英语词汇学

艾朝阳

目录

  • 1 Chapter One LEXICOLOGY as a LINGUISTIC DISCIPLINE
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Branches of Linguistics
    • 1.3 Lexical Units
  • 2 Chapter Two
    • 2.1 Ways of Forming English Words
    • 2.2 Affixation
    • 2.3 Word-composition
    • 2.4 Classifications of English compounds
    • 2.5 Conversion
    • 2.6 Shortening or (ABBREVIATION)
    • 2.7 Blendings
    • 2.8 Non-productive ways of Word-building
  • 3 Chapter Three ETYMOLOGY  OF ENGLISH WORDS
    • 3.1 Native English Words
    • 3.2 Borrowings in the English Language
    • 3.3 Classification of Borrowings
  • 4 Chapter Four  SEMASIOLOGY
    • 4.1 Types of Meaning
    • 4.2 The Causes of Semantic Changes
    • 4.3 Semantic Structure of English Words
    • 4.4 Nature of Semantic Changes
    • 4.5 The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds
  • 5 Chapter Five TYPES  OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS
    • 5.1 Synonyms
    • 5.2 The Dominant Synonym
    • 5.3 Classification of Synonyms
    • 5.4 Antonyms
    • 5.5 Euphemisms
    • 5.6 The Evolution of Euphemisms
  • 6 Chapter Six ENGLISH VOCABULARY  AS A SYSTEM
    • 6.1 Homonyms
    • 6.2 Classification of Homonyms
    • 6.3 Archaisms
    • 6.4 Neologisms
  • 7 Chapter Seven PHRASEOLOGY
    • 7.1 Phraseological Units or Idioms
    • 7.2 Principles of Classification
    • 7.3 Semantic Classification of Phraseological Unitsv
    • 7.4 Structural Classification of Phraseological Units
    • 7.5 Parts of Speech Classification of Phraseological Units
    • 7.6 The Structural-Semantic Classification of PU
  • 8 Chapter Eight. The BRITISH AND  AMERICAN VARIANTS OF ENGLISH
    • 8.1 Differences in Pronunciation
    • 8.2 Differences in Spelling
    • 8.3 System of American English
  • 9 Chapter Nine ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
    • 9.1 LEXICOGRAPHY  as a branch of LINGUISTICS
      • 9.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF  LEXICOGRAPHY
      • 9.1.2 COMMON  CHARACTERISTICS  of DICTIONARIES
      • 9.1.3 The Process of Lemmatization
    • 9.2 MODERN TRENDS  IN ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
  • 10 新建课程目录
Differences in Spelling

There are some differences between British and American usage in spelling. So many words ending in -bre, -tre in Britain ( metre, fi bre) are spelled -er in the US (meter, fi ber). Words ending in -our in Britain (colour, labour) are usually spelled -or in the US (color, labor). Most verbs ending in -ize or -ise are spelled -ize in the US with the exception of a small number of verbs like advertise, devise, surprise having different origin. The words ending in -ce or -se are spelled in American use -se: defense, offense, while in British use they are spelled defence, offence. In British use, words of more than one syllable ending in -l and forming derivative double the l before a vowel: travel – travelling – travelled, cancel – cancelling – cancelled. In American use it is not doubled: travel – traveling – traveled, etc.The American spelling is in some respects simpler than its British variant, in other respect just different. The table below illustrates some of the other differences.

                                                                       

Words  with spelling:British EnglishAmerican  English
-re/ -ercentre,  theatrecenter,  theater
-ou-/-o-favouritefavorite
-gue/ -gdialogue,  catologuedialog,  catalog
-ce/ -sedefence,  offencedefense,  offense
-our/ -orhonour,  colourcolor,  honor
-ise/ -ize
   -yse/ -yze
realize,
   analyse
realize
   analyze
-ll-/ -l-jewelleryjewelry
-ae-/ -e-encyclopaediaencyclopedia
-xion/-ctionrefl  exionrefl  ection
-ity/ -tyspecialityspecialty
-s-/-z-cosycozy

There is a tendency of simplifying the spelling of some words: plough, programme, judgement they are British and plow, judgment, program for American.