股东权益的会计处理主要受惯例和公司法的影响。尽管必须考虑和披露股东权益的法定要求，但是法定要求并不是对股东权益进行分类和报告的唯一会计处理基础。所有者权益的两个主要来源是:(1)股东投入资本;(2)公司留存收入(收益)。每个公司必须对这两个方面进行会计处理和会计报告。下图反映了股东权益变化的两个主要来源:股东权益的变化可能是将负债转化为股东权益或是对公司的资本捐赠。另外，分配股票红利、转换股票和资产重组也可以引起股东权益内部发生变化。

Reading Material

Bonds Payable

The above two forms of financing involve finding an individual，a company，or a financial institution willing to supply the needed funds.Bonds，however，are issued to obtain large amount of long-term capital.Bonds have many different kinds，and each has its particular feature.Some bonds can be converted into common stock at the bondholder's option，known as converted bonds.others that are subject to retirement at a stated amount prior to maturity at the option of the issuer，are called callable bonds.Furthermore，there are secured bonds and unsecured bonds depending on whether bonds have specific assets pledged as collateral;term bonds and serial bonds depending on whether maturing at a specified date or maturing in installments;registered bonds and bearer bonds depending on whether they are issued in the name of owner.Whatever kind，bonds ate a form of interest-bearing notes payable.

If the contractual interest rate(often called interest rate stated on bonds) equals the market interest rate(called effective interest rate)by coincidence，bonds are sold at face value.However，this seldom happen because market interest rates change daily，which makes it hardly possible for a company to estimate the exact market interest rate of selling bonds when printing the bond certificates.As a result，bonds are more often sold at an amount different from face value.They are sold at a discount if the contractual interest rate is lower and sold at a premium in case the market interest rate is lower.The amortization of bonds premiums and discounts should be recorded and reported separately in each accounting period in either Straight-line Method or Effective Interest Method.Accordingly，the sale of bonds at a discount does not represent the issuer's bad financial situation，nor does the sale of bonds at premium mean outstanding financial strength.Long-term creditors are particularly interest in a company's ability to pay due interest and the ability to pay back the face value at maturity.The following two ratios can be of some referential value for the investors.

Types of Stock

The articles of incorporation stipulate the quantity and kind of capital stock that will be sold by the firm.There are two principal kinds of stock that may be issued: (1)common stock and(2)preferred stock.

When more than one class of stock is issued，one kind is usually called common stock.Common stock gives the stockholders the rights to vote for the directors of the corporation，to maintain their percentages of ownership in the corporation，known as preemptive rights，and to share in dividends;also，in the event of liquidation they may share in the distribution of corporate assets.The term“Common”refers to the fact that the stock traditionally is sold at a price that can be afforded by practically all investors，at least when it is first issued by the corporation.

Issued stock refers to stock that is sold by the corporation and is in the hands of the shareholders.When common stock is traded on the open market，the price of the stock will vary based on supply and demand and other factors，such as the successful operation of the corporation.Common stock，as well as other classes of stock，is usually assigned an arbitrary money value known as par value.This par value is printed on the stock certificate，but does not necessarily represent the price for which the stock was sold by the corporation，which may be higher or lower than the par value.Stock may also be issued without par，in which case it is known as“no-par”stock.Some states require that no-par stock be assigned a stated value by the board of directors-The effect of this action is to cause a stated value stock to be similar to a par value stock in its treatment.

The second class of stock that a corporation may issue is generally known as preferred stock.The purchase price of preferred stock is usually higher than that of common stock.Preferred stock also has a par or stated value assigned to it.The difference in cost between common stock and preferred stock can be seen in their par values.A corporation may assign an arbitrary par value to its common stock of$10 per share，and a$50 par value to its preferred stock.Although purchasers will not necessarily pay the par value in either case，this example indicates the substantial difference in the anticipated selling prices of the two types of stock.A corporation may offer different categories of preferred stock based on the benefits that each class provides to stockholders.