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教 学 内 容： Face to Face with Hurricane Camille Joseph P. Blank Aims
To know the writing technique of a narrative. To be acquainted with some literary terms To learn to use words to describe disasters and violence To appreciate the language features To learn to write a story about disasters.
Teaching Contents n Pre-reading questions n Background n Text study n The literary style and terms of narration n Language points n Comprehension Questions n Text Analysis and Appreciation n Exercises n Tasks After Class
Pre-reading questions 1. What types/styles of writing do you know? Explain them briefly. 2. What is narration? How is a piece of narration developed? What elements are basically necessary in a narrative writing? 3. What is Hurricane? What other related terms do you know?
Background n Hurricane: a tropical storm in which winds attain speeds greater than 75 miles (121 kilometers) per hour. The term is often restricted to those storms occurring over the North Atlantic Ocean. Incipient hurricanes usually form over the tropical N Atlantic Ocean and mature as they drift westward. Hurricanes also occasionally form off the west coast of Mexico and move northeastward from that area. An average of 3. 5 tropical storms per year eventually mature into hurricanes along the east coast of North America, usually over the Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico. n Hurricanes are given girls' names. The National Weather Service of the United States has used girls' names to identify hurricanes in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico since 1953 and the names were given in alphabetical order. A semi-permanent list of 10 sets of names in alphabetical order was established in 1971. This practice of giving girls' names to hurricanes changed recently. In 1980 a hurricane was given a man's name and was called Hurricane David. Hurricane season begins June 1 and ends Nov. 30. n Hurricane Camille:The storm lashed Mississippi and Louisiana for two days, Aug. 17 - 18, in 1969. The death toll was 258.
n Hurricane Betsy:The- storm lashed Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana in 1965 from Sept. 7 - 10, causing the death of 74 persons.
n Salvation Army:Protestant denomination and international nonsectarian Christian organization for evangelical (福音的) and philanthropic (慈善的) work. It was founded by William Booth, with the assistance of his wife Catherine Booth. The movement, begun in 1865, was originally known as the East London Revival Society, shortly renamed the Christian Mission, and finally in 1878 designated the Salvation Army. A military form of organization, with uniforms and other distinctive features, was adopted in the interest of a more effective "warfare against evil." The organization has established branches in more than 75 countries throughout the world. Each country has its divisions and local corps, with a commander at the head of all. International headquarters are in London. The army operates hospitals, community centers, alcoholic and drug rehabilitation (恢复) programs, emergency and disaster services, social work centers and recreation facilities. Support of the vast undertakings in all parts of the world depends upon voluntary contributions and profits from the sale of publications. n Red Cross: international organization concerned with the alleviation of human suffering and the promotion of public health. The creation of the agency was spurred by Jean Henry Dunant (1878- 1910). Dunant, a Swiss citizen, urged the formation of voluntary aid societies for relief of war victims. He also asked that service to military sick and wounded be neutral. The Society genovoise d'utilite publique, a Swiss welfare agency, actively seconded Dunant's suggestion, the result being the formation ( 1863) of the organization that is today known as the International Committee of the Red Cross. The next year, delegates from 16 nations met in Switzerland and the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field was adopted and signed by 12 of the nations represented. It provided for the neutrality of the personnel of the medical services of armed forces, the humane treatment of wounded, the neutrality of civilians who voluntarily assisted them, and the use of an international emblem to mark medical personnel and supplies. In honor of Dunant's nationality a red cross on a white background -- the Swiss flag with colors reversed -- was chosen as the symbol (which in Moslem areas is replaced by a red crescent and in Iran by a red lion and sun). Today there are national Red Cross societies in over 100 countries of the world, each a self-governing organization, and two international groups with headquarters in Geneva: the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies. The blanket agency for all Red Cross group is known as the International Red Cross,
n Text study n The literary style and terms of narration n Language points n Comprehension Questions n Text Analysis and Appreciation The literary style Narration A piece of narration is mainly developed in the actual time sequence – chronological development. The writer tells the readers what happens first, what next. Narration is concerned with action, with life in motion, with a meaningful series of actions. It goes around people called characters in some kind of struggle or conflict against other people, nature, society or themselves. The actions, that is, incidents and events are generally presented in order of their occurrence, following the natural time sequence of the happenings (chronological order). As the conflict develops, suspense and tension increase until the highest point or the climax of the struggle is reached. After the climax, the story quickly moves to a conclusion, which is sometimes called a denouement(结局).
Action (lot) usually dominates narration; however, some narratives focus on character, theme (the idea behind the story), or atmosphere (the mood or tone).
