一、词汇匹配题：Match the term on the left with its correct definition on the right.

1. confined spaces

2. CO₂ detector

3. exposure

4. irritant

5. toxic

6. corrosive

7. flammable

8. naked flames/sparks

a. burns the skin

b. contact (with a danger)

c. sources of ignition

d. small areas without ventilation

e. measures carbon dioxide

f. poisonous

g. causes skin to react

h. catches fire easily

Key：1-d, 2-e, 3-b, 4-g, 5-f, 6-a, 7-h, 8-c

二、工程情景安全督导员角色扮演与纠正：

扮演“违规作业人员”的学生按照指令进行一些非致命性的违规行为。“安全督导员”需要及时发现并上前进行制止、教育和纠正。纠正过程中，督导员应说明违规行为的风险、正确的操作方法，以及违规可能带来的后果（包括法律后果）。

Scenario 1: An opening needs to be cut through the wall.

Safety Officer (Student A): “The main danger/hazard is the potential for confined spaces inside the tank, especially if there are residual petrol vapors. There’s also a risk of ** sparks or naked flames** from cutting tools igniting any remaining flammable vapors. We also need to consider the risk of toxic fumes being released from the metal or any old coatings during the cutting process. The engineer must ensure there’s no risk of confined spaces inside the tank prior to cutting, and if there are, the area needs to be properly ventilated and gas-tested. They’ll have to take care that all cutting equipment is explosion-proof, and if not, we need to isolate the work area from any potential ignition sources. PPE will include full fire-retardant clothing, respiratory protection, eye protection, and hearing protection.”

Engineering Manager (Student B): “Agreed. We’ll ensure the tank is thoroughly purged and gas-tested before any cutting commences. To be safe, they’ll need to use cold cutting methods if possible, or ensure all hot work permits are in order and safety checks are rigorously followed. If cutting is unavoidable, we’ll have dedicated fire watchers with appropriate extinguishing equipment on standby. They’ll have to be (very) careful about the integrity of the tank wall during cutting to avoid causing further damage. Any dust or debris generated will need to be managed appropriately to prevent inhalation or fire hazards.”

Scenario 2: A new steel outlet pipe must then be welded onto the opening.

Safety Officer (Student A): “The main danger/hazard here is again flammable vapors being ignited by the welding process. There’s a significant risk of confined spaces if the tank is not fully cleared and ventilated. Welding also produces fumes which can be toxic or an irritant, and there’s always a risk of corrosive materials in old residues. They’ll have to take care that the tank is completely free of flammable materials and vapors, and that the welding area is adequately ventilated. The area around the weld must be protected from sparks. PPE will need to include welding helmets with appropriate shade, welding gloves, leather aprons, and respirators for fume protection.”

Engineering Manager (Student B): “Understood. Before welding, we’ll re-test for flammable vapors and ensure there’s positive ventilation. To be safe, they’ll need to have a gas-free certificate for the tank and a hot work permit. A fire watch will be mandatory during and after welding. They’ll have to be (very) careful to ensure the weld is properly executed to maintain the tank’s integrity and prevent leaks. Proper grounding of the welding equipment is also crucial to prevent electrical hazards.”

Scenario 3: The existing paint must then be removed from the external surface of the tank, by shot-blasting.

Safety Officer (Student A): “The main danger/hazard is the creation of dust, which can contain heavy metals or other toxic substances from the old paint. There’s a risk of inhalation of this dust, and it can also be an irritant to the skin and eyes. The shot-blasting process itself can also be noisy, posing a risk to hearing. They’ll have to take care that workers are equipped with appropriate respiratory protection (e.g., powered air-purifying respirators), eye protection, and protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Proper containment of the dust is also essential.”

Engineering Manager (Student B): “We will use a wet shot-blasting method if possible to minimize dust. If dry blasting is required, we’ll use full containment enclosures and ensure extraction systems are in place. To be safe, they’ll need to wear specialized shot-blasting suits, helmets with air supply, and ear protection. The waste material will need to be collected and disposed of as hazardous waste. They’ll have to be (very) careful to avoid damaging the steel structure of the tank with the abrasive process.”

Scenario 4: The tank must then be repainted.

Safety Officer (Student A): “The main danger/hazard is the potential for flammable solvents and coatings in the paint. There’s a risk of inhalation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the paint, which can be toxic or an irritant. If the tank is still internally accessible, there’s a risk of confined spaces being entered without proper ventilation. They’ll have to take care that the work area is well-ventilated, and that appropriate respiratory protection is used if ventilation is insufficient. They’ll have to be (very) careful to avoid any ignition sources near the painting operation, especially if using solvent-based paints. PPE will include respirators suitable for organic vapors, chemical-resistant gloves, and protective clothing.”

Engineering Manager (Student B): “We’ll opt for low-VOC or water-based paints where possible. If solvent-based paints are used, we’ll ensure strict control over ventilation and enforce the use of appropriate respirators. To be safe, they’ll need to ensure all equipment is properly grounded to prevent static discharge, which could ignite flammable vapors. The tank interior will only be entered after thorough gas testing and ventilation, with appropriate confined space entry procedures followed. They’ll have to take care that the painting process itself does not create overspray hazards or fire risks.”