并列结构
两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。
1. 并列结构的各种形式
１）词与词的并列 you and me
２）词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student
３）分句与分句的并列 you can go or you can stay with us.
2. 并列结构的连接手段
１）并列连词
２）标点符号
３．并列结构的插入语
在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。
４．并列结构的对称组合
成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。
3. 并列连词的意义和用法
１．以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词
and, both…and, not only… but also, not…nor, neither…nor等。这一类并列连词在语义上表示其连接的成分是对前项的补充和引申，包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申。
And除表示语义增补外还有其他意义．还有一些and连接的语法结构形似并列结构实际并非并列结构．
Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm.) I’ll go and see my friend. = ( go to see)
２．以or 为代表的表示选择的并列连词
这类连词包括or和either…or
３．以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词
这类连词包括but, not… but, while, whereas, only, yet.
4. 补充说明：
1) both…and 只连结成分不连接句子；只连对等结构
Eg. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news.
2) not only …but also连结成分和连接句子；只连对等结构
Eg.
Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.
Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.
3) either …or连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构
Eg.
Either you or I am going to shanghai.
He can either stay at home or leave.
He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to ) the theatre.
4) neither …nor连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构
Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetry.
并列连词与连接性状语
And与moreover;furthermore what’s more …
Eg.
He is a good teacher and a good friend.
He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.
but与however
or与otherwise
So与as a result , consequently ...