narration -- story telling extended narration -- novels histories biographies autobiographies travelogues The Literary terms
The essentials of narration: Characterization The process by which a writer presents the personal traits of the people in a story. Through characterization, writers make clear what the characters in their stories are like. Writers commonly use five methods of characterization: 1) they show their characters in action; 2) they tell what the characters say; 3) they give a physical description of the characters; 4) they tell how others react to the characters; 5) they state directly what the characters are like. Protagonist(主角; 主人公;) The central character in a story, the one upon whom the action centers. The protagonist faces a problem and must undergo some conflict* to solve it. The protagonist is opposed by an antagonist, * which may be a person, or some force of nature, or even a flaw in the protagonist's personality. Antagonist(敌手，反对者;（戏剧，小说等的）反面人物;) The character or force that opposes the protagonist,* who is the central character in a story. In a few stories, the antagonist is not a person, but an animal or a force, such as a storm or a weakness of character, that the protagonist is trying to overcome. Setting The place and the time in which a story happens. In some stories the setting is very important; it may actually determine what happens. Setting can also be used to create atmosphere or mood: in Jack London's "To Build a Fire," the frozen Yukon setting creates an atmosphere of bleakness and hostility. Plot The plot is an account of the conflict* that takes place between the antagonist and the protagonist. What happens in a story. Plot consists of a series of related events that are brought to some kind of conclusion. Most plots contain the following elements: a problem to be solved; a conflict;* suspense;* and a climax.* Conflict The struggle between opposing forces that is the basis of all of our stories. Usually the conflict is between two persons, but it may be between a person and a natural force, such as a flood, or between a person and society, or between a person and a weakness in that person's character. A conflict is external when it takes place between a character and some outside force. A conflict is internal when it takes place within a character's own mind or feelings. There often may be more than one kind of conflict in a story. n Protagonist --Antagonist n Man nature n Man man n Man himself
n Face to face with n Hurricane Camille /typhoon/volcano/earthquake/ n Pollution/global warming/population explosion/disease/ n Nuclear weapon/warfare/energy exhaustion/economic crises/ Suspense a state of uncertainty
Climax The point in a story when we find out whether or not the protagonist* has won the conflict.* The climax is usually the moment of greatest suspense and interest in a story. Denouement It is the ending or the conclusion of the story. After the climax, when all the conflicts are settled, the story quickly moves to a conclusion, which is called a denouement. Theme The main idea in a story. The theme of a story usually is an idea about life or about people. Writers sometimes state the story's theme outright, but more often they simply tell the story and let the reader discover the theme. It is important to understand the difference between theme and plot.* Theme is an idea revealed by the events of the story; plot is simply what happens in a story. Point of view The vantage point from which a story is told. When a story is told by a character in the story, it is told from the first-person point of view. The character telling such a story uses the pronoun I, which in grammar is called the first-person pronoun. A narrator using the first person can tell us only what he or she can hear and see as a character in the story. When a story is told by the writer as an outsider, it is told from the third-person point of view. Such a storyteller is not limited, but knows everything. Hence, the third-person point of view is sometimes called the omniscient point of view. Interposition (插叙) A passage which is put between the action. The purpose is to add more information and to create suspense. Flashback (倒叙) The Interruption of chronological sequence by interjection of event of earlier occurrence.
Language Points 1. Hurricane and other terms of wind hurricane -- typhoon -- whirlwind – a general term/ circular wind tornado – visible as a tube-shaped cloud of dust which moves in a relatively narrow path can be devastating in its destructiveness cyclone – a vortex, usually hundreds of miles in diameter; over the Indian Ocean Gale -- a general term for a very strong wind capable of doing considerable damage to property Tsunami a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life. 2. Face to Face with Hurricane Camille: All headings and titles are generally succinct and particular care is given to the choice of words. The aim is to present the article, story, etc. as vividly and as forcefully as possible to attract the attention of would-be readers. face to face: confronting one another, connoting a sense of urgency and danger. The confrontation is generally with something dangerous, difficult or hard to resolve. e.g. face to face with the enemy face to face with the tiger face to face with the problem n Analyse paragraph 1. n Does it have a topic sentence, a central idea? n How is the paragraph developed? n What is the function of the last sentence? n The topic sentence -- "John Koshak, Jr., knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad." n This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr., knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad． n The last sentence introduces some other characters in the story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story -- why John Koshak Jr. decided not to abandon his home． n Skim through the text and see how you can divide the first part. -- Para.1- Para.6
n What is the main idea? -- Knowing hurricane Camille would be bad and still reluctant to abandon their home, the Koshaks were preparing for the hurricane. 3. John Koshak, Jr: Jr.: the abbreviation of junior. Sr.: (senior) is sometimes put after the name of the father. If the name continues into the third generation, Roman numerals (I. II. III. etc.) are used, mainly among big, rich, tipper class families, e. g. John Rockefeller I / John Rockefeller II / John Rockefeller III
4. Radio and television warnings ... The weather report on Aug. 17: The weather forecast says "cloudy" today, with a strong wind from the northwest, grade five to six on the Beaufort Scale. The lowest temperature during the daytime will be eight degrees centigrade below zero.
lashed: a specific verb, meaning to strike with great force, e.g. Waves lashed the cliffs. Gulf of Mexico: Most hurricanes in this area are formed over the Caribbean Sea and they move over the Gulf of Mexico to strike the Gulf States of the United States -- Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, etc.
5. It was certain ... the Koshaks lived: pummel: to beat or hit with repeated blows. Gulfport: seaport in S. Miss., on the Gulf of Mexico Miss: abbreviation for Mississippi n Game-play: Test yourself and see how many abbreviations of US states you know. 6. Trying to reason out the course of action: Trying to find out the best way to deal with the hurricane by logical thinking and argument, … reason out: express logically by argument n Reasons to stay: 1. He is a self-employed businessman managing his own company, which is right at home. 2. His present house was in a better condition than his former house.
