Section Four Consolidation Activities
I. Vocabulary Analysis
1. be through with = have sth. finished 完成
e.g. Are you through with the thesis? 你的论文写完了么？
She was through with him long ago. 她跟他的关系早就结束了。
2. look over one’s shoulder = by looking from behind one's shoulder 回头看
e.g. Do not look over one’s shoulder while listening. 听别人说话的时候，回头看是不礼貌的。
3. take … apart =dissemble 拆开；粗暴对待
e.g. The little boy took the TV set apart with a screwdriver. 小男孩用一把螺丝刀拆开了电视机。
4. be prepared to = like/ want to 想要做
e.g. I'm not prepared to live here anymore,since the room is terribly dirty.
因为这个房间太脏了，我再也不准备住这儿了。
All the parties should be prepared to negotiate in this situation.
在这种情况下，各方都需要做好协商的准备。
1.
entitle: to give a title to a book
e.g. His latest novel, entitled “The Forgotten Sex”, is out this week.
tag: if you tag something, you attach something to it or mark it so that it can be identified later
e.g. Let's tag the disks now or else we will forget which is which.
head: if a page is headed with a particular name, title, image, etc. it has it on the top
e.g. The page was headed “Expenses”.
label: to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something, but often unfairly or incorrectly
e.g. If you spend any time in prison, you will labeled as a criminal for the rest of your life.
2.
scornful: if you are scornful of someone or something, you show contempt for them
e.g. He is deeply scornful of politicians.
proud: feeling pleased about something that you have done or something that you own, or about someone or something you are involved with or in
e.g. Her parents are very proud of her.
sorrowful: very sad
e.g. With a sorrowful sigh she folded the letter and put it away.
afraid: if you are afraid of someone or afraid to do something, you are frightened because you think that something very unpleasant is going to happen to you
e.g. I was afraid of the other boys.
3.
technical: a technical language is the one that is difficult for most people to understand because it is connected with one particular subject or used in one particular job
e.g. If possible, a doctor should avoid using technical terms when talking to patients.
mechanical: describing machines or their parts
e.g. The plane appeared to have crashed because of a mechanical problem.
sentimental: relating to or involving feelings such as pity or love, especially for things in the past
e.g. Our paintings and photographs are of a sentimental value only.
logical: seeming reasonable and sensible
e.g. It is a logical site for a new supermarket, with the housing development nearby.
4.
code: a set of rules which are accepted as general principles, or a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave
e.g. Clinics will be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger controls by local authorities.
discipline: the practice of making people obey rules or standards of behavior, and punishing them when they do not
e.g. Children have to obey the discinples.
key: the part of a plan, action, etc, that will make it possible for it to succeed
e.g. Working well as a team is key to success.
principle: a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
e.g. The most important principle is the equal opportunity for all.
5.
number: to give a number to something that is part of an ordered set or list
e.g. They have not numbered the pages of the report.
calculate: to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already have, and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers
e.g. The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual.
figure: to calculate an amount
e.g. I am still figuring my taxes.
estimate: If you estimate a quantity or value, you make an approximate judgment or calculation of it.
e.g. I estimate that the total cost for treatment will be $12,500.
6.
score: the number of points, goals, etc. achieved in a game or competition
e.g. Have you heard of the latest cricket score?
point: one of the marks or numbers that shows your score in a game or sport
e.g. He is three points behind the leader.
mark: a point that is given for a correct answer or for doing something well in an exam or competition
e.g. He did well to get such a good mark.
number: one of a series of symbols used in counting, which is used to mark a particular example of something
e.g. Please write your credit card number on this form.
7.
superior: used to describe someone who believes that they are better than other people and acts in such a way
e.g. I can’t bear Amanda-she’s so superior.
lofty: if you say that someone behaves in a lofty way, you are criticizing them for behaving in a proud and rather unpleasant way, as if they think they are very important
e.g. She has such a lofty manner.
stupid: if you say that someone or something is stupid, you mean that they show a lack of good judgment or intelligence and they are not sensible at all
e.g. I’ll never do anything so stupid again.
advanced: modern and well developed
e.g. This is the most advanced type of engine available.
