Grammar

1)      Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Progressive

Past perfect

We usethe past perfect to talk about a past event or situation that occurred before aparticular time in the past.

Example: Beforeher sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo.

Past perfect progressive

We usethe past perfect progressive when we talk about a situation or activity thathappened over a period up to a particular past time, or until shortly beforeit.

Use

l theaction taking place before a certain time in the past

l sometimesinterchangeable with past perfect simple

l puttingemphasis on the course or duration of an action

 

Complete the sentences with the past perfect or past perfectprogressive of the verbs in brackets.

1)       Foryears we ______ (talk) about buying new carpets, and last weekend we finallywent out and ordered some.

2)       She_____ (work) for the same company when she retired.

3)       Hefinally ______ (work) his way up from the shop floor to a management position.

4)       She______ (apply) for jobs, without success, since leaving university.

5)       Whenthe old lady returned to her flat, she saw at once that burglars _____ (break)in during her absence, because the front door was open and everything in theflat was upside down.

6)       Curiouslyenough, when I moved my foot, I found that I ______ (stand) on a 50p piece.

7)       Awoman came in with a baby, who she said ______ (swallow) a safety pin.

8)       Itwas the first time he ______ (be) abroad.

2)      shall, should, will, would  （制作时请注意下面斜体的地方在ppt中也要做成斜体）

shall - will

         Shall and will are both modal verbs primarily used to express the futuretense.

         In informal English, the Simple Future is usually conjugated entirelywith the auxiliary will, particularlyin American English.

         In more formal English, there is a rule which states that,
          ♦  the auxiliary shall should be used in the first person(I / we),
          ♦  and the auxiliary will should be used in the second personand third person (you, he / she / it, they):  

         However, shall currentlytends to be falling out of use, but it continues to be used with I  and we foroffers and suggestions.

              e.g. Shall we dance?

 should — would
         Should is theconditional form of shall.
          Would is the conditional form of will.

         In informal English today, the conditional tense is usuallyconjugated entirely with would.
            e.g. If Ihad enough money, I would buy a new car.

         Should is used:
             - to giveadvice:                   You should take regular exercise.
             - inhypothetical situations:   Should you need any help, just call me.
             - to givetentative opinions:    I should think the cost will be about£100.

 

Complete the following sentences with shall,should, will or would.

1)       Pleasetell George that he ____ receive our final decision on the matter on Friday atthe latest.

2)       Asnobody seems to have understood, ______ we repeat this lesson?

3)       _______ministers decide to instigate an inquiry, we would welcome it.

4)       Who_____ ever believe that actress was seventy? She doesn’t look a day overthirty.

5)       I______ do as I like; nothing and nobody is going to stop me.

6)       Nobills ______ be stuck on these hoardings. By order.

7)       I_____ be obliged if you would send them to me.

8)       Fromthe description of the hotel in the brochure, it ______ be very comfortable.

9)       A:Mary is in hospital again.

B: Well, she ______ not listen tothe doctor.

10)     A: I’m broke at the moment, so Ican’t afford to come to the cinema with you.

B: Well, you _____ spend all yourmoney at the casino.

3)      Adverbs

Adverbsare used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. There are several typesof adverbs:

Timeadverbs that connect the past to the present, such as recently, lately, for weeks, are often used with the presentperfect. Adverbs that refer to the definite past are used with the past tense.

 

l Adverbs of manner This type of adverb shows howsomething is done, such as a man “driving carefully” or a song being “passionatelysung.”

l Adverbs of degree This type of adverb tells thereader “how much” of something is done or experience, as in “We eat out a lot”or “The beer was extremely cold.”

l Adverbs of time This type of adverb providesinformation on the timing and occurrence of an event, such as when you promiseto “send the reports in an hour” or “attend a function next week.”

l Adverbs of frequency This type of adverb shows howoften something happens, as in “I usually take the bus around 7” or “I oftenlose track of time.”

l Adverbs of comment. This type of adverb provides anopinion on a situation, such as when remarking that, “Unfortunately, Christmasisn't happening this year.”