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中西文化比较
1.14.3 第三节 翻译与茶文化
第三节 翻译与茶文化

一、概述

茶是一种常绿灌木,属山茶科,主要生长在中国西南部和印度北部地区。茶(叶)中含有咖啡碱、茶碱、鞣酸、挥发油等。泡水喝,是一种上品饮料,有兴奋大脑和心脏的作用,还有杀菌利尿、调整糖代谢、降血脂、助消化等作用。

茶是我国最早发现的。相传在公元前2737年至公元前2697年间,炎帝神农氏发现了茶树,并将茶叶作为解毒治病的药料。据秦汉时期成书的《神农本草经》记载:“神农尝百草,日遇七十二毒,得茶而解之。”这是迄今为止世界上最早关于发现茶树和利用茶叶的文献记录。据此推算,茶在我国已有四千多年的历史。然而,直到西汉时期,茶叶才开始从古代解毒治病的药物转为款待宾客的饮料。从此,掀开了人类饮茶的历史。饮茶之风在三国至南北朝时盛行起来,到了隋唐时期成为风俗,延续至今。

中国是茶的故乡,从5世纪起,中国茶逐渐走向世界。中国汉字“茶”也被译成各国文字,而且都是根据中国广东话“cha”和福建厦门话“te”音译而成。

根据广东话“cha”音译的有:

(1)俄语Ha-ft

(2)葡萄牙语cha

(3)阿拉伯语chai

(4)波斯语cha

(5)土耳其语chay

(6)保加利亚语chi

根据福建厦门话“te”音译的有:

(1)英语tea

(2)法语the

(3)拉丁语thea

(4)瑞典语te

(5)德语thee

(6)芬兰语tee

(7)意大利语te

(8)世界语teoa

二、中国茶俗与翻译

从古到今,茶是中国人最喜欢喝的饮料。饮茶不仅是人们的一种物质生活,而且是一种精神享受。饮茶不仅提高了中国人的生活情趣,丰富了他们的精神文化生活,并逐渐形成了丰富多彩的茶俗文化。

(一)茶具

古代人们对盛茶之器具十分讲究。《红楼梦》第四十一回“栊翠庵茶品梅花雪”里,妙玉用六种不同的茶具看人待客。

只见妙玉亲自捧了一个海棠花式雕填金云龙献寿的小茶盘,里面放了一个成窑五彩小盖盅,捧与贾母。

译文一:

Pao-yu watched the proceedings carefully.He saw Miao-yu bring out in her own hands a carved lacquer tea-tray in the shape of crabapple blossom,inlaid with a golden design of the Mcloud dragon offering longevity.On this was a covered gilded polychrome bowl made in the Cheng Hua period(1465—1487),which she offered to the Lady Dowager.

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

Having heard a good deal about her,Bao-yu studied her very attentively,when she arrived back presently with the tray.It was a little Cinque-lobed lacquer tea-tray decorated with a gold-infilled engraving of a cloud dragon coiled round the character for‘longevity’.On it stood a little covered tea-cup of Cheng Hua enamelled porcelain.Holding the tray out respectfully in both her hands,she offered.the cup to Grandmother Jia.

(霍克斯译)

然后众人都是一色官窑脱胎填白碗。

译文一

All the others had melon-green covered bowls with golden designs Imperial kiln porcelain.

(杨宪益译)

译文一:

The others were now served tea in covered cups of‘sweet-white'eggshell China

(霍克斯译)

又见妙玉另拿出两只杯来,一个旁边有一耳,杯上镌着“觚飑斝”三个隶字,后的一行小真字是“晋王恺珍玩”,又有“宋元丰五年四月眉山苏轼见于秘府”一行小字。妙玉斟了一斝,递与宝钗。那一只形似钵而小,也有三个垂珠篆字,镌着“点犀”。妙玉斟了一盅于黛玉,仍将前番自己常日吃茶的那只绿玉斗来斟与宝玉。宝玉笑道:“常言‘世法平等’,她两个就用那样古玩奇珍,我就是个俗器了。”妙玉道:“这是俗器?不是我说狂话,只怕你家里未必找得出这么一个俗器来呢。”宝玉笑道:“俗说‘随乡入乡’,到了你这里,自然把那金玉珠宝一概贬为俗器了。”妙玉听如此说,十分欢喜,遂又寻出一只九曲十环一百二十节蟠虬整雕竹根的个大盏出来,笑道:“就剩了这一个,你可吃得了这一海?”

译文一:

Then he saw Miao-yu produce two cups,one with a handle and the name in uncial characters: Calabash Cup. In smaller characters it bore the inscriptions“Treasured by Wang Kai of the Tsin Dynasty”and In the fourth month of the fifth year of the Yuan Feng period(1082)of the Sung Dynasty,Su Shih of Meishan saw this cup in the Imperial Secretariat.Miao-yu filled this cup and handed it to Paochai. The other,shaped like a small alms bowl,bore the name in the I curly seal script:“Rhinoceros Cup”.Having filled this for Tai-yu,she offered Pao-yu the green jade beaker that she normally drank from herself.

