I. Choose the one which is equal to the word given blow.

1. intricate  A. delicate       B. complex    C. skillful     D. various

2. degrade  A. break down    B. decrease    C. deny       D. descend

3. multiply  A. strengthen     B. enlarge     C. arrange     D. increase

4. steer  A. direct         B. sway       C. retreat      D. advance

5. deflection  A. deviation      B. completion   C. reflection   D. depletion

6. unwavering  A. unfaithful      B. steady       C. undoubtful  D. undetermined

7. ravage  A. devastate      B. break        C. hit       D. decrease

8. obscure  A. unimportant    B. furry        C. make unclear     D. obstruct

9. fluctuation  A. variation       B. stability      C. violation        D. floatation

10. debris  A. mud          B. trash         C. rubble           D. brick

11. fraction  A. division         B. separation     C. integration       D. portion

12. inversely  A. contrarily     B. positively     C. correspondently    D. independently

13. sewage  A. sow          B. plumber      C. sullage           D. pipe

14. intrusion  A. introduction    B. induction     C. insertion          D. invasion

15. pathway  A. crossing       B. route         C. pave             D. branch

16. crisscross  A. zigzag        B. twist          C. straight           D. cross

17. strand  A. string         B. strangle       C. beach             D. break

18. vulnerable  A. firm          B. resistant       C. fragile             D. strong

19. intrinsic  A. complicated    B. external       C. intrusive          D. inherent

20. lodge  A. cater          B. leave         C. accommodate      D. camp

II. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Put a “T”, if the statement is true and put an “F”, if the statement is false.

1. Each species is suited to its environmental niche and affects its immediate environment through its life process.

2. Though a young science, ecology has already developed simplifying generalizations as the law of physics.

3. Norbert Wiener, the contemporary scientist, proposed the concept “cybernetics”. 

4. Ecological cycles are usually not easily observed because of the effects of daily or seasonal variations in weather and environmental agents.

5. In the rabbit-lynx system, the lynx population is negatively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbit population is positively related to the number of lynx.

6. Though the ecological system is capable of remaining balanced itself, there is still the danger of collapse when the system cannot compensate itself. 

7. Branching of the system will decrease the resistance of an ecosystem to stress. 

III. Translation:

1. 无论你怎样用力拉扯它,一旦放开,它马上就能回复原位。

2. 她身体虚弱，易受风寒。

3. 回报和付出成正比。

4. 千里之堤，溃于蚁穴。

5. 这么多年过去了，以前的老厂房早就被改造成了艺术家的工作室。

I. Choose the one which is equal to the word given blow:

1. detrimental   A. healthy     B. harmful     C. incremental    D. instrumental

2. thrust  A. pull          B. tie           C. wind             D. poke

3. discard  A. disregard      B. use up        C. remain           D. throw away

4. induce  A. incur         B. incept         C. incise            D. incite

5. mutation  A. violation      B. rotation        C. variation         D. silence

6. staggering  A. swaying      B. surprising       C. crossed           D. unwavering

7. foregoing  A. foretelling    B. after-mentioned   C. fore-mentioned     D. following

8. synthesize  A. compound    B. degrade         C. change           D. extract

9. toxic  A. disastrous    B. poisonous        C. unhealthy        D. insufficient

10. depart  A. throw       B. approach         C. leave            D. pass

11. prudent  A. bold       B. decisive          C. careful           D. cautious

12. disseminate  A. spread      B. penetrate        C. gather          D. degrade

13. catastrophic  A. magnificant  B. disastrous       C. massive         D. sensational

14. potentate  A. authority     B. tyrant       C. giant             D. millionaire

15. enmesh  A. mess up     B. include            C. trap              D. network

16. incisive  A. keen        B. decisive           C. inductive          D. interesting

17. assault  A. insult        B. protect            C. assassinate        D. attack

18. elucidate  A. generalize    B. expound           C. restate           D. brief

19. miasma  A. fresh air      B. poisonous gas      C. breath            D. vapor

20. inflict  A. conflict      B. restrain            C. relieve           D. impose

II. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Put a “T” if the statement is true, and put an “F” if the statement is false.

1. The third law of ecology is not easy to be accepted by the common people because they think human beings know best.

2. The author believes it’s totally true that any major man-made change in a natural system is likely to be detrimental to that system. 

3. It is very likely that a random thrust of the pencil into the watch happened to make the precise change needed to improve it. 

4. The structure of a present living thing is likely to be the best because of the long-time screening for disadvantageous components by nature.

5. Any organic substance is synthesized by nature before there is provision for its degradation. 

6. The literary giants like Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman etc. are environmentalists themselves.

III. Translation:

1. 他的提议立即遭到了大家的强烈反对。

2. 他这根深蒂固的观点从未改变过。

3. 他这种不负责任的态度必定危害到整个项目的进展。

4. 他这么卖命地工作，赚到了钱却熬坏了身子。

5. 我军的突袭让敌人措手不及。

IV. Comprehension & Composition

Please write an essay to:

1) introduce the four laws of ecology in your own words and

2) explain the sentence in your own idea "In ecology, the fourth law embodies the three previous laws in a way." (300 words)