1.4.6 附录六：下编练习题参考答案

附录六：下编练习题参考答案

下编参考答案

第1课

答案略
（1）——consideration
（2）——cross-examination
（3）——negotiable instrument
（4）——bill of exchange
（5）——domicile
（1）The defendant can excuse himself by showing that the loss was owing to the plaintiff or the act of God/Force Majeure.
（2）A distinctive element of the AngloAmerican judicial procedure is the cross-examination.
（3）If mutuality of consideration is not present, there is no contract.
（1）被告的律师将会就证人所提供的证据对其进行口头交叉质询。
（2）就我们所知，上述声明内容真实无误。特此证明。
（3）本协议的任何一方如系因超出其合理控制或合理规避之外的原因造成履行延迟或履行不能的，均不对另外一方承担责任；这里的“原因”包括但不限于：外交与英联邦办公室/文化媒体及体育部/通信监管机构（OFCOM）或其他对任何一方的事务具有管辖权的监管或政府组织阻碍其履行本协议项下义务、不可抗力、意外事件、动乱、第三方恶意行为、内乱、罢工、第三方停工或工业纠纷、不可避免的能源中断或火灾（“不可抗力事件”）。
（4）本协议项下义务的履行因不可抗力事件而严重受阻连续达一个月或更长时间的，义务履行未受阻碍的一方有权书面通知对方终止本协议。

第2课

（1）——affidavit
（2）——amicus curiae
（3）——arson
（4）——alibi
（5）——habeas corpus
（1）A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative office is located.
（2）The 1994 Administrative Procedure Law allows citizens to sue officials for abuse of authority or malfeasance.
（3）When a person appoints another to act on his behalf in litigation, he must submit to the people's court a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal.
（4）An avoided contract or a rescinded contract has no legal restraint from the time when it is concluded.
（5）In a divorce case in which the parties to the action have been represented by their agents ad litem, the parties themselves shall still appear in court in person, unless they are incapable of expressing their own will.
（1）我们美国人民为美国制订并确立了这部宪法。
（2）现指定我的丈夫布莱克·史密斯作为本人的遗嘱执行人。
（3）上诉就是请求上一级法院（上诉法院）审查及变更下级法院裁决的行为。
（4）惩罚性赔偿金或惩戒性赔偿金是（法院）裁定一方以惩罚其行为且可达到以儆效尤之目的金钱赔偿金。

第3课

（1）precedes
（2）in accordance with
（3）judgment
（4）governs
（5）construing
（6）principle
（1）fact-finder
（2）goodwill
（3）King's Bench
（4）damages
（5）warranty
（1）对抗制
（2）法官逮捕令
（3）首席大法官
（4）藐视法庭
（5）交叉询问
（6）直接询问；主询问
（7）正当程序
（8）大陪审团
（9）诉讼时效法
（10）巡回法院书记员
（1）acquittal
（2）affidavit
（3）arraignment
（4）district court
（5）felony
（6）misdemeanor
（7）perjury
（8）verdict
（9）Jurors
（10）subpoena
（1）This Regulation shall come into effect on the date of promulgation.
（2）Murder in the first degree receives the severest penalty, often life imprisonment or capital punishment.
（3）Motor vehicles with no business license for passenger transport shall not be used to undertake profitable passenger transport activities.
（4）The municipal or district/county traffic administrative departments may entrust the traffic administrative law enforcement organs to administer administrative punishments for those who violate any of these Provisions and shall thus be punished by the municipal or district/county traffic administrative departments.
（5）The Regulation shall be applicable to building of construction projects having impacts on the environment within the territory of the People's Republic of China and other territorial sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China.
（1）当商标被侵犯时，商标持有人有对侵害人提起诉讼的诉因。
（2）依照同一部1166年制定法，对最为重要刑事案件，即“王室之诉”，司法管辖从郡法院转移到了新出现的皇家法院。
（3）在极少数情形下，陪审团会参加刑罚的裁量。例如，在有些州的死刑案件中，法官在陪审团审判的情况下不能对被告人处以死刑，除非陪审团建议适用死刑而不适用无期徒刑。
（4）英国普通法的发展依靠法官依传统在裁决法院案件时遵循的规则和原则。法官的裁决建立在法律先例之上，先例就是指法院在先前类似案例上的判决。
（5）为了对这个世界有个概念，我介绍了关于法律多元主义的文献；顺着它们的思路，我提出，必须认识到多元、交错的法律制度间的规范性冲突是不可避免的，有时甚至可能是有益的。它既是各类替代性思路产生的根源，又是多元的社群成员的话语阵地。

