注释

前言

[1]“A pop icon on a par……”：Brian, p. 436.

[2]“In the remaining 30 years of his life……”：Pais, Einstein Lived Here, p. 43.

第1章　爱因斯坦之前的物理学

[1]“If A is success, I should say……”：Pais, Einstein L ived Here, p. 152.

[2]“Everyone who had real contact……”：French, p. 171.

[3]“tortured man, an extremely neurotic……”：Cropper, p. 19.

[4]“is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics……”：同上，p.173.

[5]“The idea of the time of magnetic action……”：同上，p.163.

[6]“We can scarcely avoid the conclusion……”：同上，p.164.

第2章　爱因斯坦的早年生活

[1]“A sound skull is needed……”：Brian, p. 3.

[2]“It doesn't matter；……”：Clark, p. 27.

[3]“Classmates regarded Albert as a freak……”：Brian, p. 3.

[4]“Yes, that is true……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 38.

[5]“It is, in fact, nothing short……”：Cropper, p. 205.

[6]“A wonder of such nature……”：Schilpp, p. 9.

[7]“Through the reading of popular books……”：同上，p.5.

[8]“In all these years I never……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 38.

[9]“At the age of 12，……”：Schilpp, p. 9.

[10]“Soon the flight of his mathematical gen‐ius……”：Sugimoto, p. 14.

[11]“philosophical nonsense……”：Brian, p. 7.

[12]“I love the Swiss……”：Clark, p. 65.

[13]“Whoever approached him was captiva‐ted……”：Folsing, p. 39.

[14]“Many a young or elderly woman……”：同上，p.44.

[15]“Beloved sweetheart……”：Brian, p. 12；Folsing, p.42.

[16]“a work which I read with breathless atten‐tion.”：Schilpp, p. 15.

[17]“such a principle resulted from a paradox upon which……”：同上，p.53.

[18]“All physical theories, their mathematical expression notwithstanding，……”：Calaprice, p. 261.

[19]“most fascinating subject at the time……”：Clark, p. 55.

[20]“You are a smart boy, Einstein，……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 44；Brian, p.31.

[21]“You're enthusiastic, but hopeless at phys‐ics……”：Folsing, p. 57.

[22]“something very great”：Sugimoto, p. 19.

[23]“I can go anywhere I want—……”：Folsing, p. 71.

[24]“My sweetheart has a very wicked tongue……”：Brian, p. 31.

[25]“This Miss Marie is causing me……”：同上，p.47.

[26]“By the time you're 30，she'll be an old witch”：同上.

[27]“What's to become of her？”：同上，p.25.

[28]“who cannot gain entrance to a good fami‐ly.”：同上.

[29]“I would have found[a job]……”：Thorne, p. 69.

[30]“By the mere existence of his stomach，……”：Schilpp, p. 3.

[31]“I am nothing but a burden to my rela‐tives……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 41.

[32]“pissing ink”：Brian, p. 69.

[33]“worldly monastery.”：同上，p.52.

[34]“Many years later, he still recalled……”：同上，p.53.

[35]“sad fate did not permit[her father]……”：同上.

[36]“The door of the flat was open to allow the floor，……”：Sugimoto, p. 33.

[37]“private lessons in mathematics and physics”：Ibid.，p. 31.

[38]“These words of Epicurus applied to us：……”：Brian, p. 55.

第3章　相对论和“奇迹年”

[1]“The germ of the special relativity theory……”：Folsing, p. 166.

[2]“A storm broke loose in my mind.”：Brian, p. 61.

[3]“The solution came to me suddenly……”：同上.

[4]“I owe more to Maxwell than to anyone”：同上，p.152.许多传记作家都将爱因斯坦的理论思想的起源归因于迈克耳孙莫雷实验。但是爱因斯坦曾在多个场合表明，这一实验只对他的思想从侧面有点影响。引导他得出相对论的是麦克斯韦方程。他最初的论文的目的，就是表明根据相对论，麦克斯韦方程中隐含着对称性，而这种对称性可以上升到普遍的物理学原则的高度。

[5]“Thank you, I've completely solved the prob‐lem.”：Folsing, p. 155；Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p.139.