8.
smart: intelligent or sensible
e.g. The smart kids get good grades and go off to the college.
wise: a wise person is able to use their experience and knowledge in order to make sensible decisions and judgments
e.g. She has the air of a wise woman.
intelligent: being able to learn and understand things easily
e.g. Helen had a few intelligent things to say on the subject.
modern: made or done using the most recent designs or methods
e.g. A lot of progress has been made with the use of modern technology.
3. Synonym / Antonym
Give synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. Today Tommy found a real book.
Synonyms: actual, genuine, true
2. They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words that stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to—on a screen, you know.
Antonyms: moving, movable, mobile, restless,
3. They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words that stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to —on a screen, you know.
Synonyms: rough, coarse, uneven
4. Margie always hated school, but now she hated it more than ever.
Antonyms: like, love, enjoy
5. Margie was scornful.
Synonyms: disdainful, contemptuous
6. Tommy looked at her with very superior eyes.
Antonyms: inferior, subordinate, secondary
7. “Maybe,” he said nonchalantly.
Synonyms: indifferently, coldly, coolly, casually, offhandedly
8. Little girls learned better if they learned at regular hours.
Antonyms: irregular, uncertain, random
Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in brackets.
1. It’s quite pointless to ask him again. He’ll never agree. (point)
2. No, this is not the original; it’s a good reproduction, though. (produce)
3. We’d better go by train. The car is too unreliable for such a long journey. (rely)
4. Thanks to your generosity we have now collected the money we need. (generous)
5. Jenny has sent me a very apologetic letter explaining why she didn’t do what she had promised. (apology)
6. You must realize that such disobedience cannot be tolerated. (obey)
7. I have never worked for such a considerate employer; I think all the other employees have the same opinion (employ)
8. Without your encouragement he would never have been able to do it. (courage)
1. point (n.) 点，要点，尖端，细节，目标
pointless (adj.) 不尖的，钝的，不得要领的
pointy (adj.) 非常尖的，有明显尖状突出部分的
e.g. This point is no leeway for dispute. 这一点是没有争论的余地的。
He heaped scorn on painting and sculpture which he described as pointless pastimes. 他嘲笑绘画和雕塑，称它们为无意义的消遣。
2. produce （v.）生产，提出，引起，生产
product (n.) 产品，成果
production (n.) 生产，产品，产量，作品，成果
productivity (n.) 生产率，生产能力
productive (adj.) 能生产的，有生产价值的，多产的
reproduce (v.) 复制，再生，生殖
reproduction (n.) 复制品，复制，繁殖，生殖
e.g. Can water turn into wine? How can earth and water produce a live frog! 水能变成酒吗?泥土与水何以能制造出一只活生生的青蛙?