第4课

（1）application
（2）statute
（3）statutory
（4）awarded
（5）committed
（6）rather than
（1）Foreign journalists and permanent offices of foreign news agencies may not engage in any activities incompatible with their status or the nature of their profession, or detrimental to China's national security, unity or social and public interests.
（2）These measures are formulated for the purpose of effectively protecting and rationally utilizing human genetic resources in China, strengthening human gene research and development, and promoting international cooperation and exchange on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
（3）When a Party has made all or any part of its contribution to the registered capital of the Company, a Chinese registered accountant appointed by the Board shall verify such contribution and issue a capital contribution verification report in the form required under Applicable Laws.
（4）A person who has reached the age of fourteen but not the age of sixteen who commits the crimes of intentionally killing another or intentionally injuring another, even causing serious injury or death, and the crimes of rape, robbery, drug trafficking, arson, explosion, and poisoning shall bear criminal responsibility.
（5）Article 23. Under either of the following circumstance, an interested person may apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
①if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or,
②if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the date of an accident in which he was involved.
③If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the final day of the war.
（6）Those who have been convicted to prison terms, are serving shortterm forced labor under detention or have been put under surveillance but have not been stripped of their political rights; those who are in custody, under investigation, being charged and tried but the procuratorate or the court has not decided to suspend their rights of election; those who are on bail, or in residences under surveillance; those who are being reeducated through labor and those who have been punished with detention have the right to vote and stand for election.
（1）本公约自开放供签署之日起对所有未签署国开放以便其加入。
（2）在本合同生效后10天内，业主应向承包商支付合同价格金额10000元，作为承包商完成该工程并承担本合同规定的所有义务的全部报酬。
（3）出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定的以外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。
（4）采用统一规则，更新和协调涉及海运区段的国际货物运输规则，将增强法律确定性，提高国际货物运输效率和商业可预测性，减少所有国家之间国际贸易流通的法律障碍。
（5）如果一方（“转让方”）拟将其在合营公司注册资本的部分或全部转让给第三方，另一方有以与转让方向第三方提出的同等价格优先购买的权利。

第5课

（1）compensate
（2）loss
（3）obligation
（4）reparation
（5）negligence
（6）liability
（1）These Provisions apply to the investigation and handling of illegal passenger transport by all kinds of motor and nonmotor vehicles and related administrative activities within the administrative areas of this Municipality.
（2）Workers and employers shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the rules of the organization concerned, to join organizations of their own choosing without previous authorization.
（3）In principle, Party B does not accept the goods exceeding the quantity of orders. Under special circumstances, Party B may accept the product of Party B's next order in advance, subjecting to Party B's agreement.
（4）Except as otherwise provided for in the Agreement, neither the Agreement nor any right or obligation hereunder may be transferred, assigned or delegated by any Party without the prior written consent of the other Parties.
（1）本协议的签订可以采用一式多份的方法，并且，其中的每一份将被视为一份原件，全部合同文本在一起将构成一份并且相同的法律文书。
（2）在按照本条上述各款向国际劳工局局长提出的声明里，应说明本公约规定是否将不经修改地，或在加以修改的情况下，对有关领土适用；倘若声明里说明本公约规定将在加以修改的情况下适用，则应说明这些修改的细节。
（3）所有权默示条款
（1）除下列第（3）款适用的买卖合同外，买卖合同中的卖方承担一项默示条款——发生现实交付买卖中的卖方，应具有销售货物的权利；出售协定中的卖方，应在财产所有权转移时具有销售该货物的权利。
（2）除下列第（3）款适用的买卖合同外，买卖合同中的卖方还承担另外一项默示条款，即：
（a）货物上应不存在，且在货物所有权移转前应一直不存在，任何在合同成立前未向买方披露的或买方不知悉的担保或负担；
（b）买方应能平静地占有货物，除非受到货物所有人、其他已向买方披露的或已为买方知悉的对货物享有担保或负担权益之人的妨碍；
（3）本款适用于从合同能够看出，或根据合同的情况可以推断出的、卖方意在移转他或第三人拥有的所有权的买卖合同；
（4）适用第（3）款的合同中应含有一项默示条款，即卖方知悉而买方未知悉的全部权利担保或负担在合同订立之前已向买方披露；
（5）适用第（3）款的合同中应含有另一项默示条款，即下列三者应不会妨碍买方对货物的平静占有，这三者是：
（a）卖方；
（b）在合同当事人认定卖方可转移第三人的所有权的情况下，该第三人；
（c）任何通过卖方或从卖方处主张权利之人，或其他非在合同订立之前已经披露给买方或为买方知晓的负有担保或负担之第三人。