“Vulgar object!”retorted Miao-yu.“I doubt if your family could produce anything half as good,and that's not boasting either.”

As people say,‘Other countries,other ways.'here with a person like you,gold,pearls,jade and jewels must all count as vulgar. n Very gratified by this remark,Miaoyu produced a huge goblet carved out of a whole bamboo root which was covered with knots and whorls.

“Here's the only other one I have. ”she said.“Can you manage such a large one?”

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

He watched her as she got cups out for the girls.One of them,a cup with a handle,had THE PUMPKIN CUP carved in li-shu characters on one side and Wang Kai his Treasure in little autograph characters on the back,followed by another column of tiny characters: Examined by Su Dong-po in the Inner Treasury Fourth month Yuan-feng era anno 5 When she had poured tea into this cup she handed it to Bao chai.The other cup was shaped like a miniature begging-bowl and was inscribed with the words THE HORN LINK GOBLET in“pearl-drop”seal script.Adamantina filled it and handed it to Dai yu.She poured tea for Bao-yu in the green jade mug that she normally drank from herself.Bao-yu commented jokingly on the choice:“I thought you religious were supposed to treat all earthly creatures alike.How comes it that the other two get priceless heirlooms to drink out of but I only get a common old thing like this?”“I have no.wish to boast,”said Adamantina,“but this‘common old thing'as you call it may well be more valuable than anything you could find in your own household.”“In the world's eyes,yes,”said Baoyu“But'other countries,other ways',you know.When I enter your domain,I naturally adopt your standards and look on gold,jewels and jade as common,vulgar things.”Adamantina glowed with pleasure.In place of the jade mug she hunted out a large drinking-bowl for him to drink out of.It was carved from a gnarled and ancient bamboo root in the likeness of a coiled-up dragon with horns like anders.“There,that's the only thing I've got left.Do you think you can drink so much?”

(霍克斯译)

这里,茶具不仅是一种容器,还是一件件精美无比的艺术品。这些茶具历史久远,质地上乘,精制细雕。人们用这么精美的茶具饮茶简直是一种美的享受。两种译文中,杨译把握得很好,译出了茶具的历史年代,揭示了其历史文化内涵。

(二)品茶

品茶是一种修养。品茶者须有高尚情趣,懂得并能领略茶中的色、香、味。

例如:

贾母便吃了半盏,笑着递与刘姥姥说:“你尝尝这个茶。”刘姥姥便一口吃尽,笑道:“好是好,就是淡些,再熬浓些更好了。”贾母众人都笑起来。

(《红楼梦》第四十一回)

译文一:

The Lady Dowager drank half the bowl and passed the rest with a twinkle to Granny Liu,urging her to taste the tea.The old woman drank it straight off.

“Quite good ,but a bit on the weak side,”was her verdict,which made everyone laugh.“It should have been left to draw a little longer.”

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

After drinking half,Grandmother Jia handed the cup to Grannie Liu.

“Try it,”she said.“See what you think of it.”

Grannie Liu gulped down the remaining half.

“Hmn.All right.A bit on the weak side,though.It would be better if it were brewed a little longer.”

Grandmother Jia and the rest seemed to derive much amusement from these comments.

(霍克斯译)

作者在这里把贾母和刘姥姥“吃茶”姿态描写得淋漓尽致,形成鲜明对照。刘姥姥“一口吃尽”显得很粗俗,并认为上等的“老君眉”味道太淡,众人感到十分好笑。霍译文用“gulped down”(狼吞虎咽)把刘姥姥喝茶粗俗的姿态表现得惟妙惟肖。

再如:

妙玉谈及饮茶时说:“岂不闻‘一杯为品,二杯即是解渴的蠢物,三杯便是饮牛饮骡了’。”

(《红楼梦》第四十一回)

译文一:

Have you never heard the saying:“First cup to taste,second to quench a fool's thirst,third to water an ox or donkey”?

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

You know what they say:“One cup for a connoisseur,two for a rustic,and three for a thirsty mule”

(霍克斯译)

妙玉所言不无道理。品茶与现实功利(解渴)有一定的距离,是一种精神享受。大量饮茶只能够满足人们生理需求,与品茶所追求的审美和艺术价值背道而驰。原文中的“一杯……二杯……三杯”表示数量,霍译“one cup...two...three”很确切。

(三)烹茶用水

茶作为一种饮料,水质的重要性是不言而喻的。水是茶色、香、味的载体。选择佳水烹茶待客十分富有情趣。

例如:

妙玉给贾母上茶后,贾母问是什么水,妙玉回答:“是旧年涓的雨水。”

(《红楼梦》第四十一回)

译文一:

“What water have you used?”