[6]“one of the most remarkable volumes in the whole……”：Cropper, p. 206.

[7]“The idea is amusing and enticing；……”：Fols‐ing, p. 196.

[8]“for the time being……”：同上，p.197.

[9]“Imagine the audacity of such a step……”：Bri‐an, p. 71.

[10]“From now on, space and time separately have vanished……”：同上，p.72.

[11]“The main thing is the content，……”：同上，p.76.

[12]“superfluous erudition”：Cropper, p. 220.

[13]“Since the mathematicians have attacked the relativity……”：Clark, p. 159.

[14]“might have remained stuck in its diapers.”：Cropper, p. 220.

[15]“As a student he was treated contemptuously by the professors……”：Brian, p. 73.

[16]“The festivities ended in the Hotel Nation‐al，……”：同上，p.75.

[17]“He appeared in class in somewhat shabby at‐tire，……”：Cropper, p. 215.

[18]Another paradox involves two objects. each shorter than the other.：几十年来，为了表明相对论的本质有多奇怪，已经提出了许多的佯谬。这些佯谬往往牵扯到旅行时根据速度不同的两个参照系来观察对象。佯谬的产生在于每个参照系中的观察者看到物体的行为是完全不同的。几乎所有的佯谬都是使用了两种观察角度而产生的。首先，一个参照系中的长度收缩必须和另一个参照系中的时间膨胀进行平衡。如果我们忘了平衡这种空间和时间的不合，就会产生佯谬。其次，如果我们最后忘了将两个参照系合在一起，也会产生佯谬。对于到底谁更年轻、哪个更短这样的问题，最终的解答只有在空间和时间上把两者集合到一起进行对比。在将他们集中到一起之前，那么就存在任何一个都可能比另一个更年轻、更短的可能，这在牛顿物理学体系中是不可能的。

[19]“There once was a young lady named Bright……”：试图以超过光速的速度运动来打破时间障碍回到历史是不可能的。随着我们越来越接近光速，自身的质量会接近无限大，我们会被压缩，直到几乎无限薄，时间也几乎停滞。因此，光速是宇宙中的极限速度。不过，我会探讨实现时间旅行的另外的可能性。这将在后面讨论虫洞和爱因斯坦罗森桥中涉及。

[20]“mathematical physicists are unanimous……”：Sugimoto, p. 44.

[21]“The gentlemen in Berlin are gambling onme……”：Cropper, p. 216.

[22]“It seems that most members……”：Folsing, p. 336.

[23]“I live a very withdrawn life……”：同上，p.332.

[24]“She is all love for her great husband，……”：Brian, p. 151.

第4章　广义相对论和“一生中最幸福的思考”

[1]“As an older friend, I must advise you……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 239.

[2]“I was sitting in a chair in the patent of‐fice……”：同上，p.179；Folsing, p.303.

[3]“Do not Bodies act upon light at a Dis‐tance，……”：Folsing, p. 435.

[4]“When a blind beetle crawls over the sur‐face……”：Calaprice, p. 9.

[5]“Grossman, you must help me or else……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 212.

[6]“Never in my life have I tormented my‐self……”：Folsing, p. 315.

[7]“Do not worry about your difficulties in mathe‐matics；……”：Calaprice, p. 252.

[8]Mach's principle：确切地说，马赫原理是说某物体的惯性，即其质量，取决于宇宙中的其他物质的存在。马赫重新表述了远至牛顿所做的观察，说一桶水，水面如果旋转，就会被压缩（这是由于向心力的作用）。旋转越快，表面压缩就越厉害。如果运动是相对的，包括旋转，那么我们可以认为桶是静止的，所有的遥远的星球都绕它运转。因此，马赫推论道，是由于遥远星球的旋转导致了静止的桶里的水面受到压缩。因此，遥远星球的存在决定了桶里的水的性质，包括其质量。爱因斯坦修改了这一定律，认为引力场是由宇宙中物质的分布所决定的。

[9]“If everything fails, I'll pay for the thing……”：Folsing, p. 320.