第6课

答案略
（1）damages
（2）federal
（3）arbitration
（4）litigated
（5）resolved
（6）disputes
（1）——assignment
（2）——royalties
（3）——tenancy
（4）——know-how
（5）——license
（1）Any increase in freight after the date of sale shall be forthe buyer's account.
（2）The goods we received are packed in wooden cases contrary to our instructions.
（3）This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.
（4）The present Agreement is signed on June 2, 2010, in Shanghai, China by authorized representatives of the two Parties.
（1）A公司（以下称甲方）与B公司（以下称乙方）于2011年5月1日在中国北京，本着平等互利和友好协商的原则，特签订本合同。
（2）兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为对价，订约双方协议如下。
（3）本协定用中文和英文两种文字书写，两种文字具有同等效力。
（4）新华社电，中国和日本今对利用核能初步草签了协议。

第7课

（1）enforcement
（2）equitable
（3）enrichment
（4）upheld
（5）the amount of
（6）uncertain
（1）The Seller shall, nevertheless be responsible for latent defects of the merchandise regardless of any delay of Buyer to give such written notice of claim.
（2）Vendor or Manufacturer may terminate this Agreement if Vendor has given Party A written notice of a breach, and the breach has not been cured within ninety（90）days.
（3）If Party B goes bankruptcy（including other similar conditions）, this agreement is terminated from the date of Party A's sending of written notice.
（4）The validity, performance, and all matters relating to the effect of the Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York without giving effect to any conflict of law, provision or rule that might also be applicable.
（1）因不可抗力、洪水、火灾、爆炸、暴风雨、地震、战争、恐怖行动、叛乱、暴动、阴谋破坏、或者任何政府机构的任何命令或行动等原因造成甲方不能履行或未履行本协议项下义务的，不应认定违约或产生任何赔偿或救济的责任。如上述“不能履行”或“未履行”未能在合理时间内得到救济的，则等待履行的一方终止本协议。
（2）一方当事人依协议须向另一方当事人发出的通知，符合如下条件的当被视为已恰当地发出：以书面形式发出且亲自递交或以挂号邮寄、保证邮寄的方式寄送至如下地址（邮资已付）或以传真方式发送并确认对方已收到，通知收到即生效。

第8课

（1）witness
（2）impartial
（3）colonial
（4）bonds
（5）statute
（6）notary
（1）——notary public
（2）——violence
（3）——defense
（4）——fee tail
（5）——compulsory license
Notarial Certificate of Adoption

Adoptive parents: Li Ming male, born on May 1, 1970, now resides at No.1, Dongcheng Street, Beijing City.

Wang Fang, female, born on June 1, 1970, now resides at No.1, Dongcheng Street, Beijing City.

Adoptee: Li Hua, male, born on May 1, 2000, now resides at No.1, Dongcheng Street, Beijing City.

This is to certify that the adoptive parents Li Ming, Wang Fang adopted the abandoned infant Li Hua at Beijing on October 1, 2000. And since then Li Ming, Wang Fang will live together with Li Hua, call each other by the name of parents and children, and will fulfill their duties determined by law. Since then the adoptive relationship has been established, and Li Ming is Li Hua's adoptive father, Wang Fang is Li Hua's adoptive mother.

Notary Public: Zhang Wei

Notary Public Office of Beijing

The People's Republic of China

May 1, 2011
密西西比州

州务卿办公室

Dick Molpus，州务卿

致各相关人士：

所附证明的签署人JACK E.HARPER, JR.，在签署之日是具有正式资格从事法律行为的密西西比州森弗劳尔县衡平法院的书记员，他对所附文件的证明，其形式合法，并且是适当的官员行为，他的一切公务行为忠实可信。

本件于2010年8月14日签字并加盖办公室印章，特此为证。

［印章］

（签名）

州务卿
（1）本权利在以下载明日完全生效，并一直持续到2011年5月1日或持续到双方当事人规定的延展期或提前撤销期。
（2）兹证明该公司内部细则的内容及通过程序符合《中华人民共和国公司法》的规定。
（3）在此我通知撤销，且强调完全撤销上述授权委托书，以及根据授权委托书授予或旨在授予汤姆的一切权力和权限。
（4）兹证明汤姆于2011年5月1日来到我处，在我的面前，在前面的声明书上签名。