7. whose business was right there in his home: His business office, workshop, etc. were all in his home. Magna Products: name of the company owned and run by John Koshak Jr. engineering drawings: diagrams and sketches for machines art work: designs, models, pictures for the various toys
first floor: in U. S., the ground floor; in Europe and Great Britain, the floor above this 8. Koshak had moved his family to a motel: motel: a blend word, formed by combining parts of [mo(torist) + (ho)tel], e.g. brunch (breakfast + lunch) smog (smoke + fog) motel (motor+hotel)
n Make a list of blend words after class. 9. We're elevated 23 feet: In British English one would probably say “We're 23 feet above sea level.” 10. we're a good 250 yards from the sea: We're at least 250 yards distant from the sea. good: a general intensive, meaning "at least, "full", e.g. We waited a good six hours. 11. we can batten down（封舱; [体] 钉上压条;）and ride it out: two metaphors, comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. batten down: to fasten canvas over the hatches of a ship, especially in preparing for a storm ride it out: to stay afloat during. a storm without too much damage
12. The men methodically ... hurricane: The men in the house made all the necessary preparations to fight the hurricane and they went about their work in a systematic and orderly manner. methodically: systematically and orderly 13. A power failure ... for the lantern: power failure: a breakdown in the supply of electricity check out: to examine 14. gray clouds ... on the rising wind: scudded in: driven inland by the wind Gulf: the Gulf of Mexico Rising wind: wind that was getting stronger and stronger 15. A neighbor ... with the Koshaks: whose husband was inVietnam: This was 1961. The husband of this neighbor was in the American army fighting in Vietnam. sit out the storm: to stay until the end of the storm n Questions (paras 1-6): 1. How many people were there in Koshak’s family? Were there other people together with them? 2. Did they know hurricane was bad? How did they know that? 3. Was it the first time they met with hurricane? What happened to them then? 4. Why did John Koshak decide to stay and face the dangers of a devastating hurricane? 5. What does “Magna Products” stand for? 6. How did they prepare for the hurricane? 7. What kind of man is Koshak, Sr.? n Where can you end the second part? What is this part about? -- Para. 7 – Para. 27 n Underline those words that can tell the force of hurricane while reading the nest part. n Pay special attention to the sentence structures employed by the writer in this part.
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教 学 内 容：Hiroshima---- the “liveliest” city in Japan Background: 1. The Map of Japan
Hiroshima: Hiroshima, city on southwestern Honshû Island, Japan, capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, at the head of Hiroshima Bay. The city was founded in 1594 on six islands in the Ôta River delta. Hiroshima grew rapidly as a castle town and commercial city, and after 1868 it was developed as a military center. On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-1945), the first atomic bomb to be used against an enemy position was dropped on the city by the United States Army Air Forces (see Nuclear Weapons). According to U.S. estimates 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or missing as a result of the bomb and many more were made homeless. (In 1940 the population of Hiroshima had been 343,698.) The blast also destroyed more than 10 sq km (4 sq mi) of the city, completely destroying 68 percent of Hiroshima's buildings; another 24 percent were damaged. Every August 6 since 1947, thousands participate in interfaith services in the Peace Memorial Park built on the site where the bomb exploded. In 1949 the Japanese dedicated Hiroshima as an international shrine of peace. After the war, the city was largely rebuilt, and commercial activities were resumed. Machinery, automobiles, food processing, and the brewing of sake are the main industries. The surrounding area, although mountainous, has fertile valleys where silk, rice, and wheat are produced. Population (1990) 1,085,705. 2. The Bombing of Hiroshima
On August 6, 1945, The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of Little Boy. On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and military center. An estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, and thousands more were made homeless. Sixteen hours after the attack, U.S. President Harry S. Truman’s report of the event was broadcast to radio listeners. The explosion produces great amounts of heat, a shock wave and intense radiation. The region of the explosion becomes radioactively contaminated and radioactive products may be deposited elsewhere as fallout. At 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, by order of President Truman, the first Atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy was exploded over a point near the centre of Hiroshima, destroying almost everything with a radius of 830-1,450 meters. The damage beyond this area was considerable, and over 71,000 people were killed instantly. Many more later died of injuries and the effects of radiation. Casualties numbered nearly 130,000. Survivors are still dying of leukaemia, pernicious anaemia and other diseases induced by radiation. Almost 98% of the buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. The Japanese dedicated post-war Hiroshima to peace. A destroyed area named "Peace City" has been set aside as a memorial. A peace Park was build. A special hospital built here treats people suffering from exposure to radiation and conducts research into its effects.
Hiroshima------ On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was exploded over a point near the center of Hiroshima. The damage beyond this area was considerable, and over 71,000 people were killed instantly. Many more later died of injuries and the effects of radiation. Survivors are still dying of leukemia(白血病), pernicious anemia（恶性贫血症）, and other diseases induced by radiation. Almost 98% of the buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. The building of the atomic bomb is called the Manhattan Project. Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves was given the job to head the project.
On August 9, 1945, “the Fat Man” mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (11 mi, 60,000 ft) into the air from the hypocenter. 3. kimono: (Japanese) a loose robe with wide sleeves and a broad sash traditionally worn as an outer garment by the Japanese, which is said to be originated from Han costumes in Tang Dynasty.
4. tatami: (Japanese) straw matting used as a floor covering in a Japanese home. It is a custom of the Japanese to remove their shoes once they go indoors, walking on the tatami jmatting in their socks.
II. Introduction to the Passage A. Genre. 1. Type of literature: a piece of radio report (by Ed Kay) 2. The purpose of a piece of radio report: to inform the auditors of the truth 3. Some characteristics of radio report: authenticity and objectivity B. Effective Writing Skills 1. accurately recording the dialogues with some Japanese to reinforce the authenticity of the report 3. carefully observing and describing details to reinforce the authenticity of the report 3. vivid and humorous description to make the report interesting C.. Rhetorical Devices 1. metaphor 2. anti-climax D. Rhetoric tenor (subject): the concept, object, or person meant in a metaphor vehicle (reference): a medium through which something is expressed, achieved, or displayed Simile: A simile makes a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality. The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as". Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air or water. The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin. My very thoughts were like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves. The bus went as slowly as a snail. Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, and not in the nature of the things themselves. As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. Metaphor is considered the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commonest the most beautiful. Snow clothes the ground. The town was stormed after a long siege. Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.
