本章小结
混合方法研究是继定性方法和定量方法之后的“第三次方法论运动”,是社会科学研究新的方法论取向。“意义提升”是使用混合方法的一个主要理由,使用混合方法主要有五个目的:①“三角互证”,即把定量数据的分析结果与定性数据进行比较;②“互补”,即在一种方法的结果与其他方法的结果的比较中寻求解释、例证、改进和澄清;③“发展”,用一种方法的结果来丰富另外一种方法的结论;④“引发(initiation)”,即揭示研究问题重构过程中似是而非的观点和矛盾,描述数据中出现的新观点;⑤“扩展”,通过使用多种方法来扩大研究的广度和范围。
混合方法的中心假设是,用两种方法比用一种方法能更好地理解研究问题。混合方法研究是指在同一研究中混合使用了定量和定性两种方法或掺和了不同研究策略的研究设计。混合方法研究与定量方法和定性方法的主要区别是,在同一个研究中运用一种或多种定性方法和定量方法。作为一种具体方法,混合方法关注收集和分析数据,强调在单个研究或一系列研究中混合使用定性方法和定量方法。研究问题在混合方法中占有中心地位。混合方法数据分析涉及到对统计数据和定性数据的分析技术以及其他混合方法特有的策略。在混合方法研究中,调查者需要在定量统计分析和定性主题分析之间进行熟练地切换。作为一种方法论,混合方法研究涉及指导数据收集和分析的哲学预设,以及在研究过程每个阶段的定性方法与定量方法的混合。混合方法研究是与定量方法论或定性方法论并驾齐驱的方法论,有着自己的哲学预设和理论立场。混合方法研究假设了一种或几种世界观,强调了应用的导向。
混合方法研究大致可为“形成时期”“范式争论时期”“程序发展时期”和“加速发展时期”四个时期。不过,这四个时期并不是整齐划一的,而是彼此有重叠的。①形成时期,主要从20世纪50年代到70年代初期;②范式争论时期,从20世纪70年代中后期到80年代;③程序发展期,从20世纪80年代末到整个90年代;④加速发展时期,从2000年到现在。
混合方法设计主要有四种类型,即三角互证设计、嵌入式设计、解释性设计和探索性设计。①三角互证设计是只有一个阶段的研究设计,在该设计中研究者同时、同等地使用定量方法和定性方法。它包括“结合模型”“数据转换模型”“定量数据验证模型”和“多层模型”等。②嵌入式设计是以一种数据为主,另一种数据为辅的混合方法设计。嵌入式设计把不同类型的数据混合在一起,将其中一种数据嵌入到另一种数据框架中。它有两种形式:“实验模型”和“相关模型”。③解释性设计是一种两个阶段的混合方法设计。该设计的总体目标是用定性数据来协助解释初步获得的定量结果。该设计始于收集和分析定量数据,然后再收集和分析定性数据。该设计通常有两种形式:“后续解释模型”和“参与选择模型”。④探究性设计也是一个两个阶段的研究设计,又被称为探索性顺序设计。该设计的目的是定性方法能有助于拓展和深化定量方法。该设计始于定性方法,用来探索某个社会现象,然后再转向定量阶段。探究性设计主要有两个模型:“工具发展模型”和“分类发展模型”。
混合方法设计整合了传统的定量技术和定性技术,用新的方式把定性和定量方法整合在一起,这两种方法的混合大于两种方法的简单相加。现在,越来越多的学者在其研究中应用了混合方法研究,他们在不同的学科里对混合方法研究进行了讨论。可以预见,混合方法设计将是未来社会科学研究的主导性方法论工具,研究者也可以从混合方法研究的发展中获益。
思考题
1.什么是混合方法研究?
2.为什么要将定量方法与定性方法混合起来使用?请谈谈你自己的理由。
3.试述混合方法研究发展的四个时期。
4.从四种混合方法研究设计中选择一种设计来对你所感兴趣的问题进行研究。
5.你是如何看待混合方法研究的未来发展的?
讨论题
1.联系研究实际,谈谈混合方法研究的优点与缺点。
2.从最近几年中英文期刊中,挑选一篇使用混合方法的论文来说明应该如何设计混合方法研究。
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