[10]Einstein had dropped the Ricci curvature……：广义协变原理意味着随着坐标的变化，方程式形式保持不变（现在这称作“度规变换”）。1912年时爱因斯坦还没有意识到这意味着它预言了自己的理论会在坐标变化后保持不变。因此，1912年，他发现他的理论对太阳周围的引力场给出了无限多的解。但是3年后，他突然意识到所有这些解描述的都是同一个物理系统，即太阳。因此，里奇曲率是一个被完美定义的数学对象，根据马赫原理，可以独一无二地描述出某个恒星周围的引力场。

[11]“For some days, I was beyond myself with excitement……”：Folsing, p. 374.

[12]“Imagine my joy over the practicability……”：同上，p.373.

[13]“Hardly anyone who has truly under‐stood……”：同上，p.372.

[14]“Russian hordes allied with Mongols and Ne‐groes unleashed against the white race”：Brian, p. 89.

[15]“The German Army……”：Sugimoto, p. 51.

[16]“Unbelievable what Europe has unleashed in its folly.”：Folsing, p. 343.

[17]The war and the great mental effort necessa‐ry……：第一次世界大战带来的混乱几乎导致柏林大学关闭。当时学生控制了学校的操场，扣押了校长等人。教职员工立即请爱因斯坦来帮助谈判，以求使其得到释放。爱因斯坦于是请物理学家马克斯・玻恩帮忙一起冒险去和学生谈判。玻恩后来写道：他们穿过“巴伐利亚区，大街上都是戴着红袖章的面目凶狠的学生……爱因斯坦虽然可能不‘红’，却是出名的左派，因此是去和学生谈判的理想人选”（布赖恩，p.97）。学生认出了爱因斯坦，然后向他提出了要求。他们答应如果新当选的总统弗里德里希・埃伯特答应释放扣押的犯人，他们就释放校长等人。爱因斯坦和玻恩又去了德国总统府，去向总统请求，结果总统答应了授权释放犯人。玻恩事后回忆道：“我们兴高采烈地离开了总统府，感觉到自己参与了历史性的事件，希望这次普鲁士人的傲慢终于结束了，和年轻的德国贵族容克们，以及军队的事儿都了结了，现在德国的民主获得了胜利。”爱因斯坦和玻恩这两位理论物理学家，本来感兴趣的是原子和宇宙的奥秘，可这次他俩显然发现了他们的才智还能用在政治上：拯救他们的大学。

第5章　新哥白尼的诞生

[1]“Dear Mother—Good news today……”：Sugi‐moto, p. 57.

[2]“If he had really understood……”：Calaprice, p. 97.

[3]“There was an atmosphere of tense inter‐est……”：Parker, p. 124.

[4]“After careful study of the plates……”：同上.

[5]“one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought……”：Clark, p. 290；Parker, p.124.

[6]“There's a rumor……”：Parker, p. 126.

[7]“Don't be modest Eddington……”：同上.

[8]“Revolution in Science—New Theory of the U‐niverse—……”：Folsing, p. 445.

[9]“All England is talking……”：同上.

[10]“Today in Germany I am called a German man of science，……”：同上，p.451.

[11]“At present, every coachman and every wai‐ter……”：同上，p.343.

[12]“Since the flood of newspaper articles……”：Cropper, p. 217.

[13]“This world is a curious madhouse……”：同上，p.217.

[14]“I feel now something like a whore……”：Bri‐an, p. 106.

[15]“seem to have been seized with something likeintellectual panic……”：同上，p.102.

[16]“The supposed astronomical proofs……”：同上，p.101.

[17]“I have read various articles on the fourth di‐mension，……”：同上，p.102.

[18]“cross‐eyed physics……utterly mad……”：同上，p.103.

[19]“A new scientific truth does not as a rule pre‐vail……”：Folsing, p. 199.

[20]“Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition……”：Pais, Einstein Lived Here, p. 219.

