第二节 翻译与“东风”、“西风”的争论
一、“东风”、“西风”文化对比
虽然汉语中的“东风”,“西风”与英语中的east wind,west wind所指事物完全相对应,但所承载的文化内涵却完全不同。
1.“东风”、“西风”在汉语文化中的内涵
在汉语文化中,“风”的喻意往往是东佳西劣,因此“东风”多喻指好的东西,而“西风”则相反,多喻指不好的东西。
具体来说,“东风”在汉语中多指“春风”,象征着“春天”和“温暖”。自古以来,中国人就对东风情有独钟,这可以从很多文人的诗句或文学作品中反映出来。例如,曹雪芹《红楼梦》中的“桃末芳菲杏未红,冲寒先已笑东风”;陈毅的《满江红》:“喜东风浩荡海天宽,西风落”;郭沫若的《新华颂》:“多种族,如弟兄,千秋万岁颂东风”。此外,“东风”在汉语文化中还可用来比喻其他事物,例如,罗贯中《三国演义》中记载:“孔明索纸笔,屏退左右,密书十六字日:‘欲破曹公,宜用火攻;万事俱备,只欠东风。’”这里的“东风”就喻指事情成功的必要条件;曹雪芹《红楼梦》中有云:“黛玉从不闻袭人背地里说人,今听此话有因,便说道:‘这也难说。但凡家庭之事,不是东风压了西风,就是西风压了东风。’”这里的“东风”和“西风”指的就是对立的两面。当然,在汉语文化中,“东风”并非都表示令人高兴的东西,有时也表示不好的东西,如陆游的《钗头凤》:“东风恶,欢情薄。一杯愁绪,几年离索。错,错,错。”
而西风在汉语中则象征着“寒冷”、“凋零”,一想到“西风”,人们似乎就会瑟瑟发抖,因此其多被用于贬义。这在中国文人的诗词中也有所体现,如许浑的《早秋》:“遥夜泛青瑟,西风生翠萝。残萤栖玉露,早雁拂金河”;王安石的《残菊》:“昨夜西风过园林,残菊飘零满地金”;王实甫的《西厢记》:“碧云天,黄叶地,西风紧,北雁南飞,晓来谁染霜林醉,尽是离人泪。”
2.“东风”、“西风”在英语文化中的内涵
不同于汉语民族,英语民族的人们对“东风”和“西风”有着截然相反的感情态度,这主要是由于东西方地理位置的差异所致。英国西邻大西洋,东接欧洲大陆,所以从西面吹来的是暖风,从东面吹来的则是寒风。此外,在英国,东风常与寒冬、瑞雪相连,给人“寒冷”的感觉,因此也并不受人喜爱。例如,查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)有诗:“How many winter days I've seen him,standing bluenosed in the snow and east wind! ”(多少个冬日里,我都看见他,鼻子冻得发紫,站在冰雪和东风中!)
而从大西洋吹来的西风却给人以温暖的感觉,因此英国文人素来喜爱西风,并对其赞美有加。例如:
Oh,west wind,
If winter comes,can spring be far behind?
啊,西风,假如冬天已来临,春天还会远吗?
以上是英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名诗Old to the West Wind《西风颂》中最后一句。在诗的最后一句,诗人表达了自己对未来美好的憧憬和坚定的信念。
再如:
Sweet and low,
Sweet and low,
Winds of the western sea,
Low,low,breathe and low,
Wind of the western sea!
轻轻的,柔和地,
轻轻的,柔和地,
西风吹来海风;
轻轻地,轻轻地吹拂,
西风吹来海风!
上述是英国诗人阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生(Alfred Tennyson)的诗句。
二、“东风”、“西风”文化的翻译
1.直译
虽然“东风”、“西风”在英汉语文化中存在着截然不同的文化内涵,但随着东西方文化的不断交流,大多数读者已经了解了其中存在的差异,因此有时直译也不会造成读者的理解错误。例如:
(1)东风夜放花千树,更吹落、星如雨。
(辛弃疾《青玉案元夕》)
One night's east wind adorns a thousand trees with flowers.
And blows down stars in showers.
(许渊冲译)
(2)绮窗人在东风里,无语对春闲。也应似旧,盈盈秋水,淡淡春山。
(阮阅《眼儿媚》)
By the green window
The lady sits in the east wind gentle.
Speechless,she faces spring idle.
All should be as of old:
Pools of limpid autumn water-her eyes.
