例1：The respondent shall continue to pay for the child's education unless and until the child has reached the age of 18.（被告须支付小孩的学费，直至小孩满18岁为止。）
在这句话中，如果将“unless and until”完整翻译出来的话，就是“除非与直至”，这种表述在汉语中显得有点不伦不类。一般将其翻译为“除非……否则”，或者“直至……为止”，将“与”（and）省略。
再看一个例子：The charge on the property will not be lifted unless and until all the debts have been repaid.（除非还清所有债项，否则对财产的抵押不会被解除。）
例2：The contract is made and entered into this 14th day of June, 2010, by and between the Buyer and the Seller.（本合同由买方和卖方于2010年6月14日签订。）
在这一句中，可以“减译”的地方有两处。第一，“made and entered into”反映了合同条文表述的严谨性特点，翻译成汉语时无须赘译为“制定并签订”,可翻译为“订立”或“签订”。第二，“by and between”在这句话中用来限定范围，以表明合同是在特定的买卖双方之间签订的，可以直接翻译为“由、通过”。
例3：If any guarantee is required as security for any external financing of the Company approved by the Board of Directors in accordance with Article 10, and if the Parties agree to provide guarantees in relation to such financing, the Parties shall severally guarantee the obligations of the Company under such external financing in proportion to their respective interests in the registered capital of the Company at such time as the guarantee is given. （如果董事会依照第10条批准的公司外部融资需要以保证形式提供担保，如当事方同意对该融资提供保证，则当事方应按当时在公司注册资本中所占份额的比例分别对公司的义务提供保证。）
法律英语阅读与翻译教程Legal English: A Coursebook on Reading and Translation第四课法律翻译的若干技巧在原文中“at such time as the guarantee is given”表时间状语，完全翻译出来是“在保证作出之时”。根据上下文意思和逻辑关系可以直接将其翻译成了“当时”。尽管进行了“减译”，但并没有改变原文的意思。在经过“减译”后，译文更加通顺，及符合中文的表达习惯。
例1：Court actions fall into two broad categories—civil and criminal.（法院的诉讼可分为两类：民事诉讼和刑事诉讼。）
在这一句中，增加了两个“诉讼”，才可以使译文的表达更完整。
例2：Any interim or final Investment Certificate shall be signed by the Chairman and the Vice Chairman of the Board and stamped with the Company seal. （临时或正式出资证明书应由董事长和副董事长联合签署并加盖公司公章。）
在原文中，并没有出现“联合”的对应词。但是，为了使译文更严谨，在译文中增加了“联合”一词。
例3：The contract looks upon party A as having rights and duties thereof.（合同视甲方为享有合同权利和承担合同义务的主体。）
例4：Those found in violation of these Regulations shall be criticized, disciplined or fined according to different circumstances. For serious cases, punishments shall be given by judicial authorities according to laws.（违反本条例规定的，应视情况，给予批评教育、纪律处分、或处以罚金，情节严重的，由司法机关依法惩处。）
在译文中，分别将“criticized, disciplined or fined”翻译为“批评教育、纪律处分、或处以罚金”，从而使译文的表述更加完整。
例2：Although the words damage and injury are sometimes used synonymously, there is a material distinction between them.（虽然损害与伤害有时通用，但是两词有本质上的区别。）
在这一句中，“material”并不翻译为“物质的”，而是翻译为“本质的”，或者“重大的”。
例3：He has the right to vote and to stand for election. （他有选举权与被选举权。）
此处应把“right to stand for election”翻译为“被选举权”。不少人误将“被选举权”译为“right to be voted”。另外，right to vote一般译为“选举权”，在台湾多译为“选择权”、“表决权”或“投票权”。
如：中华人民共和国年满十八周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况和居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权。依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人没有选举权和被选举权。（All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence. Those who are stripped of their political rights according to law do not have the right to vote or stand for election.）
例4：Each Party shall have the right to change its legal or authorized representative and shall promptly notify the other Party of such change and the name, position and nationality of its new legal or authorized representative.（双方有权撤换其各自的法定代表人或授权代表，并应将新法定代表人或授权代表的姓名、职位和国籍及时通知另一方。）
例1：The development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States.(2)（在平等互利的基础上发展国际贸易，是促进各国间友好关系的一个重要因素。）
例2：A court may refuse recognition and enforcement based on the grounds for the refusal of recognition and enforcement available pursuant to its law. (3)（法院可以其法律所规定的拒绝承认和执行的理由为根据，拒绝给予承认和执行。）
例3：The resale of cultural relics in private collections at a profit shall be strictly forbidden.（严禁将私人收藏的文物进行倒卖牟利。）
例4：The confidentiality restrictions and obligations imposed by this Section shall terminate two(2) years after the expiration or termination of this Agreement.（本条规定的保密限制和义务，在本协议期满或终止两年后终止。）
例5：This Contract is subject to the approval of the Examination and Approval Authority before the same may become effective.（本合同须经审批部门批准方能生效。）
例6：This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States.（本公约须经签署国批准、接受或者核准。）