“Rain-water saved from last year.”

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

Grandmother Jia took the tea and inquired what sort of water it I had been made with.

“Last year's rain-water,”said Adamantina.

(霍克斯译)

妙玉用旧年雨水烹茶招待贾母这样的贵客,可见旧年雨水是烹茶的上乘用水。

再如:

妙玉与宝钗、黛玉、宝玉、品“体己茶”时,黛玉问,“这是旧年的雨水?”妙玉冷笑道:“你这么个人,竟是大俗人,连水也尝不出来。这是五年前我在玄墓蟠香寺住着,收的梅花上的雪,共得了那一鬼脸青的花瓮一瓮,总舍不得吃,埋在地下,今年夏天才开了。我只吃过一回,这是第二回了。你怎么尝不出来?隔年涓的雨水哪有这样轻浮,如何吃得?”

(《红楼梦》第四十一回)

译文一:

“Is this made with last year's rain-water too?”asked Tai-yu.Miao yu smiled disdainfully.

“Can you really be so vulgar as not even to tell the difference.?This is snow I gathered from plum-blossom five years ago while staying m Curly Fragrance Nunnery on Mount Hsuanmu.I managed to fill that whole dark blue porcelain pot,but it seemed too precious to use so I'Ve kept it buried in the earth all these years,not opening it till this summer.Today is only the second time I've used it.Surely you can taste the difference?How could last year's rain-water be as light and pure as this?”

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

“Is this tea made with last year's rain-water too?”Dai-yu asked her.

Adamantina looked scornful.

“Oh! Can you really not tell the difference?I am quite disappointed in you.This is melted snow that I collected from the branches of winter-flowering plum-trees five years ago,when I was living at the Coiled Incense temple on Mt Xuan-mu.I managed to fill the whole of that demon-green glaze water -jar with it For years I couldn't bring myself to it;then this summer I opened it for the first time.Today is only the second time I have ever used any.I am most surprised that you cannot tell the difference.When did stored rain-water have such buoyant lightness?How could one possibly use it for a tea like this?”

(霍克斯译)

显然,用陈年收藏的梅花雪水烹茶比旧年涓的雨水更胜一筹。其中的学问是,水的轻重决定水质。所谓“水轻”是指水中杂质和可溶性物质较少。清乾隆皇帝提出这个标准后命人量得京西玉泉山之水为泉水中最轻者,遂决定玉泉为第一,作玉泉山天下第一泉记。又量雪水较玉泉水轻三厘,因此,雪水的水质最好。妙玉烹茶用水是从梅花上收集的雪水并埋在地下陈藏五年,那更是美妙无比。译文一用“light and pure”表达原文中梅花雪水“轻浮”的含义,切中了要害。

(四)茶与婚俗

在古代,我国许多地区和民族都流行以茶为礼的各种婚姻风俗。茶与婚俗的联系,据明代陈耀文所著《天中记·种茶》中说:“凡茶树必下籽,移植则不复生,故俗聘妇以茶为礼,义固有所取也。”就是说,茶树必须靠茶籽播种,移植不能成活,以茶作为聘礼(定茶),意味着永结良缘,百年合好。《红楼梦》中对这种以茶为礼的风俗有所记载。

例如:

王夫人听了想起来还是前次给甄宝玉说了李绮,后来放定下茶,想来此时甄家要娶过门。所以李婶娘来商量这件事情,便点点头儿。

(《红楼梦》第一一八回)

译文:

Lady Wang realized that since a match had been arranged and betrothal gifts exchanged between Chen Pao-yu and Li Wan's cousin Li Chi,the Chen family must be wanting to go ahead with the marriage and Aunt Li had come to discuss this.

(杨宪益译)

再如:

凤姐与黛玉开玩笑说:“你既喝了我们家的茶,怎么还不给我们家作媳妇?”

(《红楼梦》第二十五回)

译文:

“Your drinking our family tea,a daughter-in-law to be! ”

(杨宪益译)

原文中的“放定”即订婚。旧俗男女订婚,男家要向女家送礼物,其中必须有茶叶,故称为“下茶”,又称“吃茶”。译文“betrothal gifts”没有能反映出原文“放定下茶”的文化内涵。

(五)中国茶名与翻译

中国产茶历史悠久,茶的种类齐全,品种繁多,名茶荟萃。就这些名茶的名称来说,通常是以茶的产地,或以茶形、茶汤、功能种类等命名。

例如:

贾母道:“我不吃六安茶。”

妙玉笑道:“知道,这是老君眉。”

(《红楼梦》第四十一回)

译文一:

“I don't drink Liuan tea.”said the old lady.

“I know,”replied Miao-yu smiling.“This is Patriarch's Eyebrows.”

