Grammar
1. Non-finite Verb Forms as Object or Complement
Anon-finite verb is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, isnot fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, suchas tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. There are three kinds of non-finite verb:participles, gerunds and infinitives.
Anon-finite verb can be used as an object, for example:
My evening routine involves jogging slowly around the block.
A non-finite verbcan also be used as a complement, for example:
He has alot of things to do today.
Practice Complete the following sentences with the appropriate verb forms.
1. They object to ______ (speak) to like that.
2. I am writing with a view to ______ (find) out whether you have anynews about my son.
3. I felt the house ______ (shake) with the explosion.
4. He has been caught________ (steal) by the police.
5. We regret_____ (inform) you that your application has not beensuccessful.
2. Tense
Tense is a grammatical category thatlocates a situation in time, that indicates when the situation takes place.
| Tense | Affirmative / Negative / Question | Use |
| Simple Present | A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak? | Action in the present taking place once, never or several times Actions taking place one after another Action set by a timetable or schedule |
| Present Progressive | A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking? | Action taking place in the moment of speaking Action taking place only for a limited period of time Action arranged for the future |
| Simple Past | A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak? | Action in the past taking place once, never or several times Actions taking place one after another Action taking place in the middle of another action |
| Past Progressive | A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking? | Action going on at a certain time in the past Actions taking place at the same time Action in the past that is interrupted by another action |
| Present Perfect Simple | A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken? | Putting emphasis on the result Action that is still going on Action that stopped recently Finished action that has an influence on the present Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking |
| Present Perfect Progressive | A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking? | Putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) Action that recently stopped or is still going on Finished action that influenced the present |
| Past Perfect Simple | A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken? | Action taking place before a certain time in the past Sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive Putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) |
| Past Perfect Progressive | A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking? | Action taking place before a certain time in the past Sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple Putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action |
| Future I Simple | A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak? | Action in the future that cannot be influenced Spontaneous decision Assumption with regard to the future |
| Future I Simple (going to) | A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak? | Decision made for the future Conclusion with regard to the future |
| Future I Progressive | A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking? | Action that is going on at a certain time in the future Action that is sure to happen in the near future |
| Future II Simple | A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken? | Action that will be finished at a certain time in the future |
| Future II Progressive | A: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking? | Action taking place before a certain time in the future Putting emphasis on the course of an action |
Practice Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verbsgiven.
1. It’sno use trying to see him at six this evening, because he _____ (give) a lessonthen.
2. The children were frightened because it _____ (get ) dark.
3. It’shigh time you _____ (start) to think about your chances of landing a good jobafter graduation.
4. I hope the weather____ (be) nice.
5. Please send my best wishes when you ______ (meet) him.
Grammar
1. Non-finite Verb Forms as Object or Complement
Anon-finite verb is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, isnot fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, suchas tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. There are three kinds of non-finite verb:participles, gerunds and infinitives.
Anon-finite verb can be used as an object, for example:
My evening routine involves jogging slowly around the block.
A non-finite verbcan also be used as a complement, for example:
He has alot of things to do today.
Practice Complete the following sentences with the appropriate verb forms.
1. They object to ______ (speak) to like that.
2. I am writing with a view to ______ (find) out whether you have anynews about my son.
3. I felt the house ______ (shake) with the explosion.
4. He has been caught________ (steal) by the police.
5. We regret_____ (inform) you that your application has not beensuccessful.
2. Tense
Tense is a grammatical category thatlocates a situation in time, that indicates when the situation takes place.
| Tense | Affirmative / Negative / Question | Use |
| Simple Present | A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak? | Action in the present taking place once, never or several times Actions taking place one after another Action set by a timetable or schedule |
| Present Progressive | A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking? | Action taking place in the moment of speaking Action taking place only for a limited period of time Action arranged for the future |
| Simple Past | A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak? | Action in the past taking place once, never or several times Actions taking place one after another Action taking place in the middle of another action |
| Past Progressive | A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking? | Action going on at a certain time in the past Actions taking place at the same time Action in the past that is interrupted by another action |
| Present Perfect Simple | A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken? | Putting emphasis on the result Action that is still going on Action that stopped recently Finished action that has an influence on the present Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking |
| Present Perfect Progressive | A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking? | Putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) Action that recently stopped or is still going on Finished action that influenced the present |
| Past Perfect Simple | A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken? | Action taking place before a certain time in the past Sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive Putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) |
| Past Perfect Progressive | A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking? | Action taking place before a certain time in the past Sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple Putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action |
| Future I Simple | A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak? | Action in the future that cannot be influenced Spontaneous decision Assumption with regard to the future |
| Future I Simple (going to) | A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak? | Decision made for the future Conclusion with regard to the future |
| Future I Progressive | A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking? | Action that is going on at a certain time in the future Action that is sure to happen in the near future |
| Future II Simple | A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken? | Action that will be finished at a certain time in the future |
| Future II Progressive | A: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking? | Action taking place before a certain time in the future Putting emphasis on the course of an action |
Practice Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verbsgiven.
1. It’sno use trying to see him at six this evening, because he _____ (give) a lessonthen.
2. Thechildren were frightened because it _____ (get ) dark.
3. It’shigh time you _____ (start) to think about your chances of landing a good jobafter graduation.
4. I hope the weather____ (be) nice.
5. Pleasesend my best wishes when you ______ (meet) him.