2．形容词转换为副词
The People's Courts, the People's Procuratorates and the Public Security Organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall coordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.（人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以确保准确有效地执行法律。）此外，在这一句中，名词“enforcement”被转换成了动词。
例1：任何一方均不对合营公司的债务或其他义务向任何第三人负连带责任。（Neither/No party shall be jointly and severally liable to any third party for the joint venture's debts or other liabilities and obligations.）
例2：任何一方仅以其出资额为限对公司承担责任。（No Party shall have any liability to the Company except to the extent of its agreed capital contributions.）
例3：The proposal concerning pollution was called up in the meeting last week.（有关防止污染问题的议案，上周已经在会上提出来了。）
例1：The Party A hereby agrees to produce Product promptly after the Effective Date in accordance with the laws and regulations of PRC, and the provisions of this Contract.（甲方同意在本合同生效后，依照中华人民共和国法律法规以及本合同的条款，立即生产产品。）
在原文中，“in accordance with the laws and regulations of PRC, and the provisions of this Contract.”等词作为状语被放在句子的后面，在译文中按照中文的习惯，将其被放在了谓语的前面。
例2：The Party A may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or any part of its interest in the Contract to any third party only with the prior written consent of Party B.（只有在乙方事先书面同意条件下，甲方才可向第三方出售、转让或以其他方式处分其在合同项下的全部或部分权益。）
在原文中，“only with the prior written consent of Party B”等词作为状语成分放在句子后，译文将其放在句首，这种表达更符合汉语习惯。
例3：The Purchasing Plan of the Company shall be established by the Board of Directors in view of actual market conditions, expected sales volumes, the employees ability to absorb new technology and any other factors considered important by the Board.（公司的购买计划由董事会在考虑市场实际情况、预计的产品销售额、雇员吸收新技术的能力以及其他董事会认为重要的因素后确定。）
在原文中，“in view of actual market conditions, expected sales volumes, the employees ability to absorb new technology and any other factors considered important by the Board.”等词作为状语被放在句子的后面，译文将其被放在了句子的中间。
练习
1．选词填空。
committed application statutory awarded rather than statute
Punitive damages are a settled principle of common law in the United States. They are a matter of state law, and thus differ in (1) from state to state. In many states, including California and Texas, punitive damages are determined based on (2); elsewhere, they may be determined solely based on case law. Many state statutes are the result of insurance industry lobbying to impose “caps” on punitive damages; however, several state courts have struck down these (3) caps as unconstitutional. The general rule is that punitive damages cannot be (4) for breach of contract. But if an independent tort is (5) in a contractual setting, punitive damages can be awarded for the tort. Punitive damages are usually reserved for when the defendant has displayed actual intent to cause harm (such as purposefully rearending someone else's car), (6) in cases of mere negligence.
（1）This Convention is open for accession by all States that are not signatory States as from the date it is open for signature.
（2）Within 10 days after the effective date of this contract, the Owner shall pay the Contractor as full and complete compensation for accomplishing the Works and assuming all obligations under this contract the contract price in the amount of 10,000 yuan.
（3）Where the seller sells the subject matter which has been delivered to a carrier for transportation and is in transit, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the risk of damage or loss is borne by the buyer as from the time of formation of the contract.
（4）The adoption of uniform rules to modernize and harmonize the rules that govern the international carriage of goods involving a sea leg would enhance legal certainty, improve efficiency and commercial predictability in the international carriage of goods and reduce legal obstacles to the flow of international trade among all States.
（5）If a Party (the “Assigning Party”) proposes to transfer all or any part of its interest in the registered capital of the Company to a third party, the other Party shall have a pre-emptive right to purchase such interest at the price offered to the third party.