(1) 中加学者奖(The China-Canada Scholars Award)、华盛顿大学奖助国际交流的弗利兹奖学金(The University of Washington Fritz Scholarship for International Exchange)、加特夫人妇女政府研究奖(The Carrie Chapman Catt Prize for Research on Women and Politics)和康科迪亚大学(Concordia University)为此项研究提供了宝贵的支持。本文大量的写作和部分的研究是我在斯坦福大学东亚研究中心做博士后时完成的。Tani Barlow-Jason Ens、Harriet Evans、Stevan Harrell、Joel Migdal、Susan Whiting和王政对这篇文章的早期初稿提供了宝贵的意见。
(6) Tani E.Barlow,“Politics and Protocols of Funü:(Un)Making National Woman”,in Christina Gilmartin,Gail Hershatter,Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White(eds.),Engendering China:Women,Culture,and the State ,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994,pp.339-359;Tani E.Barlow,The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism ,Durham:Duke University Press,2004.
(7) 又见Kimberley Manning,“Sexual Equality and State Building:Gender Conflict in the Great Leap Forward”,华盛顿大学博士论文,未刊,2003年;王政,“‘State Feminism’?Gender and Socialist State Formation in Maoist China”,Feminist Studies 31(2005),pp.519-551。
(8) 参见Jeffrey K.Olick(ed.),States of Memory:Continuities,Conflicts,and Transformations in National Retrospection ,Durham:Duke University Press,2003;Luisa Passerini(eds.),Memory and Totalitarianism ,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992;Ching Kwan Lee and Guobin Yang(eds.),Reenvisioning the Chinese Revolution:the Politics and Poetics of Collective Memories in the Reform Era,Washington,DC:Woodrow Wilson Center Press,2007。
(9) 对这个研究我采用了半结构访谈的方法,访谈的时间从30分钟到3个小时不定。在每个访谈中我试图包括一系列特别的问题;当我对全国性的动员以及这些动员发生的地方性特征更加理解后,这些问题就得以继续扩展。在整个研究过程中,曾有5名不同的助手协助我联系访谈并帮我将方言翻译成普通话。有些访谈,尤其是当我最初开始在一个村里做研究的时候,访谈时还有好奇的邻居、朋友和亲戚在场。然而,一旦这些人对我们的出现产生的好奇消失后,我和我的助手仍能同访谈对象单独交谈。当我在村里进行访谈时,起初我通过县和镇妇联的官方渠道被介绍给村里。村级官员,通常是当地的妇女主任,以为为我介绍当地20世纪50年代的干部是她们的责任。这些干部稍后会为我介绍一些普通的村民。当然我也在没有当地官员的帮助下,见到并采访了许多村民。我也通过我采访过的妇女主任的介绍见到了一些当地以前的妇女主任。当我采访镇级(公社)或更高级的退休妇联干部时,我主要通过当地妇联官员的介绍而进行工作。但是,我与退休的江苏省妇联主席石坚的访谈则是通过一些私人关系而实现的。大多数的访谈是在被访者的家里进行的。一旦有可能,在初次访谈的几天后我都进行了补充访谈,有些补充访谈是在初次访谈后的三年后进行的。(为便于表述,作者把这些访谈者都编了号——译者注)我与被访者43、64、73、82、83和85进行了补充访谈。不论时间长短,与各个被访者的重复访谈大都能带来新的理解。为了保护被访者的身份,所有个人的姓名和县的地名都用了假名,除了石坚。她允许我用她的真名。“高山”指的是我在苏南进行研究的一个县,而“活跃”和“温和”则是指河南省的两个县。有关对革命和毛泽东的中国的访谈的启发性的论述,参见David E.Apter&Tony Saich,Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic ,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994,尤其参见pp.19-23;Gail Hershatter,“The Gender of Memory:Rural Chinese Women and the 1950s”,Signs 28(2002),pp.43-70。
(10) Atul Kohli&Vivienne Shue,“State Power and Social Forces”,in Joel Migdal,Atul Kohli&Vivienne Shue(eds.),State Power and Social Forces:Domination and Transformation in the Third World ,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994,pp.293-326;Joel Migdal,“The State in Society”,in Migdal(eds.),State Power and Social Forces ,pp.7-34;Joel Migdal,State in Society:Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute one Another ,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
(11) Aihwa Ong,“Colonialism and Modernity:Feminist Re-presentation of Women in Non-western Societies”,Inscriptions :3:4(1998),pp.79-93;Amrita Basu,“Introduction”,in Amrita Basu(eds.),The Challenge of Local Feminisms:Women's Movements in Global Perspective ,Boulder:Westview Press,1995,pp.1-21;Chandra Talpade Mohanty,“Cartographies of Struggle”,in Chandra Talpade Mohanty,Ann Russo and Lourdes Torres(eds.),Third World women and the Politics of Feminism ,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1991,pp.1-47.
