Learning objectives 学习目标

Keys and difficulties 重点、难点

• 重点：掌握被动语态的基本形式及用法，并对其进行实际运用。 

• 难点：能在具体语境中准确运用被动语态。

Grammar 语法内容

1. 概念理解：

英语的语态共有两种：主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态(Passive voice)是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。汉语往往用"被""受""给"等被动词来表示被动意义 。

2. 构成：

被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。

3. 十种时态的被动形式：

1)一般现在时

  主动语态：do

  被动语态：am is are done

  We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天打扫教室。

  The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。

2)一般过去时

  主动语态：did

  被动语态：was were done

  We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。

  The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。

3)一般将来时

  主动语态：will shall do

  被动语态：will shall be done

  We will clean the classroom soon. 我们很快要打扫教室。

  The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。

4)一般过去将来时

  主动语态：would do

  被动语态：would be done

  We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。

  We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。

5)现在进行时

 主动语态：am is are doing

  被动语态：am is are being done

  We are cleaning the classroom now. 我们现在正在打扫教室。

  The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。

6)过去进行时

  主动语态：was were doing

  被动语态：was were being done

  We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。

  The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫。

7）现在完成时

  主动语态：has have done

  被动语态：has have been done

  The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。

  The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了。

8）过去完成时

 主动语态：had done

 被动语态：had been done

 The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。

  The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。

9)将来完成时

  主动语态：will shall have done

  被动语态：will shall have been done

  We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock. 我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。

  The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock. 教室将在五点以前打扫完。

10)过去将来完成时

  主动语态：would have done

  被动语态：would have been done

  I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。

  I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。

4. 用法：

英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。

 1）. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者

  How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？

  After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。

2）. 强调动作的承受者

  If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you）

  A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School）

3）. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物

  The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。

5. 不能用被动语态的几种情况：

1）所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。

2）表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit等。

3）表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。

4）表示＂希望、意图＂的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。

5）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。