[21]“could have been predicted from the start—……”：Sugimoto, p. 66.

[22]“we should not drive away such a man……”：Brian, p. 113.

[23]He had finally rediscovered his Jewish roots……：有必要指出，犹太复国运动人士经常担心爱因斯坦这个口无遮拦，心里有什么嘴上就说什么的人，会冒出他们不喜欢听的话。比如，爱因斯坦有一次想到犹太人的祖国应该设在秘鲁，强调如果把犹太人的国家建在那里，就不会强制任何人迁移。他经常表示犹太人和阿拉伯人的友谊是在中东成功建立犹太国家的重要因素。他有一次写道：“我希望能见到就共同生活在和平之中和阿拉伯人达成协议，而不是就建立犹太国家。”（Calaprice, p.135）

[24]“making me conscious of my Jewishsoul……”：Brian, p. 120.

[25]“It's like the Barnum circus！”：同上，p.121.

[26]“The ladies of New York……”：Sugimoto, p. 74.

[27]“A mob of eight thousand squeezed……”：Brian, p. 123.

[28]“from possibly serious injury only by strenu‐ous efforts……”：同上，p.130.

[29]“It was the first time in my life……”：Pais, Einstein L ived Here, p. 154.

[30]“Not until I was in America did I discov‐er……”：Folsing, p. 505.

[31]“If your theories are sound, I under‐stand……”：Brian, p. 131.

[32]“He has become the great fashion……”：Pais, Einstein Lived Here, p. 152.

[33]“If a German were to discover a cure for canc‐er……”：Sugimoto, p. 63.

[34]Previously, he had even advocated killing Ra‐thenau.：同上，p.64.

[35]“it was a patriotic duty to shoot……”：Clark, p. 360

[36]“Once, a mentally unbalanced Russian immi‐grant，……”：Brian, p. 150.

[37]“Life is like riding a bicycle……”：同上，p.146.

[38]“He spent all his time……”：Brian, p. 144.

[39]By the 1920s and 1930s, Einstein had emerged as a giant……：爱因斯坦这位德国名人，经常被富有的太太女士包围。她们乐于聆听他的妙语，领略他的才智。许多人对于他所看重的事业和慈善工作都慷慨解囊。其中也有许多人经常用自己的豪华轿车接送爱因斯坦去他在卡普特的夏日度假地，或是陪他去音乐会或是募集资金的集会。不可避免的，大家要是追寻这些传闻的来源，就会发现它们主要出自其度假别馆的佣人赫塔・瓦尔朵之口。她向媒体出卖过这些故事。不过，她没有任何证据表明他有婚外情，并且承认这些女人去接爱因斯坦的时候，也会送给爱尔莎巧克力等礼物，避免她有任何的怀疑。另外，负责设计卡普特的房屋的建筑师康拉德・瓦赫斯曼观察过爱因斯坦的家庭，他说这些关系完全都是无害的。他认为这些关系“几乎毫无例外”是柏拉图式的，而且爱因斯坦从没有和这些女士做过对不起爱尔莎的事。

[40]126“gentle, warm, motherly，……”：Crop‐per, p. 217.

[41]“He ate with everybody，……”：Pais, Ein‐stein Lived Here, p. 184.

[42]“The people applaud me……”：Sugimoto, p. 122.

[43]“I could have imagined……”：Brian, p. 205.

[44]“It was interesting to see them togeth‐er—……”：Calaprice, p. 336.

[45]“Is not all of philosophy as if written in hon‐ey？……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 318.

[46]“The world, considered from the physical as‐pect，……”：Pais, Einstein L ived Here, p. 186.

[47]“Morality is of the highest impor‐tance—……”：Calaprice, p. 293.

[48]“Science without religion is lame，……”：Pais, Einstein Lived Here, p. 122.

[49]“The most beautiful and deepest experi‐ence……”：同上，p.119.

[50]“If something is in me which can be called re‐ligious，……”：Sugimoto, p. 113.

[51]“I'm not an atheist……”：Brian, p. 186.

第6章　大爆炸和黑洞

[1]“If the matter was evenly……”：Misner et al.，p. 756.