(12) 参见Daniel Kelliher,Peasant Power in China:The Era of Rural Reform,1979-1989 ,New Haven:Yale University Press,1992;Lu Xiaobo,Cadres and Corruption:The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2000;Vivienne Shue,The Reach of the State:Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1988。
(13) Christine Pelzer White,“Everyday Resistance,Socialist Revolution and Rural Development:The Vietnamese Case”,Journal of Peasant Studies 13:2(1986),pp.49-63;Sherry B.Ortner,“Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal”,Comparative Studies in Society and History 37(1995),pp.173-193.
(14) 参见Kevin J.O'Brien&Lianjiang Li,Rightful Resistance in Rural China ,New York:Cambridge University Press,2006;Neil J.Diamant,Revolutionizing the Family:Politics,Love,and Divorce in Urban and Rural China ,1949-1968,Berkeley:University of California Press,2000;Neil.Diamant,Stanley B.Lubman&Kevin J.O' Brien,Engaging the law in China:State,Society,and Possibilities for Justice ,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2005。
(15) Paul Pierson&Theda Skocpol,“Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science”,in Ira Katznelson and Helen V.Milner(eds.),Political Science:State of the Discipline ,New York and Washington,DC:W.W.Norton and the American Political Science Association,2002,pp.693-721.
(16) Akhil Gupta,Postcolonial Developments:Agriculture in the Making of Modern India ,Durham:Duke University Press,1998;Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat,“Introduction”,in Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat(eds.),States of Imagination:Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State ,Durham:Duke University Press,2001;Timothy Mitchell,“The Limits of the State:Beyond Statist Approaches and their Critics”,American Political Science Review 85(1991),pp.77-96.
(17) Tina Mai Chen,“Female Iconography?Socialist Rhetoric and Women's Agency in 1950s China”,Gender&History 15(2003),pp.268-295;Hershatter,“The Gender of Memory”;Lisa Rofel,Other Modernities :Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism ,Berkley:University of California Press,1999.又见Myron L.Cohen,“Cultural and Political Inventions in Modern China:The Case of the Chinese ‘Peasant’”,Daedalus 112(1993),pp.151-170;Gregory A.Ruf,Cadres and Kin:Making a Socialist Village in West China,1921-1991 ,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1998。
(18) 参见Vivienne A.Schmidt,“Institutionalism and the State”,in Colin Hay,David Marsh and Michael Lister(eds.),The State:Theories and Issues ,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2005,pp.98-117。
(19) Michael Mann,States,War and Capitalism:Studies in Political Sociology ,Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1998,pp.13-14.
(20) Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe,Hegemony and Socialist Strategy:towards a Radical Democratic Politics ,(tr.),Winston Moore and Paul Cammack,London:Verso,1985.
(21) Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo,“Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics”,in Sven Steinmo,Kathleen Thelen and Frank Longstreth(eds.),Structuring Politics:Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,pp.1-32,n.p.2.
