Ⅳ.标点符号
1.英语常用标点符号
跟汉语写作一样,标点符号在英语书面表达中同样表示句子与句子之间和句子成分之间的关系,从而使所表达的内容清楚明白使读者容易理解。常用的标点符号主要有以下几种:
1)句号
①用于陈述句、语气温和的祈使句或客气的问句后;
②用于间接引语之后;
③用于某些缩略语、小数点之后;
④表示序列的字母或数字之后。
如:
Let's go to the movies.
May we hear from you soon.
Please tell me what your father is.
Prof.E.D.Johnson was granted Ph.D.in Dec.2009.
1.56 %.
2)问号
①用于疑问句或语气较委婉的祈使句之后;
②用来表示存疑或无把握;
③用于陈述句之后表示疑问;
④用于插入式问句表示强调。
如:
What can I do for you?
This vase dates back to 600 B.C.?
I'm the one to be blamed for the mess?
He was so tired—is that true?—That he won't come.
3)感叹号
①表示感慨、惊讶、命令、哀怨、赞赏、决心等;
②用于感叹词之后。
如:
How time flies!
Be quiet!
Oh! Fire!
Please leave alone!
God, you've finished your task!
4)逗号
①用于分割并列成分,相当于汉语中的顿号作用;
②用于分割并列句中的分句;
③用于分割对比或对照成分;
④用于分割非限定性定语从句、同位语、或附加说明成分;
⑤用于分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句;
⑥用于分割直接引语及导语;
⑦用于分割句首状语、插入语等;
⑧用于分割日期、数字、地点、人名与职衔等、(信件)呼语等。
如:
We're tired, thirsty and hungry.
We must hurry up, otherwise, we will miss the bus.
No pain, no gain.
He wants us, you and me, to go to his place tomorrow.
John didn't take it, did he?
Mr.Green said, “Please call on us.”
Frankly, that's all the money I have.
He left on July 20, 2008, for a trip around the world.
David Smith, Ph.D.
5)冒号
①冒号用于对后面内容的介绍或解释;
②用于一个正式的引用之前;
③用于数字时间的表示;
④用于主标题和副标题之间;
⑤可用于商业或正式信函的称谓后面。
如:
This is her plan: go shopping.
The professor said: “It was horrible.”
445 p.m.∶
Web Directory: World and Non-U.S.Economic Data
6)分号
①用于并列分句之间;
②分隔已经有逗号分割的成分,以免导致歧义;
③用于由for example,for instance, namely, that is (to say) ,in fact, i.e.等词语引导的句子之前。
如:
Your bike is new; mine is old.
Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms;next, fill them out; last, pay the charge.
His sister is a busy girl; in fact, she works harder than he does.
7)连字符
①用于某些前缀后构成复合词。如job-hunting;
②构成某些复合数字(数字用单词写出,不用阿拉伯数字代替时)twenty-one, during the years 1949-1999;
③用于移行,一般按音节间断开单词加连字号(如:ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py),或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。注意一页中最后一个单词不能使用连字号将其置于两页。
8)破折号
①用于话语突然中断、意思转折或犹豫不决;
②用作解释;
③用于被强调部分;
④引出概括性词语或表示引文出处;
⑤用于两地名或两时间之间,相当于连字号。
如:
“I'd like to,” he said, “but I'm—”
Money, fame, power—these are his goals in life.
What he needed most he never got—love.
London—New York flight
9)引号
①引用书面或口头的直接引语;
②引用事物的名称;
③引用俚语、反语、定义、词形等;
④引用对话;
⑤表示强调。
如:
Bob said, “Let's meet at my house next time.”
Have you read the novel “Flying”?
How do you spell the word “souvenir”?
“Did you have a great time last night?”
10)撇号
①省字符;
②表示某些特殊结构的复数形式;
③表示名词的所有格。
如:
You'd better = you had better
'cause = because
the class of '09 = the class of 2009
Do not always say story's, please.
Today's news
a friend of my father's
11)省略号
①表示词语或句子的有意省略;
②表示断断续续、停顿、犹豫不决;
③表示没有说完的话语;
④用以分割词组,加强语气。
如:
“...the book is lovely and well written.”
“Tell ...mother ...I ...died ...for ...my country.”
Do it soon...Do it today ...Do it now.
“I don't know...I don't know.”
2.英汉标点符号的差异
1)顿号(、):顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用;英语中没有顿号,分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。如:
She slowly, carefully, deliberately moved the box.
注意:
类似的情况下,最后一个逗号后可加and,这个逗号也可省略。如:She slowly, carefully (,) and deliberately moved the box.
2)间隔号(·):汉语有间隔号,用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间,如“一二·九”、“奥黛丽·赫本”等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号,需要间隔时多用逗点,如:Martin Luther King, Jr.
3)书名号(《》):英文没有书名号,书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如:
Hamlet《哈姆雷特》
Winter's Tale/Winter's Tale《冬天的童话》
The New York Times /The New York Times《纽约时报》
另外,英语中文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称和交通工具、航天器等的专有名词也常用斜体来表示。
同样,英语中有些标点符号,如:撇号('),连字号(-),斜线号(/)也没有出现在汉语中。而像句号,省略号,以及破折号在中英文两种语言中各有不同的形式。中文的句号是空心圈(。);英文的句号是实心点(.)。英文的省略号是三个点(…),位置在行底;中文的为六个点(……),居于行中;英文的破折号是(—),中文的是(——)。
Ⅴ.英语校对符号
ab faulty abbreviation
agr error in agreement
awk awkward
cap use capital letter
CE Chinese English
col error in collocation
d error in diction
div incorrect word division
dm dangling modifier
f comp faulty comparison
frag sentence fragment
gr error in grammar
id unidiomatic expression
inc comp incomplete comparison
ital Italicize(underline)
ll faulty parallel structure
log faulty logic
mm misplaced modifier
mng meaning unclear
no cap unnecessary capital letter
nsw no such word
num error in use of numbers
p error in punctuation
red redundant
ref error in pronoun reference
rep unnecessary repetition
run-on run-on sentence
sl slang
Sp misspelled word
t error in verb tense
vb error in verb form
vo error in voice
w wordy
www wrong word
[ ] delete
||start new paragraph
( ) close up space
|_| | transpose
∧something missing