[2]“My husband does that……”：Croswell, p. 35.

[3]“There should be a law of Nature……”：Thorne, p. 210.

[4]“there is not much hope……”：Petters et al.，p. 7.

[5]“is of little value, but it makes the poor guy[Mandl]happy”：同上.

第7章　统一场论和量子的挑战

[1]“They do not shake my strong feeling……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 23.

[2]“It is a masterful symphony”：Parker, p. 209.

[3]“no significance for physics.”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 343.

[4]“The idea of achieving……”：同上，p.330.

[5]“The formal unity of your theory is star‐tling.”：同上，p.330.

[6]“You may be amused to hear……”：Pais, Einstein L ived Here, p. 179.

[7]“It is not even wrong.”：Cropper, p. 257.

[8]“I do not mind……”：同上.

[9]“What you said……”：同上.

[10]“Some people have very sensitive……”：同上.

[11]“The more success……”：Calaprice, p. 231.

[12]“Like the dark lady who inspired Shake‐speare's sonnets，……”：Moore, p. 195.

[13]“This extra minus sign, argued Dirac, made possible……”：由于物质倾向于处于最低的能量状态，这意味着所有的电子都会落到负能量状态，宇宙也会坍缩。为了避免此种灾难成为可能，狄拉克假定负能量状态已经充满了物质。经过的γ线可能将电子从负能量状态打开，留下一个“空洞”或气泡。狄拉克预计这个空洞的行为方式会像带正电的电子，即反物质。

[14]“The saddest chapter of modern physics……”：Pais, Inward Bound, p. 348.

[15]“I think that this discovery of anti‐mat‐ter……”：同上，p.360

[16]“the motion of particles follows……”：Fols‐ing, p. 585.

[17]“Quantum mechanics calls for a great deal of respect……”：同上.

[18]“Heisenberg has laid a big quantum egg……”：Brian, p. 156.

[19]“cobbler or employee in a gaming house”：Ferris, p. 290.

[20]“Physicists were beginning to……”：爱因斯坦对于决定论和不确定性的立场的最清楚的表述如下：“我是决定论者，被迫以自由意志似乎存在的状态生活，因为如果我想生活在文明社会中，就必须以负责任的方式生活。我知道，从哲学意义上讲，谋杀犯对于罪行不负责任，但是我还是乐意选择不和他一起喝茶。……我没有控制权，自然界这些神秘的腺体准备好了生命的基础。亨利・福特可能将此称作他‘内心的声音’，苏格拉底则将其称作精灵：每个人都以自己的方式解释说人类的意志不是自由的……每件事都是决定了的，从起点到终点，都由我们无法控制的力量所决定了。不论是对于昆虫，还是星星，都已决定了。人类、植物或是宇宙尘埃，都随神秘的时间而舞动，与遥远的看不见的演奏者共同吟唱。”（Bri‐an, p.185.）

[21]“If the last proof is sent away, then I will come.”：Cropper, p. 244.

[22]“To Bohr, this was a heavy blow……”：Folsing, p. 561.

[23]“I am convinced that this theory……”：同上，p.591.

[24]“the greatest debate in intellectual histo‐ry……”：Brian, p. 306.

[25]“I don't like it，……”：Kaku, H yperspace, p. 280.

[26]“Does the moon exist……”：同上，p.260.

[27]“I have thought a hundred times as much a‐bout the quantum problems……”：Calaprice, p. 260.

[28]“spooky action‐at‐a‐distance”：Brian, p. 281.

[29]“I was very happy that in that paper……”：同上.

[30]“We dropped everything；……”：Folsing, p. 698.

[31]“most successful physical theory of our peri‐od”：Pais, Einstein L ived Here, p. 128.

第8章　战争、和平以及E=mc@2@

[1]“This means that I am opposed to the use of force……”：Cropper, p. 226.

[2]“The purpose of this publication is to op‐pose……”：Sugimoto, p. 127.

[3]“Turn around, you will never see it again.”：Pais, Einstein Lived Here, p. 190.