I had a lump in my throat At last this intermezzo came to an end... I was again crushed by the thought... ...when the meaning ... sank in, jolting me...
Metonymy(借代、换喻) She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. He took to the bottle. ...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact
Metonymy can be derived from various sources: a. Names of persons Uncle Sam: the USA b. Animals the bear: the Soviet Union the dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon) c. Parts of the body heart: feelings and emotions head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason grey hair: old age d. Profession: the press: newspapers, reporters etc. He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel. the bar: the legal profession e. location of government, business etc. Downing Street: the British Government the White House: the US president and his government the Capital Hill: US Congress Wall Street: US financial circles Hollywood: American filmmaking industry
Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasant. e.g: He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses. The boy is a bit slow for his age. to go to heaven---dead to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, put an end to my life. Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares.
Irony: Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan the good fortune that my illness has brought me
Anti-Climax: a town known throughout the world for its---oysters
Alliteration: slip to a stop tested and treated Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Rhetorical Question Was I not at the scene of the crime?
E. Special Difficulties 1. reading between the lines 2. paraphrasing some sentences F. Questions 1. What was the writer’s attitude towards Hiroshima? 2. Was Hiroshima in any way different from other Japanese cities? 3. Even in this short description one may find some of the problems of Japan, or at least, of Hiroshima. Can you say what they are? 4. How do the Japanese themselves look at Hiroshima? Why?
Detailed study of the Text
1. Hiroshima----the “Liveliest” City in Japan: The word “liveliest” is put in quotation marks to show that this is what the city is said to be and the writer perhaps considers it ironic to use the word “liveliest” to describe a city that had been atomized. 2. “Hiroshima! Everybody off!” off: down from the train. Everybody should now get off the train. These words were chanted by the stationmaster to inform the passengers that the train had arrived at its terminal destination and all passengers were to detrain. 3. that must be…slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station: “must” here expresses strong probability as the author did not understand Japanese and could not have been sure. In the Japanese stationmaster’s uniform: Stationmaster: the official in charge of a railway station Slipped to a stop: came to a stop smoothly and effortlessly, in a gliding manner Slide , slip, glide Slide implies accelerated motion without loosing contact with the slippery surface. Slip often suggests involuntary rather than voluntary, sometimes even definitely implying a loss of footing and a fall. Glide, rather close to slide, means to move smoothly, quietly and continuously as is characteristic of dances. E. g. Plane glided down to the airfield. 4. and secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind….might say: I had a lump in my throat: I was choked with emotion; I was so overcome with emotion that I could not speak or think clearly. A lump in one’s throat: a feeling of pressure in one’s throat, caused by repressed emotion A lot of sad thoughts on my mind: I was troubled about some sad events; I was occupied with some sad thoughts. On one’s mind: occupying one’s thoughts, esp. as a source of worry To have to do with: to be a concern of; to be about; to be connected with My sad thoughts had no connection with what the stationmaster might say. 5. the very act of stepping on this soil….any reportorial assignment I’d previously taken: stepping on this soil: putting my feet down on this soil; landing in Hiroshima far greater: far more; even more; still more; a lot more; much more; two-years older; a head taller adventure: an unusual journey or an exciting or remarkable experience reportorial assignment: reporting work for a newspaper The fact that I was now in Hiroshima was in itself a much more exciting experience for me than any trip I had taken or any reporting work I had done in the past. 6. Was I not at the scene of the crime?: The crime: the dropping of the A-bomb on Hiroshima I was now at the place where the first A-bomb was dropped. 7. Information provided in the first paragraph: The author was here on a reportorial mission. Hiroshima was not the author’s first assignment. He was preoccupied with some sad thoughts---- the crime of the A-bomb. He was tortured by a guilty conscience. He didn’t understand Japanese.. 8. The Japanese crowd……that I had: Did not appear to have---- did not seem to have; judging by appearances, the author could not have been absolutely sure that the Japanese crowd did not have the same preoccupations . Seem, look, appear Seem suggests a personal opinion based on evidence that satisfies the judgment. Look implies that the opinion is based on a visual impression. Appear may convey the same implication as look, but it sometimes suggests a distorted impression produced by an optical illusion, a restricted point of view etc. e.g. The setting sun made the spires appear ablaze. 9. From the sidewalk…things seemed much the sane as in other Japanese cities: sidewalk: chiefly used in the U.S,; British: pavement; New Zealand; footpath. Much the same: about the same; much here tones down rather than emphasizes the word same. Seem is used to indicate that things are actually not so..(See note 8,2) for the teachers) 10. Little girls…in western dress: elderly: approaching old age, past middle age. Rub shoulders with: (informal) meet and mix with (people) e. g. The foreign visitors said that they would like to rub shoulders with ordinary Chinese people. During those two terms at the boarding school, she rubbed shoulders with the rich. This is not the sort of club where the great rub shoulders with the humble. Teenager: boy or girl from 13 to 19 This sentence gives the impression that in Japan traditional style and western style exist side by side. 11. Serious looking men …… “Tomo aligato gozayimas”: To be oblivious of (or to): be unaware of e .g. Oblivious of each other, the two men flashed past on their separate missions. We should not be oblivious to the reality that Soviet restraint resulted only from our forcing of the issue and determined persistence. They were so absorbed in their conversation that they seemed not to pay any attention to the crowds about them. Bob up and down repeatedly in little bows: bow repeatedly Bob up and down: move up and down automatically (humorous description of the bows) Ritual: all the rites or forms connected with a ceremony; particular form of any procedure regularly followed; here used as an adj. meaning “done as a rite “ Formula of gratitude and respect: form of words used regularly such as “How do you do?” “Excuse me. ” 12. Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops: façade : front or faces of building towards a street or open place. grocery store : a store where tea , butter, sugar , tinned food and such household requirements as soap and soap powder are sold 13. cab driver : (chiefly American ) taxi driver .We might infer from the use of such words as “sidewalk” “store” and “ cab driver “ that the author is most likely an American,. 14. whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler : as soon as the taxi driver saw a traveler ,he immediately opened the door pop open ;burst open with a short ,sharp ,slightly explosive sound at the sight lf :on seeing 15. City Hall : a building which houses the offices of a municipal government 16. He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror: grin : smile broadly as to show teeth ,originally expressing amusement ,foolish satisfaction or contempt etc., but in current English ,tending to imply naïve cheerfulness rear-view mirror : driving-mirror inside a motor-vehicle for seeing out of the rear window 17. We set off at top speed … Set off : start (a journey ,race etc.) The taxi-driver drove very fast 18. The tall building of the martyred city …… in response to the driver’s sharp twists of the wheel: Martyred city: the city that has been made to suffer Flash by : pass swiftly Lurch : roll or sway suddenly forward or to one side In response to : in answer to Sharp twist : abrupt change of direction The high buildings passed swiftly and when the driver made abrupt changes of direction ,we sometimes swung to one side ,sometimes to the other side in response to the swaying motion of the car. 19. Just as I was beginning to find the ride long ……went over to a policeman to ask the way : ride : a riding ,esp . a journey by horse , car , bicycle etc. the taxi screeched to a halt : the taxi stopped with a harsh piercing sound as when the brakes were suddenly applied. Screech : make a harsh , piercing sound ( cf . slip to a stop ,come to a stop , grind to a stop ) To ask the way : to ask direction 20 . but to avoid loss of face …… how long it may take them to find it : loss of face : inability to keep up dignity , self-respect, prestige ; loss of reputation ;humiliation. Will accept any destination without concern for ……: will agree to go where they are asked to without caring
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第2次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 60 分钟 讨 论 20 分钟；其它 10 分钟 |
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教 学 内 容： 21. at last this intermezzo came to an end and I found myself in front of the City Hall: intermezzo : a short , light dramatic ,musical or ballet entertainment between the acts of a play or opera ;here the word is used figuratively to refer to anything that fills tine between two events _ the cab ride that took place between his arrival at Hiroshima and his planned meeting with the mayor I found myself : This pattern gives the idea of “ suddenness ” “ unexpectedness ” ; I suddenly discovered that I was in front of the gigantic City Hall. 22. the usher bowed deeply ……in response to my request for an interview: Usher : an official doorkeeper Heave a ……sigh : utter a sigh ; the doorkeeper uttered a sigh perhaps because many people had gone there wrongly before the author and he had to explain once again 23. sketch a map : draw roughly and quickly with outlines but little detail 24. thanks to this map …… with a roof like one on a Japanese house was moored : thanks to : on account of ; because of embankment : a raised bank built to confine a river or canal barge : a large flat-bottomed boat for carrying goods or people on rivers or canals assort of ; a sort of is used to suggest that what is referred to does not fully deserve the name , a kind of ,something like a…… moor : secure a boat with cables 25. the rather arresting spectacle …… between the kimono and the miniskirt : arresting : striking , attracting and holding the attention spectacle : sight , view or scene the rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan : the rather striking picture of traditional Japan adrift : afloat without control , at the mercy of wind and sea ; floating freely without being steered beige : brownish gray or grayish yellow ( the color of sand stone ) concrete : cement mixed with sand and gravel etc . skyscraper : 摩天大楼 ; scrape means “ to touch ” struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt : “Kimono ” and “ miniskirt ” here are used symbolically to represent the “old” and the “new” or the East and the West . the traditional floating houses among high modern buildings represent the constant struggle between old tradition , ( traditional culture ) and new development ( Western style ) 26. …… a stunning , porcelain faced woman …… my shoes : stunning : very attractive ; delightfully beautiful porcelain faced : using the traditional white make up ; a face with a fair delicate complexion remove : take off 27. ……treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting …in my socks : tread : to move on foot ; to walk cautious : careful to avoid danger ,harm treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting : I was not accustomed to walking in my socks so I walked carefully , fearing that something unpleasant or dangerous might happen . a twinge of embarrassment : a sudden sharp feeling of shame at the prospect of : at the expectation of experiencing a twinge of embarrassment ……n my socks : suffering from a strong feeling of shame when I thought of the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks . 28. sad_ eyed : looking sad 29. the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned : I was again overcome by a guilty conscience as I had been when I first arrived at the station. 30. I was again crushed by the thought that ……: the thought that ……once again overwhelmed me 31. slay : ( literary ) kill or murder 32. lingered on to die in slow agony : died slowly and in great pain linger : be slow in dying agony : great pain or suffering 33. just why we were gathered here : the exact reason for our coming here just : exactly 34. inhibited : feeling restrained , having to suppress one’s emotion 35. after three days in Japan ……extraordinarily flexible : after three days in Japan one gets quite used to bowing to people as ritual to show gratitude spinal column : the backbone flexible : easily bent ; pliant Notice the humourous effect achieved through the use of the formal, learned, scientific terms.