第9课

（1）possibility
（2）duress
（3）threat
（4）damages
（5）wrongful
（6）constitutes
（1）capacity defense
（2）degree of crime
（3）due process
（4）duress
（5）criminal-justice system
（1）The Court decides that the aforesaid facts establish the Defendant's breach of the Contract and the Defendant shall compensate the Plaintiff for losses suffered.
（2）In suspicion of her involvement in the present case, the accused was detained on January 1, 2010, arrested on February 1, 2010, and is now detained in the First Detention House of Beijing.
（3）After being brought to justice, the accused actively cooperated with the customs officers in investigation and adopted a positive attitude toward confession. In consideration of the slightly malicious intent of the accused and the absence of circumstances for severe punishment, the defense counsel pleads for a lighter punishment to be imposed upon the defendant by this Court.
（4）As to the applicable law applied in this case, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 (hereinafter as “Convention”) shall be applied, owing to the business places of the sales contract's parties in this case are in the People's Republic of China and the Federal Republic of Germany respectively which are contracting states of the Convention.
（5）In this case, the Plaintiff claims that the Defendant did not deliver the goods according to the Contract signed by the parties on 27 February 2006(hereinafter as “the Contract”) and fundamentally breached the Contract of this case. Pursuant to Clause 9 of the Contract, the Defendant was obliged to ship the Goods of the Contract to the Plaintiff by 31 May 2006. However, the Defendant failed to ship any quantity of the Goods on 31 May 2006, or at anytime thereafter.
（1）作为对所有要求的救济请求的独立积极抗辩，被告认为，依据衡平法上的迟误原则，法院应拒绝原告起诉状中的诉讼请求。
（2）本人已经超过18岁，具有法律上的行为能力，对以下所述事实，本人能以自己所知提供证词。
（3）仲裁庭注意到，根据本案合同第3条和第4条，本案合同项下货物的数量为4000mts。仲裁庭认为，尽管第4条和第5条规定了数量浮动的范围，但是，此规定仅适用于实际交付的货物。由于被申请人并没有根据本案合同实际交付货物，本案合同中规定的数量浮动范围并不适用，因此，应以4000mts作为计算损害赔偿的基础。
（4）如不服本判决，可在接到判决书的第二日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向上海市高级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉的，应当提交上诉状正本一份，副本二份。

第10课

（1）expenditure
（2）breaching
（3）damages
（4）implicitly
（5）indemnification
（1）The Chairman, following consultation with the Vice Chairman, shall decide on the timing and location of such interim Board meeting, provided that such interim Board shall be held not less than [fifteen(15)] days and not more than [forty-five(45)] days following delivery of such request.
（2）This Contract is subject to the approval of the Examination and Approval Authority before the same may become effective.
（3）All products, including industrial and agricultural products, shall be subject to the provisions of this Agreement.
（4）Where an act is expressly defined in laws as a criminal act, it shall be determined and punished as a criminal act in accordance with the law; where an act is not expressly defined in the laws as a criminal act, it shall not be determined and punished as a criminal act.
（5）The arbitration is to be administered by the American Arbitration Association and is to be conducted in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules thereof.
（1）在第四十九条的条件下，卖方即使在交货日期之后，仍可自付费用，对任何不履行义务做出补救，但这种补救不得造成不合理的迟延，也不得使买方遭受不合理的不便，或无法确定卖方是否将偿付买方预付的费用。
（2）在特殊情况下，部长级会议可做出决定，豁免成员根据本协定或任何多边贸易协定所规定承担的义务，但任何这种豁免决定应由全体成员的四分之三人作出，除非本款另有规定。
（3）参众两院应各自审查本院的选举、选举结果报告和本院议员的资格，每院议员过半数即构成可以议事的法定人数；不足法定人数时，可以一天推一天地延期开会，并有权依照各该议院所规定的程序和罚则，强迫缺席的议员出席。
（4）董事行为准则
（a）董事会成员履行董事义务，应（1）诚信行事；和（2）以其合理认定的符合公司最大利益的方式行事。
（b）董事会成员或董事会委员会成员，在知悉与其决策职能相关的信息，或专注于其监管职能时，应以相同职位者在类似情形下合理认定应有的谨慎来履行义务。
（c）董事履行董事会或董事会委员会义务时，有权信赖（e）款第（1）项或（e）款第（3）项所规定之人员：该人员可接受由董事会以正式或非正式行为转授的权力或义务，以履行相关法律允许转授的一项或多项董事会职能；除非该董事具备相关知识致使此种信赖失去合理性。
（d）董事履行董事会或董事会委员会义务时，有权信赖（e）款所指之人整理、提供的信息、意见、报告或报表，包括财务报表及其他财务数据；除非该董事具备相关知识致使此种信赖失去合理性。
（5）本条例所称的计算机软件（以下简称“软件”）是指计算机程序及其有关文件。