[4]“Under today's conditions, if I were a Bel‐gian，……”：Folsing, p. 675.

[5]“The antimilitarists are falling on me……”：同上.

[6]“I had hoped to convince him……”：Cropper, p. 271.

[7]“People say that I get attacks of nervous weak‐ness，……”：Brian, p. 247.

[8]“I failed to make myself understood……”：Cropper, p. 271.

[9]“He could have been seriously hurt by this fe‐rocious beating，……”：Moore, p. 265.

[10]“Princeton is a wonderful little spot……”：Cropper, p. 226.

[11]“large wastebasket……so I can throw……”：Brian, p. 251.

[12]Two Europeans, on a bet……：Parker, p. 17.

[13]“grave heredity”：Folsing, p. 672.

[14]“I have seen it coming，……”：同上.

[15]“utterly ashen and shaken”：Brian, p. 297.

[16]“severed the strongest tie he had……”：同上.

[17]“I have got used extremely well……”：Fols‐ing, p. 699.

[18]“It might be possible, and it is not even im‐probable，……”：同上，p.707.

[19]“All bombardments since……”：同上，p.708.

[20]“Assuming that it were possible to effect……”：同上.

[21]“as firing at birds in the dark，……”：同上，p.709.

[22]“the rays released……are in turn……”：同上，p.708.

[23]“the country that exploits it first……”：同上，p.712.

[24]“anyone who expects a source of power……”：Pais, Inward Bound, p. 436.

[25]“Oh, what fools we all have been！”Crop‐per, p. 340.

[26]“do not justify the assumption……”：Folsing, p. 710.

[27]“Some recent work by E. Fermi and L.Sz‐ilard，……”：同上，p.712.

[28]“This requires action”：同上.

[29]“I will have nothing……”：Cropper, p. 342.

[30]“I would rather walk naked……”：同上.

[31]“I wish very much that I could place……”：Folsing, p. 714.

[32]“In view of his radical background，……”：同上.

[33]“由于受到冷落，他情绪很不好……”：同上，p.715.

[34]“said a new kind of bomb has been dropped on Japan……”：Brian, p. 344.

[35]In 1946，Einstein made the cover……：1948年，他帮助起草了《致知识分子的宣言》，其中说道：“人类尚未能成功地建立起能够保证全世界所有国家和平共处的政治和经济形式。我们这些科学家的悲剧性的目标一直是在帮助开发更可怕更有效的灭绝人类的方法，必须考虑将使用我们的所有力量阻止此类武器投入使用作为唯一的、高于一切的目标。除此之外，还有什么任务对于我们来说会更重要呢？还有什么社会目标更能贴近我们的心？”（Sugimoto, p.153.）

在谈到万国政府时，他明确地阐述了自己的观点：“人类的唯一拯救途径……在于创建万国政府，由多个国家以法律为基础创造出和平……只要主权国家继续保持独立的军备和军备机密，新的世界大战就不可避免。”（Folsing, p.721.）

[36]“You are after big game……”：Brian, p. 350.

[37]“I believe I am right……”：同上，p.359.

[38]“Mathematical patterns like those of the painters or the poets……”：Weinberg, p. 153.

[39]“I have become a lonely old fellow……”：Bri‐an, p. 331.

[40]“I must seem like an ostrich……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 465.

[41]“I am generally regarded as a sort of petrified object……”：同上，p.162.

[42]“Oppenheimer made fun……”：Brian, p. 377.

[43]“This is not a jubilee book for me，……”：Cropper, p. 223.

[44]“Anything really new is invented……”：同上.

[45]“Nature shows us only……”：Calaprice, p. 232.

[46]“Subtle is the Lord，……”同上，p.241.

[47]“I have second thoughts……”：同上.

[48]“From 1954 to the end of his life，……”：Pais, Inward Bound, p. 585.

[49]“We in the back……”：Kaku, Beyond Ein‐stein, p. 11.

[50]“It was an uncanny encounter of two gi‐ants……”：Cropper, p. 252.