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教 学 内 容： 36. …… the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated : The mayor mentioned Hiroshima repeatedly and to the author (who was suffering from a guilty conscience ) the repeated mention of the name created a suspense which he found hard to bear . that was also , perhaps ,why the faces (of other foreigners )grew more and more serious. 37. familiar to : well known to ( cf . familiar with : having a good knowledge of ) 38. “Yes ,yes , of course , ” murmured the company , more and more agitated : the company : the group of people present agitated : disturbed , upset 39. seldom has a city gained such world renown : Seldom has a city become so world famous Common inverted forms : Seldom has a man accomplished so much in his lifetime . Rarely have I seen such a good movie . Never in my life have I heard such a stupid story . Little did he suspect that the shy pretty girl was a spy . Not only was he a great statesman, but he was also a great scientist . Not until recently did I realize why I was lagging behind others . Scarcely ( hardly , no sooner ) had he finished when people bombarded him with questions . Only in this way can we overcome this difficulty . So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him without difficulty . Under circumstances should we give up trying. 40. …… a town known throughout the world for its _ oysters : This is called anti-climax , a common literary device to achieve humour , surprise , satire etc . The mayor said this because he did not want to embarrass the foreigners by talking about the disaster and he wanted people to forget the tragic past and because Hiroshima was famous for its oysters. 41. I was just about to make my little bow of assent ……jolting mg out of my sad reverie: about to : on the point of ( doing sth ),just going to ( do sth ) assent : an acceptance ( of a statement ) as true ; agreement sink in : be fully absorbed of understood ; penetrate esp . gradually jolt : shake up or jar , as with a bumpy ride or sharp blow ; shock or surprise reverie: dreamy thinking , esp . of agreeable things ; the state of being absorbed in dreamlike contemplation ; daydreaming I was on the point of showing my agreement by nodding when I suddenly realized what he meant. His words shocked me out of my sad dreamy thinking. 42. humanity’s most heinous crime : heinous : (literary ) wicked in a high degree; atrocious the most wicked crime mankind has ever committed 43. I cautiously backed away and headed toward the far side of the room Backed away : moved backwards away from the mayor Moved toward the other end of the room 44. you look puzzled : you look bewildered 45. I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here : I must admit that it never occurred to me that I would hear the mayor of Hiroshima talk about oysters . 46. I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm: impact : strong effect cataclysm : a violent and sudden upheaval esp. a serious flood ,an earthquake or war ; disaster I thought that people here had not forgotten the disaster the city had suffered. 47. live through : experience and survive 48. I tell you this because I do not care if people should know I was here when the bomb was dropped. other people might try to hide the fact . 49. There are two different schools of thought …… even the monument that was erected at the point of impact : school : group of people sharing the same thought trace : a visible mark or sign of the former presence of thing or event ; vestige to preserve traces of the bomb : to maintain and protect the sighs of destruction caused by the bomb
erect : construct ; put up at the point of impact . at the exact point over where the bomb exploded 50. They would also like to demolish the atomic museum : the atomic museum : the museum which houses the relics of the holocaust 51. time marches on : things are changing ; history is advancing 52. gay : pleasure, loving ( Note : today it often refers to homosexual ) 53. even if many of the town’s people still bear hidden wounds and burns : bear : carry burn : an injury produced by fire , heat , or a heat_ producing agent hidden wounds and burns : visible and invisible scars
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第4次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 60 分钟 讨 论 20 分钟；其它 10 分钟 |
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教 学 内 容： 54. smell of : give out a smell of 55. stretchers and wheelchairs lined the walls … send shivers sown the spine of any healthy visitor : stretchers and wheelchairs are for invalids and the disabled stretchers and wheelchairs ….corridors : stretchers and wheelchairs are put against the walls in the many corridors the very sight ….any healthy visitor : even healthy visitors would shiver when they see those surgical instruments . 56. by trade : by occupation ; by way of making a living 57. I thought somehow I had been spared : I thought for some reason or other I had not been affected ; I thought for some reason or other no harm had been done to me 58. later my hair began to fall out ,and my belly turned to water : fall out : fall off my belly turned to water : water began to accumulate in my belly 59. I felt sick : I felt nauseous ; I wanted to vomit 60. they have been testing and treating me : testing and treating are used here also to achieve musical effect ; this is called alliteration . 61. It is humiliating to survive in this city : humiliate : hurt the pride or dignity of It is a disgrace for an atomic victim to remain alive in this city ( or to continue to live in this city ) 62. …..your children will encounter prejudice on the part of those who do not : encounter : meet with ; face on the part of : by somebody Your children will be looked down upon by those who are not atomic victims . 63. People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation : genetic : of or relating to genes People fear that the effect of the atomic radiation may be hereditary (may pass on from parents to children ) . People suffering from genetic damage may not be able to produce offsprings or may give birth to deformed or otherwise unhealthy children . 64. Lucky birds : According to Japanese tradition , if one makes one thousand little paper cranes , one’s wishes will be realized , hence the lucky birds . 65. each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares : earthly : worldly as opposed to spiritual ; ( earthly is applied to that which belongs to the earth or to the present life and is chiefly contrasted with heavenly ) care : concern , worry , anxiety One more day of suffering would mean a day nearer my death ( would bring mg closer to my death ) . 66. I have the opportunity to improve my character : I have the chance to raise my moral standard , to purify my soul . 67. I could read the answer in every eye : read : understand the nature , significance , or thinking of as if by reading The expression of the people told me what the answer was .