Distant hills in springtime-her brows.
(龚景浩译)
(3)
金谷园
杜牧
繁华事散逐香尘,
流水无情草自春。
日暮东风怨啼鸟,
落花犹似坠楼人。
A wilderness alone remains.
all garden glories gone;
The river runs unheeded by,
weeds grow unheeded on.
Dusk comes,the east wind blows,and birds
pipe forth a mournful sound;
Petals,like nymphs,from balconies,
come tumbling to the ground.
(Giles译)
(4)
碧云天,黄叶地,
西风紧,北雁南飞。
晓来谁染霜林醉,
尽是离人泪。
(王实甫《西厢记》)
Grey are the clouds in the sky and faded
are the leaves on the ground
Bitter is the west wind as the wild geese fly
from the north to the south.
How is it that in the morning the white-frosted
trees are dyed as red as a wine flushed face?
It must have been caused by the tears of those
who are about to depart.
(5)香菱便又掷了个六点,该黛玉掣。黛玉默默的想道:“不知有什么好的被我掣着方好。”一面伸手取了一根,只见上面画着一枝芙蓉,题着“风露游愁”四字,那面一句旧诗,道是:“莫愁东风当自嗟。”
(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第六十三回)
Xiangling then threw a six,making it Daiyu's turn.“I hope I get something good,”she thought while drawing a lot.It showed a hibiscus flower with the motto“Quiet and sad in wind and dew”and the line“Blame not the east wind but yourself.”
(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
有时为了使读者更好地理解“东风”和“西风”的文化意蕴,可以考虑采用意译的方法对其进行翻译。例如:
(1)
虞美人
李煜
春花秋月何时了?
往事知多少,
小楼昨夜又东风,
故国不堪回首月明中。
雕栏玉砌应犹在,
只是朱颜改。
问君能有几多愁?
恰似一江春水向东流。
译文一:
Yumeiren
Too long the autumn moon and spring flowers last.
I wonder how much they've known of my past.
Last night spring breezes through an upper room.
Reminds me too much my present gloom.
With a bright moon,how could I my Country recall.
Without a sense of defeat and despair at all.
The Palace should be still there as before-
With its carved railings;jade-like steps galore.
Only here are changes which my plight entail.
My complexion,once ruddy,had become pale.
Should I be asked how much anguish I have found,
Strange! It is like flowing water,eastward bound.
(徐忠杰译)
译文二:
The Lost Land Recalled
Tune:“The Beautiful Lady Yu”
When will there be no more autumn moon and spring flowers
For me who had so many memorable hours?
My attic which last night in vernal wind did stand
Reminds me cruelly of the lost moonlit land.
Carved balustrades and marble steps must still be there.
But rosy faces cannot be fair.
If you ask me how much my sorrow has increased,
Just see the over brimming river flowing east!
(许渊冲译)
(2)不在梅边在柳边,个中谁拾画婵娟。团圆莫忆春香到,一别西风又一年。
(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五十一回)
Not by plum trees but by willows,
Who will pick up the beauty's portrait here?
It is no use longing for a return in spring.
Autumn means parting for another year.
(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
(3)桃花帘外东风软,桃花帘内晨妆懒。帘外桃花帘内人,人与桃花隔不远。东风有意揭帘栊,花欲窥人帘不卷。……泪眼观花泪易干,泪干春尽花憔悴。憔悴花遮憔悴人,花飞人倦易黄昏。一声杜宇春归尽,寂寞帘栊空泪痕。
(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第七十回)
Outside the blind,peach-blossom,a soft spring breeze;
Within,a girl is languidly dressing her hair.
Outside,the peach-blossom;within the girl-
Not far apart the blossom and maid so fair.
Obligingly,the breeze blows back the blind
And holds it to afford a glimpse of her bower;…
As she gazes at the blossom her tears run dry—
Her tears run dry,spring ends,blooms fade away;
The fading blossoms hide the fading maid;
Blossoms drift down,she tires,dusk follows day—
A cuckoo-call and spring is left behind,
Only faint moonlight falls on the lonely blind.
(杨完益、戴乃迭译)
3.直译加注释
为了避免读者产生不必要的误解,在翻译的过程中也可以对“东风”、“西风”进行适当的处理,即采用直译加注释法。例如:
闲愁万种。无语怨东风。
(王实甫《西厢记》)
I am saddened by a myriad petty woes
And,though I speak not,
I am angry,
At the breezes from the east.
(Henry Hart译)