During the most productive time in her career, she wrote five novels. 在她创作生涯中最多产的时期，她写了五本小说。
We need to build a sales force with high productivity. 我们必须建立一支高产能的销售队伍。
3. rely(v.)依赖，依靠
reliable (adj.) 可靠地，可信的
reliability (n.) 可靠性
unreliable (adj.) 不可靠的
unreliability (n.) 不可靠性，不安全性
e.g. The only man a girl can rely on is her father . 一个女孩唯一可以依赖一生的男人就是她的父亲。
I don’t think he is a reliable man. 我不认为他是一个可靠的人。
That he always failed to appear raises serious doubts as to his reliability. 他一直未露面，实在使人怀疑他是否可靠。
I was fed up with my old and unreliable car. 我受够我那辆又老又不可靠的车子了。
4. generous （adj.）慷慨的，宽宏大量的，丰盛的，味浓的
generousness (n.) 慷慨，宽大，丰富，肥沃
generosity (n.) 慷慨，大方
e.g. The generous man receives more than he gives. 大方的人得到的比给予的多。
If children live with sharing, they learn generosity. 如果生活在分享之中，孩子们将学会慷慨。
5. apology (n.) 道歉；勉强的替代物
apologize (v.) 道歉，谢罪
apologetical (adj.) 辩解的
apologetic (adj.) 道歉的，认错的，赔罪的
e.g. In my judgment, we should accept their apology. 依我看，我们应该接受他们的道歉。
I apologize for what happened. 我为所发生的事情道歉。
He spoke in an apologetic voice. 他说话充满歉意。
6. obey (v.) 服从，听从，顺从
obedient (adj.) 服从的，顺从的
obedience (n.) 服从，顺从
disobedient (adj.) 不服从的，不顺从的
disobedience (n.) 不服从，违抗
e.g. You must obey her without question. 你必须绝对服从她的命令。
"I only wish to have three obedient boys." answered the mother. “我只想要三个听话的孩子，”母亲回答。
His father beat the disobedient boy. 父亲打了那个不听话的孩子.
7. employ （v.）雇佣，使用
employee (n.) 雇员
employment (n.) 职业，雇佣，使用
employer (n.) 雇主
employless (adj.) 失业的，无业的
unemployment (n.) 失业率，失业人数
unemploy (v.) 解雇，使失业
e.g. I employ all my energies in writing. 我把我的全部精力用于写作。
He has no permanent employment. 他没有固定的工作。
Lack of job opportunities results in severe unemployment. 工作机会的缺乏导致严重的失业。
8. courage (n.) 勇敢，胆量
courageous (adj.) 勇敢的
discourage (v.) 使气馁，阻碍
discouraged (adj.) 泄气的，沮丧的
discouragement (n.) 挫折
e.g. Courage is grace under pressure. 勇气是压力下的风度。
A courageous man never wants weapons. 勇敢之人从来不需要武器。
Teachers should discourage their students from smoking and drinking. 教师应劝阻学生吸烟喝酒。
My mother always speaks words of cheer to me when I feel discouraged. 每当我觉得气馁的时候，我母亲总会对我说安慰鼓励的话。
II. Grammar Exercises
1. Generic reference and specific reference of a/an, the
We usually use “the” when we talk about things that are unique: the sun, the sky, etc, and about things that are context specific and are known by both the speaker and the listener. If we want to describe a particular instance of these we can use “a/an”.
e.g. I could see the plane (context specific, both the speaker and the listener know about the plane that is mentioned) high up in the sky (unique).
When I woke up there was a bright blue sky (an instance).
Practice: Put in a/an or the where necessary.
1. ______ Renaissance was the period of the revival of classical art and literature in the 14th to 16th centuries.
2. English has become _____ international language of business.
3. Within a day of washing, my hair it starts to feel greasy. I have yet to find ______ shampoo to solve this problem.
4. Do you remember when Mark and Julie came over and had that terrible row? That was ______ day I wouldn’t want to go through again.
5. I couldn’t go to Jane’s party. It was ______ day I was babysitting for Derek and Linda.
6. I know the meeting will be on ______ Sunday in June, but I don’t know the exact date yet.
Keys:
1. The (a unique event in history)
2. the (unique and context specific)
3. a (a kind of shampoo)
4. a (an instance)
5. the (context specific, both the speaker and the listener know which day)
6. a (one)
2. "Go to school" or "go to the school"
A/an, the and zero articles can all be used in set collocations or fixed collocations and idioms. Caution that collocations with different choices of articles can mean differently.
e.g. A man is standing in the front of the house. (The man is in the house.)
A tree is standing in front of the house. (The tree is outside the house.)
I go to school every day. (=I go to the school to study every day.)
I went to the school today. (=Today I went to some place and that place was a school.)
Practice: Put in the where necessary.