[51]“What I admired most about Michele was the fact……”：Overbye, p. 377.

[52]“It is tasteless to prolong life artificially……”：Calaprice, p. 63.

第9章　爱因斯坦预言性的遗产

[1]“The very study of the external world……”：Crease and Mann, p. 67.

[2]“Science cannot solve the ultimate myster‐y……”：Barrow, p. 378.

[3]This would be the acid test……：更确切地说，贝尔建议重新检验EPR实验。原则上，我们能够对一对电子的轴偏振造成的偏角进行测量。通过细致地分析两个电子不同偏振的相互关系，贝尔就能够实现一种不等式，称作“贝尔不等式”，用来描述这种偏角。如果量子力学是正确的，那么会满足一组关系。如果量子力学是错误的，那么就会满足另一组关系。每次进行这样的实验，量子力学的预言都被证明是正确的。

[4]“I think I can safely say……”：Barrow, p. 144.

[5]“At first sight, it looked artificial……”：Pet‐ters et al.，p. 155；New York Times, March 31，1998.

[6]“It's a bulls‐eye！”：New York Times, Ibid.

[7]“We cannot send a time traveler……”：Hawk‐ing et al.，p. 85.

[8]“String theory has provided our first plausible candidate……”：Weinberg, p. 212.

[9]“The Nobel Prize in Physics……”：Kaku, Be‐yond Einstein, p. 67.

[10]“If I had known……”：同上.

[11]“String theory is extremely attractive because gravity is forced upon us……”：Davies and Brown, p. 95.另外还需指出，弦理论最新的版本称作“M理论”。弦理论是由十维空间定义的（9个空间维度，1个时间维度）。不过，有五种自洽的弦理论能够以十维空间所描述，这令理论物理学家感到无所适从，因为他们想得到的是统一场论唯一的候选人，而不是五个。近来，威滕和其同事证明，如果以十一维空间（10个空间维度，1个时间维度）来定义，那么这五种理论其实都是等价的。在十一维空间中，高维度的膜可以存在，有人推测我们的宇宙就是这样一种膜。虽然M理论的引入是弦理论的重大进展，但是目前谁也不知道M理论应该以什么方程来表述。

[12]“Einstein would have been pleased with this，……”：同上，p.150.

[13]“I believe that in order to make real pro‐gress……”：Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 328.

[14]“The creative principle resides……”：Kaku, Quantum Field Theory, p. 699.

[1]斯瓦比亚是德国西南部的一个前公爵领地。——译者

[2]伊壁鸠鲁：古希腊哲学家，于公元前306年在雅典创立了其颇具影响力的伊壁鸠鲁学派。——译者

[3]奥坎氏简化论：科学及哲学中的规则，实体不应被不必要地增加。它被释义为两种或多种竞争性理论中，最简单者最可取；未知现象的解释应首先建立在已知的东西上。也作law of parsimo‐ny“奥坎姆的剃刀”（Occam’s razor）：最简单的假设是最好的。——译者

[4]约翰·卡尔文：（1509～1564）法裔瑞士新教神学家，他破除了罗马教会统治（1533年），在今天为人所知的基督教学院（1536年）中将他自己的神学教义推向前进。——译者

[5]位于中欧，在前德意志联邦共和国东北部和前德意志民主共和国西南部。——译者

[6]威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德：（1853～1932）德国化学家。因其在催化作用和化学平衡方面的贡献获1909年诺贝尔奖。——译者

[7]盖革计数器：用来观察和测量射线的密度的一种仪器，比如放射性物质的粒子，包括一盖革试管和其他有关联的电子设备。——译者

[8]迈达斯：传说中的佛里几亚国王，酒神狄俄尼索斯赐给他一种力量使他能够把他用手触摸的任何东西变成金子。——译者

[9]斯宾诺莎（1632～1677），荷兰唯物主义哲学家。——译者

[10]提香（Titian），意大利画家，他把鲜明的色彩和背景的混合使用带入了威尼斯画派。其作品包括圣坛背壁装饰画《圣母升天》（1518年）等。——译者