1.5.1 Ⅰ.英语基本句型
Ⅰ.英语基本句型

1.主谓式(主语+不及物动词)

(1) Things change.

万物变化。

(2) The gas has given out.

煤气用完了。

(3) Iron rusts.

铁生锈。

(4) Almost instantly I understood.

转瞬间我茅塞顿开,豁然开朗。

(5) A glow of light appears over the sea.

海上出现一束亮光。

注意:

There + be结构,可以看做是Sv句型的一种变体。有人称为“存在句”(Existential Sentence) 。 There + be句型中,谓语除用be外,还可用appear, arise, come, go, fall, keep, stay, enter, exist,happen, lie, live, occur, remain, rise, seem, stand等。如:

(1) There arose the question of how to persuade him into adopting our proposal.

问题出现了,不知该怎样来说服他采纳我们的建议。

(2) There appear to be several different ways to settle the problem.

似乎有若干个方法解决这个问题。

(3) There existed different opinions on this question.

对这个问题曾有过不同的看法。

2.主谓补(主语+系动词+主语补足语)

除系动词be以外,常见的系动词如下:

1)表示“变得”、“成为”的系动词,如:become, come, fall, get,go, grow, run, turn等。

2)表示“保持着某一状态”的系动词,如:continue, hold, keep,lie, remain, stand, stay等。

3)表示“看起来”、“好像”的系动词,如:appear, look, seem等。

4)表示“感觉”的系动词,如:feel, smell, taste, sound等。

表语可以是名词、形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。如:

(1) When the crops fail, the people go hungry.

收成不好,人们就挨饿。

(2) In some cases, deserts are the creation/result of destruction of virgin forest.

有时沙漠是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。

(3) Our dreams have at last come true.

我们的梦想终于实现了。

(4) All I could do was to wait.

我能做的只能是等待。

(5) They appear out of breath.

他们喘不过气来了。

(6) Is that why you were angry?

这就是你发怒的原因吗?

3.主谓宾(主语+及物动词+直接宾语)

宾语在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后,可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、介词短语、从句等。如:

(1) Our team beat all the others.

我们的球队打败了所有其他的球队。

(2) Where did you buy that?

你在哪儿买的那个?

(3) I shall do my possible.

我将尽力而为。

(4) You must tell me the when—the where—the how.

你必须告诉我事情是何时、何地、和怎样发生的。

(5) Does she really mean to leave home?

她真的要离开家吗?

(6) He is considering going abroad to further his education.

他正在考虑出国继续深造。

4.主谓双宾(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)

间接宾语指人,常用名词或代词表示。直接宾语指物,通常用名词表示。我们把这种句型称作主谓双宾结构。常用于此句型的动词有:allow, bring, buy, fetch, get, give, lend, offer, save, sell,send, show, take, wish等。

(1) The winter in Harbin gives visitors a deep impression of excitement.

哈尔滨的冬天使游客们印象深刻,激动不已。

(2) I lent the old woman my arm as she couldn't walk easily.

老妇行走不便,我伸出胳膊让她扶着。

(3) This measure will save the government $185 million.

这一措施将为政府节约1.85亿美元。

间接宾语有时也可以置于直接宾语之后,间接宾语前需加介词to或for,此时的to或for无实际意义,只起连接作用。

(1) Everyone could offer suggestions to me.

每个人都可以给我提建议。

(2) The community lent full support to the mayor's plan.

社区全力支持市长的计划。

(3) The supermarket is giving away a box of sugar to everyone who comes today.

超市向今天来的每位顾客赠送一盒糖。

5.主谓宾补(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)

适于此句型的常见动词有:believe, call, consider, cut, elect,find, have, keep, leave, let, like, make, name, polish, think, want,wish等。

宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、副词、分词(短语)、不定式(短语)、介词(短语)等构成。用不定式作宾语补足语,表达和强调即将发生的事实;用现在分词作宾语补足语,表示和强调正在进行的行为;用过去分词作宾语补足语,表达和强调已发生的事实。

(1) We consider him a reliable friend.

我们把他看作值得信赖的朋友。

(2) People often find economic systems extremely complicated.

人们常觉得经济体系太复杂了。

(3) The police discovered the check hidden under a pile of papers.

警察发现那张支票藏在一堆文件的下面。

(4) The comrades asked Dr. Bethune to take cover.

同志们让白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。

使役动词(Causative Verbs) have, let, make和感官动词(Perceptional Verbs) feel, hear, notice, see, watch等后接不定式作其宾语补足语时,省略不定式符号to;但当这类动词用在被动语态中时,to则不能省略。动词help后的不定式可带to,亦可不带to。如:

(1)I saw him dance.我看见他跳舞。

=He was seen to dance.

(2)The boss made them work the whole night.老板让他们整

夜干活。

=They were made to work the whole night.

(3)He helped the old man cross the road.她帮助那个老人过

马路。

= He helped the old man to cross the road.