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第2课 教学总结
写出关于本章授课情况的一些总结（包括学生的出勤情况、学生作业情况、学生掌握知识情况、教学方法的总结等内容）：
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第 页
第3课 教学实施计划
课文题目
Lesson 3 Blackmail |
课时安排 |
12 |
授课时间 | 14.9.23; 14.9.25;14.9.30; 14.10.2; 14.10.7; 14.10.9 | |
教学目的、要求（分了解、理解、掌握三个层次）： 教学要求： 1、了解部分语用学原则、理论等。 2、理解课文中会话的语用目的，伴随物等面相声势等在交际中的作用。 3、掌握会话双方各自的内心活动和为达到自己的目的而使用的话语的言外之意；掌握相关修辞、写作技巧等来熏陶感染学生。
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教学内容（并注明属“三基”或一般综合或综合的内容，教学的重点、难点）： 教学内容： 1、介绍相关背景知识和语用学部分原则。 2、讲授课文blackmail。 3、处理相关作业。 重点：The language points; the function of the cigar in the text; the wonderful diction of the formal and informal words; and the word formation. 难点：The pragmatic strategies: to find out the suitable sentences at suitable occasions. The division of the paragraphs: to find out the reasons why the text is divided into 3 parts: Part 1 from page 91 to page 100; part 2 from page 100 to page 101 and part 3 from page 101 to page 103. Know sth. about how to utter suitable sentences at suitable occasions. | ||
讨论/思考题、作业：
P107 V & P112 XII | ||
本章参考书目（包括参考书、文献资料等）： 张汉熙.《高级英语1》（修订本）.外语教学与研究出版社. 张汉熙.《高级英语1》教师用书（修订本）. 外语教学与研究出版社. 张鑫友.《高级英语学习指南1》（修订本）. 湖北人民出版社. 梅仁毅等.《高级英语1》教师用书（修订本）.外语教学与研究出版社.
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第 页
课 堂 教 学 实 施 计 划
授课时间：14.9.23; 14.9.25;14.9.30; 14.10.2; 14.10.7; 14.10.9
第1次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：Blackmail 教学内容：
Additional Background Material for Teachers' Reference 1. About the author Arthur Hailey is the author of a number of bestselling novels. Born in Luton, England, in 1920, he was educated in English schools until age fourteen. After a brief career as an office boy, he joined the British Royal Air Force in 1939 and served through World War n, rising through the ranks to become a pilot and flight lieutenant. In 1949 Hailey emigrated to Canada, where he was successively a real estate salesman, business paper editor and a sales and advertising executive. He became, and still is a Canadian citizen. He makes his home at Lyford Cay in the Bahamas. In 1956 Arthur Hailey scored his first writing success with a TV drama, Flight into Danger, which later became a motion picture and a novel, Runway Zero-Eight (1958). The sensational Hailey bestsellers include The Final Diagnosis (1959), In High Places (1962), Hotel (1966), Airport (1968), Wheels (1971), The Moneychangers (1975). Though a Canadian himself, he set the scene of most of his works in the United States. Each of his books deals with one particular field of society. This is made clear by the titles of his books. It is this peculiarity of his that is of value to those who are eager to learn about contemporary American society. 2. About the novel Hotel The St. Gregory Hotel is the largest in New Orleans,Louisiana. For 4 days from Monday evening to Friday, the hotel goes through a succession of dramatic events. With the hotel's mortgage due by the weekend and with no chance of getting further renewal, the owner, Warren Trent, reluctantly makes up his mind to sell his hotel to a chain hotel owner, Curtis O'Keefe. Peter McDermott, the assistant general manager, has to tackle several other knotty problems: handling an attempted rape which has occurred in one of the hotel's rooms; catching a professional thief operating in the hotel; pacifying a whole convention of several hundred dentists that threaten to leave in protest against the hotel's objection to putting up a member of the convention-a black doctor. Then there is the Duke of Croydon. The Duke is an internationally famous statesman and the newly-appointed British ambassador to Washington. He and his wife occupy the best suite in St. Gregory. On Monday evening while driving back with his wife from a gambling house, the Duke knocks down a woman and her child. Both are killed. The Duke and the Duchess, however, drive away. The hit-and-run becomes top sensational news in New Orleans. The hotel's chief house detective Ogilvie notices the battered car when it comes back. Instead of reporting this to the police, he goes to see the Duke and the Duchess. He promises to keep quiet about what he knows and asks for a large sum of money in return for the favour. The Duke, now totally at a loss as to how to act, hides behind the skirts of his wife. The Duchess understands that to get themselves out of this mess, the car has to be driven out of the south where people are alerted about the hit-and-run. So she offers to pay Ogilvie more than he has asked on condition that he drives the car to Chicago up in the north. The greedy detective agrees. At one o'clock Thursday morning Ogilvie gets the car out of the garage. He is seen leaving by one person only, by Peter McDermott, the assistant general manager. Though it strikes him as odd, Peter does not link this up with the hit-and-run until late that afternoon when he witnesses the funeral of the two victims of the accident. He contacts police headquarters right away. By this time, Ogilvie has crossed Louisiana and Mississippi, driving by night and concealing the car by day. He thinks that everything is going smoothly, little knowing that he is already being followed by the Highway patrol cruisers. In Tennessee, he is caught and sent back to New Orleans. At first the Duchess tries to deny everything, but doesn't succeed in convincing the police. The Duke then decides to go over to police headquarters before they come for him, wishing to save the little shreds of decency left in him. He takes an elevator to go down. This elevator which has been out of order for some time and badly in need of repair breaks down. As it goes down, one set of clamps holds and the other fails. The elevator car twists, buckles and splits open, throwing the Duke nine floors down to the cement ground. He dies instantly. However, the novel ends with a pleasant surprise. A sick, old, eccentric man staying in the hotel turns out to be an extremely wealthy man from Montreal, Canada. Earlier, he fell seriously ill and was saved by Peter and his girl friend. To show his gratitude and to repay their kindness, he buys the hotel from its former owner and makes Peter the new executive vice-president, with complete authority to run the hotel as he thinks fit.