1. He sleeps during _____ day and works at _____ night.
2. It is cold outside. Put on your sweater or you will catch _____ cold.
3. We heard the news on _____ radio. They watched the news on _____ television.
4. He was very religious. He used to go to _____ church every Sunday.
5. He couldn’t wait any longer. He decided to go to _____ church to find her himself.
6. He was the officer in _____ charge of the investigation
Keys: 1. the, / 2. a 3. the, / 4. / 5. the 6. /
III. Translation exercises
1..一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（Head）
Explanation:
If you head a group of people (sometimes followed by up), you go at the head of or in front of them or you are the head or chief of them: e.g. to head a school; to head up a department. When you head something, you direct the course of sth. or turn the head or front of in a specified direction.
Translation:
Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.
Practice:
我们看见他向我们走来, 就让到一边。
We saw him heading for us, so we stepped aside.
2.小张的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人去请医生。(send for)
Explanation:
To send for sb. is to request someone to come by sending them a message.
Translation:
Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately.
Practice:
静脉注射液快要输完了，我要准备叫护士来了。
I'm going to send for a nurse, as the intravenous drip will run out soon.
3.在这个信息爆炸的时代，我们必须不断努力更新知识，才能适应工作的需要。（become adjusted to）
Explanation:
If you become adjusted to something or a place, you get used to it.
Translation:
In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement of our work.
Practice:
去适应一个腐朽的社会也是心理健康的表现么？
Is becoming well-adjusted to a sick society a sign of good mental health?
4.那男孩把衬衫塞到裤腰里，将皮包夹在腋下，看上去俨然一副老板样。(tuck)
Explanation:
To tuck is to make one or more folds in or to gather up and fold, thrust, or turn in so as to secure or confine.
Translation:
With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss.
Practice:
俗语说：“夹紧尾巴做人。”
As the saying goes, "Behave yourself and tuck your tail between your legs."
如果你去郊游的话，记得在包里带上塑料袋。Remember to tuck a plastic bag in your bag.
When you go for a walk in the countryside,
IV. Exercises for integrated skills
1. Dictation
Children learn almost nothing from television, / and the more they watch, / the less they remember. / They regard television purely as entertainment, / resent programs that make demands on them / and are surprised that anybody should take the medium seriously. / Far from being over-excited by programs, / they are mildly bored with the whole thing. / These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television. / Its author confirms / that the modern child is a dedicated viewer. / The study suggests / that there is little point in the television company’s attempts / to isolate adult viewing in the later hours. / More than a third of the children regularly watched their programs after 9 p.m. / All 11-year-olds had watched programs after midnight.
2. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.
What (1) fun it is to jump into a pool or go swimming in a river in summer! How joyful and relaxing it is to have a (2) game of table tennis after a day of study at school! And how exciting it is to play or (3) watch a close game of basketball or volleyball! All over the world (4) millions of people take part in different kinds of sports. Sports are perhaps the most (5) popular form of relaxation that almost all can enjoy, no matter (6) who they are, boys or girls, men or women, young or old.
Some people seem to think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do (7) at times when they are not working, instead of going to the cinema, listening to the (8) radio, or sleeping. But in fact sports and games can be of great (9) value, especially to people who work with their brains. They should not be treated only as (10) amusement.
Hints:
1) fun: Here you can use a noun meaning “joy” so that this sentence can have the similar meaning with the following sentence.
2) game: This word collocates with “table tennis”.
3) watch: This word collocates with “game of basketball or volleyball”. If you do not play the game of basketball or volleyball, what esle could you do?
4) millions: This word is used to describe that the number of sports fans is huge.
5) popular: This adjective is used to describe something that is enjoyed or liked by a lot of people.
6) who: Here you can use a word to lead a confessional adverbial clause.
7) at: This is a phrase with the word “times”. It is used to say that something happens or is true on some occasions at some moments.
8) radio: This word collocates with “listen to”. What do the people do when they do not work?
9) value: You can use a word to emphasize that the sports and games are important and useful.
10) amusement: Here you can use a noun meaning “pleasure”.