(杨宪益译)

译文二:

“I don't drink Lu-an tea.”said Grandmother Jia.

“I know you don't,”said Adamantina with a smile.“This is old Man's Eyebrows.”

(霍克斯译)

这里提到的两种茶都是中国传统名茶。“六安茶”以产地命名,“老君眉”以茶形、功能命名。两种译文都对前一种茶名采用了音译,对后一种茶名采用意译。这无疑是正确的。

1.可音译的茶名有:

(1)龙井茶(浙江)Longjing tea

(2)黄山毛峰茶(安徽)Huangshan maofeng tea

(3)蒙顶茶(四川)Mengding tea

(4)惠明茶(浙江)Huiming tea

(5)紫阳茶(陕西)Ziyang tea

(6)南京雨花茶(江苏)Nanjing Yuhua tea

2.可意译的茶名有:

(1)红茶Black tea

(2)绿茶Green tea

(3)乌龙茶Oolong tea

(4)(茉莉)花茶Jasmine tea

(5)砖茶Brick tea

(6)白毫茶Pekoe

(7)菊花茶Chrysanthemum tea

3.这些茶类前加产地构成的茶名须采用音译+意译的方法。

例如:

(1)祁门红茶(安徽)Qimen black tea

(2)婺源绿茶(江西)Wuyuan green tea

(3)信阳毛尖(河南)Xinyang green tea

(4)铁观音(福建)Iron Buddhist(A variety of Oolong tea)

(5)苏州花茶(江苏)Suzhou Jasmine tea

三、茶与外国文化

中国茶叶和饮茶习惯从5世纪起开始传播到国外,17世纪起传遍全球,逐步发展成世界性茶文化。

(一)日本茶道

谈到茶与世界文化,不能不提及日本茶道。它是世界茶文化中的一朵奇葩。

日本茶道起源于16世纪。出身富商之家的千利休(公元1522—1591年)把饮茶习惯与禅宗教义相结合,发展成为茶道。按照茶道教义,茶道是终生修养之道。千利休曾用“和、敬、清、寂”四个字来概括他倡导的“茶道”精神。“和”,就是人们相互友好,彼此合作,保持和平;“敬”,就是互相尊敬,爱护老人和晚辈;“清”,即清洁,清静,不仅眼前之物要清洁,而且心灵要清净;“寂”,就是达到茶道的最高审美境界:幽闲。因此,茶道不是简单的饮茶,其中包括了丰富的精神文化内容——道德观念和审美情趣。

茶道作为一种仪式,有一整套严整的规范。根据举行时间,一般分为四种茶道:朝茶(上午7时)、饭后茶(上午8时)、消昼茶(中牛12点)和夜话茶(下午6点)。茶道包括主人迎客、客人进茶室、主人烧茶、主客饮茶、客人谢茶、主人送客等程序,每个环节有严格的规矩。

“茶道”一词译成英语为“Tea Ceremony”。

(二)茶与美国

美国人最喜欢喝的饮料是咖啡,而不是茶。但是茶在美国的政治文化史上却有着相当重要的一页。

17世纪初,英国通过制定殖民地茶叶税法和开办国际性茶叶组织“东印度公司”垄断了世界各地,特别是各殖民国家与地区的茶叶生产和贸易,加强了对殖民地的压迫和剥削。1773年,为了进一步向美洲推销英国茶叶,维护东印度公司的茶叶专卖权益,英国议会通过了旨在实现这一政策的“茶叶条例”。美洲殖民地人民奋起抵制。1773年12月16日,北美殖民地在波士顿城举行了集会抗议,并于当夜将港口内英国船上的茶叶342箱倾入海内。这便是历史上著名的“波士顿茶党案”。从此,英国和北美殖民地间公开的冲突日益扩大和激化。1年4个月后,便爆发了美国独立战争。1776年4月,美利坚合众国宣布成立。1783年,英国政府被迫正式承认,美洲13个殖民地终于脱离英国而取得了独立。由茶引起的这场政治风云给世界历史带来了巨大变化。

(三)英国茶俗

中国茶叶17世纪传入英国。从此,饮茶逐渐在英国形成习俗。英国的“午后茶”(afternoon tea)世界闻名。

午后茶大约始于19世纪初期。据说由一位名叫柏福德的公爵夫人首创。这位夫人喜欢饮茶。她觉得每天午餐和晚餐之间相隔的时间太长,于是有一天午后(4点钟),邀请几位亲朋好友前来喝茶聚会。虽然仅是红茶一杯,在茶内略加一点白糖、牛奶,并供给若干糕点而已,却既解渴,又充饥,还联络感情,可谓一举三得;而且简单又有情趣,经济而又实惠,大受欢迎。后来上流社会纷纷仿效,遂成习俗。

另外英国还有一种high tea或(meat tea),是下午五至六时之间有肉食、冷盘的正式茶点。