英语词汇学

艾朝阳

目录

  • 1 Chapter One LEXICOLOGY as a LINGUISTIC DISCIPLINE
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Branches of Linguistics
    • 1.3 Lexical Units
  • 2 Chapter Two
    • 2.1 Ways of Forming English Words
    • 2.2 Affixation
    • 2.3 Word-composition
    • 2.4 Classifications of English compounds
    • 2.5 Conversion
    • 2.6 Shortening or (ABBREVIATION)
    • 2.7 Blendings
    • 2.8 Non-productive ways of Word-building
  • 3 Chapter Three ETYMOLOGY  OF ENGLISH WORDS
    • 3.1 Native English Words
    • 3.2 Borrowings in the English Language
    • 3.3 Classification of Borrowings
  • 4 Chapter Four  SEMASIOLOGY
    • 4.1 Types of Meaning
    • 4.2 The Causes of Semantic Changes
    • 4.3 Semantic Structure of English Words
    • 4.4 Nature of Semantic Changes
    • 4.5 The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds
  • 5 Chapter Five TYPES  OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS
    • 5.1 Synonyms
    • 5.2 The Dominant Synonym
    • 5.3 Classification of Synonyms
    • 5.4 Antonyms
    • 5.5 Euphemisms
    • 5.6 The Evolution of Euphemisms
  • 6 Chapter Six ENGLISH VOCABULARY  AS A SYSTEM
    • 6.1 Homonyms
    • 6.2 Classification of Homonyms
    • 6.3 Archaisms
    • 6.4 Neologisms
  • 7 Chapter Seven PHRASEOLOGY
    • 7.1 Phraseological Units or Idioms
    • 7.2 Principles of Classification
    • 7.3 Semantic Classification of Phraseological Unitsv
    • 7.4 Structural Classification of Phraseological Units
    • 7.5 Parts of Speech Classification of Phraseological Units
    • 7.6 The Structural-Semantic Classification of PU
  • 8 Chapter Eight. The BRITISH AND  AMERICAN VARIANTS OF ENGLISH
    • 8.1 Differences in Pronunciation
    • 8.2 Differences in Spelling
    • 8.3 System of American English
  • 9 Chapter Nine ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
    • 9.1 LEXICOGRAPHY  as a branch of LINGUISTICS
      • 9.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF  LEXICOGRAPHY
      • 9.1.2 COMMON  CHARACTERISTICS  of DICTIONARIES
      • 9.1.3 The Process of Lemmatization
    • 9.2 MODERN TRENDS  IN ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
  • 10 新建课程目录
Archaisms

Words can be classifi ed according to the period of their life in the language. The number of new words in a language is always larger than the number of words which come out of active usage. Accordingly we can have archaisms, that words which have come out of active usage. Archaisms are words which are no longer used in everyday speech, which have been ousted by their synonyms. Archaisms remain in the language, but they are used as stylistic devices to express solemnity. Most of these words are lexical archaisms and they are stylistic synonyms of words which ousted them from the neutral style. Some of them are: steed /horse/, slay /kill/, behold /see/, perchance /perhaps/, woe /sorrow/ etc. Sometimes a lexical archaism begins a new life, getting a new meaning, then the old meaning becomes a semantic archaism, e.g. «fair» in the meaning «beautiful» is a semantic archaism, but in the meaning «blond» it belongs to the neutral style. Sometimes the root of the word remains and the affi x is changed, then the old affi x is considered to be a morphemic archaism, e.g. «beautious» /»ous» was substituted by «ful»/, «bepaint» / «be» was dropped/, «darksome» /»some» was dropped/, «oft» / «en» was added/. etc.