(22) Judith Butler,Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,New York:Routledge,1990.
(23) 参见Roger Friedland and Robert D.Alford,“Bringing Society Back In:Symbols,Practices,and Institutional Contradiction”,in Walter W.Powell and Paul J.DiMaggio(eds.),The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis ,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1991,pp.232-263。
(25) Frank Dikötter,Sex,Culture and Modernity in China:Medical Science and the Construction of Sexual Identities in the Early Republican Period ,London:Hurst&Co.,1995;Frank Dikötter,Imperfect Conceptions:Medical Knowledge,Birth Defects,and Eugenics in China ,New York:Columbia University Press,1998;Barlow,The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism.
(27) Mao Zedong,“Talks at the Wuchang Conference”(21-23 November 1958),Roderick McFarquhar,Timothy Cheek and Eugene Wu(eds.),The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao:From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward ,Cambridge:Council of East Asian Studies/Harvard University,dist.by Harvard University Press,1989,pp.456-465.
(30) Harriet Evans,Women and Sexuality in China:Female Sexuality and Gender since 1949 ,New York:Continuum,1997,pp.121-122.
(31) Kimberley Ens Manning,“The Gendered Politics of Woman-work:Re-thinking Radicalism in the Great Leap Forward”,Modern China 32(2006),pp.349-384.如Joshua Goldstein 在 “Scissors,Surveys,and Psycho-Prophylactics:Prenatal Health Care Campaigns and State Building in China,1949-1954”,Journal of Historical Sociology 11(1998),pp.153-184中提到,中国共产党在新中国成立前就一直关注产前医疗保护。我的研究表明,随着集体化的到来,中共更加关注这个问题。另参见贺萧(Gail Hershatter),“Birthing Stories:rural Midwives in 1950s China”;Jeremy Brown&Paul G.Pickowicz(eds.),Dilemmas of Victory:the Early Years of the People's Republic of China ,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2007。
(38) Delia Davin,Woman-work:Women and the Party in Revolutionary China ,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1976;Manning,“The Gendered Politics of Woman-work”;Wang Zheng,“State Feminism”,pp.519-551.
(39) Manning,“The Gendered Politics of Woman-work”.
(40) 林霄:《妇女的正当要求不是娇气和暮气》,《中国妇女》1959年第2期,第6页。
(41) 地方和农村妇女组织最初出现问题大约是在“大跃进”开始的前一年。1957年春,江苏和河南的干部开始要求解散妇联。有人认为物质条件已充分进步到足以保证妇女解放,因而没有必要再照顾她们。随着1958年公社化运动的到来,有些地方官员——包括男人和妇女,利用大规模的行政机构重组来清除地方级的妇女组织。参见《民主妇女联合会贯彻专区妇工会议总结》《温和县妇联会关于贯彻专区妇工会议明确情况总结汇报》,温和县妇联档案报告,卷宗7,1959年4月。Wang Zheng,“Dilemmas of Inside Agitators:Chinese State Feminists in 1957”,China Quarterly 188(2006),pp.913-932.
(42) 邓小平似乎在至少两个不同的场合起到了保护妇联的重要作用。Wang Zheng,“Dilemmas of Inside Agitators”;董边等编:《我们的好大姐蔡畅》,第312—313页。
(74) Rofel,Other Modernities ;Wang Zheng,Women in the Chinese Enlightenment:Oral and Textual Histories ,Berkeley:University of California Press,1999;Gail Hershatter,“The Gender of Memory”.
(75) 访谈对象65。访谈是用英文记录的,这里是将英文记录再译为中文(译者注)。相似地,Keven J.O'Brien和李连江也谈到许多村民对毛泽东时代的反腐败运动有怀旧之情,参见Keven J.O'Brien&Lianjiang Li,“Campaign Nostalgia in the Chinese Countryside”,Asian Survey 39(1999),pp.375-393。