William Dean Howells (1837–1920)
Biographical Overview:
William Dean Howells was a leading American novelist, critic, and editor who played a key role in promoting literary realism in the late 19th century. Born in Ohio, he worked as a journalist before becoming an influential editor at The Atlantic Monthly (《大西洋月刊》), where he helped shape American literature by supporting writers like Mark Twain and Henry James.
Major Works:
A Modern Instance (《一个现代的例证》, 1882)
The Rise of Silas Lapham (《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》, 1885)
A Hazard of New Fortunes (《新财富的危害》, 1890)
Criticism and Fiction (《批评与小说》, 1891) – Literary essays
Literary Contributions:
Realism (现实主义):
Howells rejected romanticized storytelling and focused on everyday life, moral dilemmas, and social issues.
His works often examined middle-class struggles, business ethics, and urbanization.
Social Criticism (社会批评):
He addressed industrialization, class conflict, and gender roles, reflecting changes in post-Civil War America.
The Rise of Silas Lapham explores themes of morality and capitalism through a self-made businessman’s rise and fall.
Influence on American Literature:
Howells mentored many writers and advocated for realism over sentimentalism.
His critical essays defended realism as a truthful depiction of society.
Key Themes:
Moral complexity (道德复杂性) in modern life
Social mobility (社会流动性) and the American Dream
Urban vs. rural (城市与乡村) conflicts
Relevance for Chinese Students:
Howells’ works provide insight into America’s Gilded Age (镀金时代), a period of rapid industrialization similar to China’s recent economic growth.
His focus on ethical choices in a changing society resonates with global discussions on modernization.
Why Study Howells?
As "the dean of American letters," Howells bridges 19th-century romanticism and 20th-century modernism, offering a crucial perspective on America’s literary and social evolution.