第11课

（1）reasoning
（2）individual's
（3）multitude
（4）sentiments
（5）chapters
（6）conception
（1）——natural law
（2）——necessity
（3）——presumption of innocence
（4）——prevention doctrine
（5）——preventive law
（1）此外，当无法实现上述遵从时（因为法律多元主义的一些例子是专制、残暴、与/或极不自由的），为掌控混杂性而设的程序至少可以要求决策者解释为何无法实现此种遵从。总之，多元主义不仅更全面地描述与解释了我们生活的这个世界，还为程序性机制、机构及实践的设计提供了一种有潜在价值的替代路径。
（2）当我们谈及“法律”、“法律杖序”或“法律命题”的时候，必须特别注意法学和社会学观点之间的差异。如果采取法学的观点，我们会问：什么能够具有作为法律的内在效力?也就是说：应当按照正确的逻辑赋予一种具有法律命题之形式的句式以什么样的意义或规范含义。但是，如果我们站在后者的观点上来考虑问题，我们就会问：由于存在着这样的可能性，即：参与社会活动的人们，特别是那些对社会活动具有相当的社会影响力的人们主观上认为某些规范有效，并且实际上确实按照这些规范来行动、也就是使自己的行为以这些规范为取向，这样，在一个共同体中实际上会发生什么事情？从原则上讲，这种差异也决定着法律与经济之间的关系。⁽¹⁾
（3）上世纪七八十年代，多名死刑犯被无罪释放；他们原本无辜，但却忍受了长达数十年的监禁之苦，这引发了人们对日本刑事司法制度的批判。法官受抨击的主要原因在于其薄弱的事实调查环节，公民团体对于刑事陪审团的呼声开始出现。这些公民团体认为陪审团参与案件能弥补法官生活经验的不足，也是被告人权利的必要保障。最高法院于1987年承认司法公信力下降，并着手立项研究国外的陪审制度。受这一决定的鼓励，日本辩护士联合会（Japan Federation of Bar Associations）在上世纪90年代早期召开数次陪审制全国研讨会，公民团体每年还招募人员参加模拟审判。
（1）Born in the particular context of Chinese history and culture, the legal profession itself must exist some “inherent shortages”. Deficiencies in equal sense of social consciousness will necessarily result in lawyers' comparatively strong anaclisis, while lack of rights awareness will certainly render the lawyers relatively less capability to maintain legal rights.
（2）Criminal Jurisdiction per se is a power to investigate the criminal cases and make judgment on this base. Criminal judicial institution based on criminal jurisdiction per se is an institution to keep the balance between individual freedom and social order. In short, criminal judicial institution is an institution to harmonize inevitable conflicts caused by nation's public power and individual private power in criminal field. The direct embodiment of this institution is the safeguard of human rights and the control of crime.
（3）The concept of correction comes from the Positive School of Criminology and there was no such a concept like correction in the time of the Classical School of Criminology, as we know that what the retributivism emphasizes is the punishment and the deterrence is what the utilitarianism pointed to. Under that circumstance, criminal punishment is nothing but a mere means of sanction or a vehicle of deterrence. The Positive School of Criminology, Sociological School of Criminology in particular, is well known of Von Liszt's thoughts of education transformation, in which the idea of correcting the criminals is covered. Liszt once said that “To correct those correctable criminals, and make sure those uncorrectable give up committing crimes. ” Although Liszt didn't give full exposition of the theory as how to correct the criminals, it couldn't make us feel improper to regard him as the founding father of the concept of correction. As compared to the concepts of retributive punishment and deterring punishment, the concept of correction gives more positive sense to criminal punishment. A criminal is not simply an object of punishment, but an object of correction. Although not every criminal can be corrected to be a lawabiding citizen at last, the chance of rehabilitation to be a good people for a criminal is highly possible. Thus, the concept of correction can not only make the criminal punishment a vehicle to combat the evil but also a way to gain virtue.

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(1) 译文选自郑戈：《法律学术翻译的规范》，载《北大法律评论》（第2卷·第1辑），第312页。