第一节 翻译与方位及其相应物
方位即方向,东、西、南、北为基本方位。汉英两种语言中都有相对应的词表达这四个基本方位:东(east)、西(west)南(south)和北(north)。然而,由于汉英民族所处的地理位置不同,对方位的认识及词语表达存在一定的差异。
在中国文化中,自古就有“南面为王,北面为朝”、“南为尊,北为卑”的传统。皇帝的龙椅面向南摆放:“天下衙门朝南开”。老百姓盖房也是坐北向南。因此,汉语中表达方位“南”为先。人常说“南来北往,从南到北”。而英语文化则相反,英美人表达方位“北”为先。由此可见,方位词不仅仅是地理概念,它们与民族文化、宗教思想、风俗习惯密切相关,更是一种文化现象。
下面是汉英两种语言文化中有关南、北方位的不同表达。
(1)从南到北from north to south
(2)北屋 a room with a southern exposure
(3)南北朝the Northern and Southern Dynasties(420—589年)
(4)南征北战fight north and south on many fronts
(5)南北对话North-south dialogue(i.e.dialogue between developed countries in the Northern Hemisphere and developing countries in the southern Hemisphere)
同样,四个表示中间方位的词语在汉英两种语言中表达也完全相反。
(1)西北northwest,如Northwest University(西北大学)
(2)西南southwest,如southwest(或southwesterly)wind(西南风)
(3)东北northeast,如The Anti-Japanese Amalgamated Army of the Northeast(organized and led by the Communist Party of China after the September 18th Incident of 1931,东北抗日联军)
(4)东南southeast,如the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN,东南亚联盟)
其他相关表达:
(1)southeast by east东南偏东
(2)southeast by south东南偏南
(3)southwest by west西南偏西
(4)southwest by south西南偏南
(5)northeast by east东北偏东
(6)northeast by north东北偏北
(7)northwest by north西北偏北
(8)northwest by west西北偏西
现在我们来看东、西两个方位。
汉英两种语言中东、西方位的表达是一致的。例如:从东到西可直译为from east to west。但一些东、西方位构成的词语有一定的文化含义。例如:“东床”若直译成east bed就会使人笑掉大牙。“东床”源自典故。晋代太尉郗鉴派一位门客到王导家选女婿。门客回来说:“王家的年轻人都好,但是听到有人去选女婿,都拘谨起来,只有一位在东边床上敞开衣襟吃饭的,好像没有听到似的。”郗鉴说:“这正是一位好女婿。”这个人就是王羲之。于是把女儿嫁给他。(《晋书·王羲之传》)后来人们便称女婿为“东床”,其正确英译为son-in-law或husband。例如,《红楼梦》第二回有句话“……将来之东床如何呢?”杨译本中将这句话译为:“It will be interesting to see what husbands they find...”这里如果直译东床肯定会让西方读者感到莫名其妙,采用“husbands”来译“东床”一词,其文化意蕴可见一斑。
再如,“今儿朝东,明儿朝西”通常指一些人做事不专心意、用情不专或朝三暮四。《红楼梦》第五十七回中紫鹃对黛玉说的一段话中用了它:“公子王孙虽多,哪一个不是三房五妾,今儿朝东,明儿朝西?”杨译本中是这样表达的:“There's no lack of young lordlings,but they all want three wives and five concubines and their affections change from one day to the next.”这里紫鹃话中用“今儿朝东,明儿朝西”暗指公子王孙们个个都是三房五妾、用情不专。译文中采用意译法,将其译为“affections change from one day to the next”,表现出了“今儿朝东,明儿朝西”所隐含的意思。
类似的词语还有:
(1)东窗事发the plot has come to light;the secret is out
(2)东奔西走run around here and there;bustle about
(3)东山再起stage a comeback
(4)西天(佛教)Western Paradise
(5)上西天die;pass away
(6)西方国家the western countries(这是一个政治词语,指资本主义国家)