Ⅳ.合并与改写句子
1.合并句子
句子合并法是指把两个紧密联系的句子合并为一个句子,使句子的表达效果更简洁。句子合并法可以增加或省略个别词语,使两个句子合并为一个句子。根据句与句之间的关系,我们可以通过以下方式合并句子。
1)用连词合并成——并列句
如果两个句子之间为平行、转折、因果、对比等关系时,就可以将它们合并为一个并列句。首先我们要确定两个句子间的关系是平行还是转折,然后根据两句子的关系选择合适的连词或标点符号;最后,用连词或标点符号将两个句子连接起来。如:
(1) He is a teacher. His brother is a doctor.
首先可以判断出第一个句子和第二个句子为平行关系,然后选择连词表示平行关系适合这两个句子的连词为and,第三步用连词and将这两个句子连接起来,从而形成一个并列句:
He is a teacher and his brother is a doctor.
(2) It's true that she is young. She is very experienced and responsible.
根据两个句子的意思可以判断它们的关系为转折关系。表示并列关系的转折连词为but,因此用but将两个句子连接起来可以形成一个并列句:
It is true that she is young, but she is very experienced and responsible.
根据两个句子的意思可以判断两个句子之间的关系为对比关系。在英语中当两个并列句子为对比关系时也可以使用分号连接,所以这两个句子可以合并为:
He likes playing basketball; his father likes playing table tennis.
(3) You can't count on him to help you. He is such a busy man.
根据两个句子的意思,可以判断出后一句是对前一句附加解释。当一个句子对另一个句子附加解释时也可以用冒号将两个句子连接在一起,所以这两个句子可以合并为:
You can't count on him: he is such a busy man.
2)把句子合并成:主句+从句的结构
如果两个句子在意义上存在从属关系,可以用相应的连词将两个句子合并为含有状语从句的复合句。首先,确定两句子间的关系(因果或条件等);然后,根据两句子的关系选择合适的连词;最后,用连词将两个句子连接起来。如:
(1) I was explaining the text. The students listened carefully and took notes.
根据两个句子的意思,可以判断出两个句子存在着从属关系“当我在解释课文时,学生认真听讲和记笔记。”表示“当……时候”的从属连词有“as, when, while”等在这里可以使用while将两个句子连接在一起,形成一个句子:While I was explaining the text, the students listened carefully and took notes.
(2) He didn't hear the knocking at the door. He was listening to the radio.
可以很容易判断出这两个句子存在因果从属关系,“因为他正在听收音机,所以没有听到敲门声”。表示“因为”的从属连词有“as,because, since”等,在这里可以用because将两个句子连接在一起形成一个句子:He didn't hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio.
(3) You study hard. You will pass the exam.
根据两个句子的意思,可以判断两个句子之间存在着从属关系,“如果你努力学习,就会通过考试”。表示“如果”的从属连词为if,用if将这两个句子合并,可以得出一个句子:If you study hard,you will pass the exam.
或者,如果两个句子具有共同部分,可以将一个句子变为一个从句,与另一个句子相结合,从而形成含有定语从句或名词性从句的复合句。首先,找出两个句子的共同部分;然后,确定一个句子变定语从句或名词性从句;再次,选择合适的关联词,用关联词将确定的句子转变为定语从句或名词性从句;最后,将从句放于另外一个句子中修饰共同部分形成一个复合句。如:
(1) This is the doctor. He saved the boy's life.
首先,可以找出两个句子的共同部分为“医生”和“他”;第二步,确定将第二个句子变为从句,修饰第一句中的共同部分“医生”;第三步,确定用who或that引导从句;第四步,用who或that将第二个句子变为定语从句:who/that saved the boy's life;第五步,将定语从句放置于第一个句子中,从而形成一个复合句:This is the doctor who saved the boy's life.
(2) This is a book. It is about how to study English.
这两个句子的共同部分为book,确定将第二个句子变为定语从句,用which或that引导,可以得到定语从句:Which/That is about how to study English;将定语从句放置于第一个句子中,形成一个复合句:This is a book which/that is about how to study English.
(3) The passage is about the problem. The author calls this problem “generation gap”.
作者称这个问题为“代沟”。首先,可以找出两个句子的共同部分为“那个问题”;第二步,确定将第二个句子变为从句;第三步,确定用what引导从句;第四步,用what将第二个句子变为名词性从句:what the author calls “generation gap”;第五步,将名词性从句放置于第一个句子中代替共同部分the problem,从而形成一个复合句:The passage is about what the author calls “generation gap”.
(4) I know the day. She was born on the day.
这两个句子的共同部分为the day,确定将第二个句子变为名词性从句,用when引导,可以得到名词性从句:when she was born;将名词性从句放置于第一个句子中代替共同部分the day,可以得到一个复合句:I know when she was born.
通过句子合并,我们可以将一篇句型单一的文章进行润色,以增加文章的可读性。如:
Tom had a little toy bear. He liked it very much. He went to school and took it. One day Tom lost his toy on his way back home. He did not find it. His sister knew it. She bought a new toy bear for him. Tom was happy. He has a new friend.
这段文字可改为:
Tom had a little toy bear and he liked it very much. Whenever he went to school, he took it with him. One day Tom lost his toy when he was going back home and he didn't find it. When his sister knew this, she bought a new one for him. Tom was very happy because he has a new friend.
2.改写句子
写作是信息交流的重要手段,英语写作能力是各级各类英语教学中要求学生具备的听、说、读、写四项基本技能之一。《大学英语课程教学要求》在一般要求、较高要求和更高要求这三个层次的英语能力要求中对“书面表达能力”均有明确的规定。要想发展学生的书面表达能力,让学生写出好文章,先写好句子是前提和基础。在写作教学中,学生在句子层面上出现的问题主要集中在两个方面:一是句法错误,二是句型单一。英语写作是对学生书面能力的考查,在意思相同的情况下,对不同句型的表达方式的掌握,可以增加文章句型的多变性,从而增加文章的可读性。作文的改写其实就是句子的改写,学生写作时在句型使用上往往单调,缺少变化,究其原因,主要是句型多样化的意识淡薄。通过改写句子,我们可以用不同的句型表达同样的内容,从而避免英语句子的冗长和单调。改的时候要保证句子正确与漂亮,尽量避免相同的句式,在意思不变的情况下,那么改的肯定是它的表达,一般从词语的替换入手,尤其是一些关联词,同义词组及句子的内部结构。如:
(1) Mr. Green is a tall man, who wears a pair of thick glasses.
这个句子我们还可以改成with的复合结构:Mr. Green is a tall man with a pair of thick glasses.
(2) The ice on the lake is too thin for us to skate on.
在保证句子意思不变的情况下,该句子还可以改成so... that...的句型:The ice on the lake is so thin that we can't skate on it.
(3) I didn't catch any fish because I was not patient.
除了用because引导原因状语从句之外,我们还可以选择其他连接词,如:owing to, as等,因此,这个句子还可以写成:I didn't catch any fish owing to that I was not patient.
(4) Patience is very important.
我们知道,形容词用来做定语或表语时,我们可以改成of+名词的表达形式,因此,该句还可以写成:Patience is of importance.
(5) As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
用英语表达一……就……除了用as soon as之外,我们还可以通过upon, on sooner... than... , hardly... when…和the moment等,因此,为了增加句子的多样性,我们还可以通过以下方式改写该句子。
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
No sooner had I arrived home than I wrote down everything I had seen.