on the phone can bring them the care that they need. Family reunions on holidays or other important occasions can make a difference as well. For those living together， it is a good idea to take analysis， a close family relationship can surely be maintained as long as we realize the significant role it plays in our lives and attach importance to it.

此类文章主要是要求作者就某一现象或观点表明自己的观点或看法。其标志性的词语是what's your opinion？或what do you think？这类文章首先在首段就要表明态度，让读者知道作者所赞同的具体观点是什么。然后用一边倒的写法从单方面阐述，用具体的理由支持所提出的观点。这类文章尽量采取一边倒的写法，只能讲自己的观点如何，不要从两个方面去写。最后在结尾段重申首段观点，最好换一种方式表达，不要机械重复第一段。如：

In modern society， especially in big cities， hard work has undoubtedly become a very important feature of ordinary people's everyday life. It seems that many people are under the impression that their work is becoming more pressing and urgent， and thus they sacrifice more and more leisure time.

In the first place， with the rapid development of science and technology， work today is more demanding than it used to be. For example， college graduates nowadays have to master English，computer science and driving skills before they can find decent jobs. People have to spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills. And their spare time tends to be fully occupied， not with leisure pursuits， but with work related pursuits.

In the second place， competition is becoming more intense.Many people feel anxious that they may be “laid-off” if they can't work as hard as others. And they also feel at a disadvantage before new graduates. Therefore， it is understandable that people keep themselves involved in intensely hard work in order to preserve their positions.

The worst aspect of this phenomenon， in my opinion， is that the huge pressure of work will gradually affect people's mental health. Excessively hard work means that people can never get rid of the fatigue of their work， even in their leisure time. This means that they cannot enjoy a normal life.

In a word， in modern life overwork is stealing our leisure time. However， I believe this problem will be settled eventually with the development of science and technology.

此类文章要求作者表明自己同意还是不同意。这种题目的写作指令中常常出现：Do you agree or disagree？ To what extent do you support this statement？ To what extent do you agree or disagree？

此类的文章与表明观点类的文章的不同之处在于同意与否类的文章题目已经给出观点，考生只需要说明对题目所提供的观点是否同意即可，而表明观点类的文章作者可能有与题目观点截然不同的观点。但是这两类文章的写作策略是相似的。如：

A criticism often heard these days is that the subjects taught in schools tend to be too academic， and contribute little to preparing a young person for the real-life tasks he or she will have to perform after graduation. They say that academic subjects are rooted in the past， and are not useful for solving modern problems. I disagree with this point of view for three reasons.

My first reason is that it is the duty of parents， not teachers，to prepare their children to deal with the practical affairs of life.The home， not the classroom， is the ideal place to learn about home management and interpersonal skills. As for work abilities and attitudes， they are best learned “on the job” and under the supervision of an experienced older worker.

My second reason is that academic subjects have withstood the test of time. They represent the accumulated wisdom of our ancestors down through the ages， and， far from being impractical，they equip us with the knowledge and confidence to make sound judgements about any problems which may crop up（突然发生的事）. In addition， academic subjects are good for training us in mental discipline， while practical subjects are weak in this regard（在这一点上）.

My third reason is based on the saying “Man does not live by bread alone. ” Schooldays devoted solely to instruction in down-toearth practical matters would be dull indeed！ Lessons in the best literature of the world ， and the epoch-making（新时代的）scientific and geographical discoveries of the past enrich our lives and make us feel that we are part of the great family of mankind.

All in all， the teaching of academic in schools is entirely appropriate. It is my firmly held view that practical subjects have no place in the classroom. On the contrary， the curriculum should be more academic！

5.优点和缺点类

此类文章要求作者对某一事物的优点和缺点进行阐述。其标志性的词语就是：Advantages and Disadvantages， Positive and Negative Effects， Merits and Demerits.此类文章同样要在首段设置场景，交代写作意图，然后在主题段分两部分写，一部分写优点，另一部分写缺点，最后在结尾部分走向折中。如：

It has been widely noted that， with the growing use of computers and calculators both in the classroom and at home， the level of literacy and mathematical ability of students is dropping.This raises serious doubts about the value of the progress of science and technology. Here I will discuss the pros and cons（优缺点）of this question.

First of all， advances in science and technology have certainly brought about many benefits for mankind. They have made our lives more comfortable and healthier. In addition， they have eased the burden of work for most people and provided them with more leisure opportunities， while at the same time increasing productivity dramatically.

Nevertheless， it cannot be denied that technology has some negative side-effects. As mentioned above， with computers which check spelling， grammar and calculation for them， students have little incentive to learn how to do these things for themselves.Also， the availability of TV programs and videos encourages an unhealthy， sedentary（伏案工作）lifestyle.

Another aspect of this issue is that technology may be good or bad， depending on how we use it. For instance， dynamite（甘油炸药）may be used to make road construction easier， or it may be used to kill people. Again， unclear reactors can supply huge amounts of cheap electricity， but if they are carelessly handled they can cause devastating（毁灭性的）pollution.

We can conclude that the progress of science and technology has both positive and negative effects. What we must do is make sure that the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible. Among other things， this means that students are warned not to let computers and calculators do all their work for them.