Detailed study of the text 1 The chief house officer, Ogilvie, who had declared he would ….. took twice that time: The chief house officer, Ogilvie, gave the Croydons a mysterious telephone call telling them he would pay them a visit an hour later, but actually he appeared at their suite two hours later. chief house officer: Hotels in the U.S. Employ detectives to take care of hotel security, called ‘house dicks’, dignified appellation -house officer. suite: a set of rooms. A suite in a hotel is usually expensive. The suite the Croydons are staying in is St. Grigory Hotel’s largest and most elaborate, called the presidential Suite, which has housed, according to the book, a succession of distinguished guests, including visiting presidents and royalty. Cryptic telephone call: The message over the phone was brief and with mysterious implications. Actually took twice that time: He was slow in coming because he wanted to create the impression that he was slow in coming because he wanted to create the impression that he was a busy and important man and to keep the Croydons on tenterhooks. 2 the Duke: (in Britain) a nobleman, whose rank is just below that of a prince. Below the duke are the marquis, earl, viscount and baron. 3 the Duchess: wife or widow of a duke,or a woman with a rank equal to that of a duke 4 the nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed: The nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were worn out by the long wait, were over- strained. Both the Duke and Duchess were extremely nervous. More examples with the word fray: clothes frayed at the neck, knees, etc. Frayed cuffs, button- holes, etc. Tempers become frayed. 5 the muted buzzer: muted to render the noise of the bell less harsh and strident 6 she had dispatched her maid on an invented errand: They sent her out to get her out of the way; the ‘errand’ being just an excuse, a trip which was not necessary. Obviously the talk between Ogilvie and the Croydons had to be kept a secret. 7 the moon- faced male secretary: the use of male before secretary is to avoid possibility of the reader’s assuming otherwise, for commonly in the U.S. secretaryship is the female profession. Note: male nurse, man servant, but woman doctors, woman pilot. ‘Moon - faced’ means having a round face. the young man’s appearance is in keeping with his timid character (fear of pet animals) 8 cruelly instructed: ‘cruel’ because they knew the secretary was terrified of dogs,they could easily have found some other errand for him. 9 to exercise the Bedlington terriers: to walk the dogs, to take the dogs out and give them some exercise. The Bedlington terrier is a breed of blue or liver- coloured, woolly- coated, active, typically small dogs. The terriers are a status symbol showing that the Duchess is no ordinary dog owner. And the fact that they can keep dogs in a hotel suite proves they are very important people. 10 Her own tension was not lessened ….: Ogilvie had telephoned to say that he would be at the suite in an hour.the Duchess made arrangement for the maid and the secretary to be away when he called.but he was an hour late, and the maid and the secretary might return at any moment.the Duchess knew this and it made her nervous. 11 A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in: to smoke a cigar in the presence of a lady without asking for permission is impolite and being familiar. He comes into the room smoking his cigar. Ogilvie is a coarse, vulgar, and uneducated fellow and because he thinks he has the Croydons under his thumb he doesn’t give a damn to what they may think or feel. The Duchess ‘looked pointedly’, that is, directly and sharply at the cigar, trying to intimidate him with her superior social position. 12 Would you kindly put that out?: a period instead of a question mark, indicating it is said in a falling tone, meant to be a command,not a polite request 13 piggy eyes: small, narrow eyes lost in the mass of flesh. Ogilvie is one of the ‘bad guys’ in this novel. He has piggy eyes, a gross-jowled face, an obese body, speaks in falsetto, is vulgar, unscrupulous, ill-mannered, to the point of throwing his cigar on the carpet. Some examples with the word pig: Don’t be a pig. (Don’t be greedy.) He is a pig. (He is a dirty, greedy, or ill- mannered person.) I’ve made a pig of myself. (I’ve eaten too much) 14. surveyed her sardonically: He looked her up and down scornfully because he had evidence of their crime up his sleeve and felt sure that in a moment he would be able to humble her and bring her to her knees. Note the different meanings of the following words: sardonic: being scornful, cynical sarcastic: intending to hurt the feelings, to inflict pain by deriding, taunting satirical: intending to make a person or thing appear foolish or absurd ironical: a humorous or sarcastic form of expression in which the intended meaning of what is said is directly opposite to the usual sense. 15. to sweep the spacious, well appointed room: His glance passes swiftly over the big, excellently furnished and arranged room. 16. who faced them uncertainly: Besides having a weak character, the Duke is over fond of liquor and other men’s wives,and so is submissive to the Duchess, herself a woman of strong character, a known public figure and cousin of the queen. After the road accident, it was the Duch who masterminded the cover-up and the Duke wasn’t quite sure of what to say to Ogilvie or what to do, he was afraid of messing things up.
17. “Pretty neat set-up you folks got: Ogilvie’s language is ungrammatical, vulgar and slangy. Neat is slangy, meaning nice, fine; a general term of approval. Set-up, a noun, meaning arrangement of furniture, etc. A better educated person might say: this is a pretty nice room that you have got.” For Ogilvie’s ungrammatical language,see Note 4 to the text. Here are some more examples from the text: Whether they got fancy titles neither - whether they had fancy title or not I seen you come in - I saw you come in The kid and the woman was hit - were hit ‘f she ‘d have drove -if she had driven,etc. 18. an ornamental fireplace: a fake one, not for use. It is there to add to the décor of the suite. cf. an ornamented fireplace: a highly decorated one 19. He missed: His cigar butt did not fall inside the fireplace as he had intended it to. 20. I imagine you did not come here to discuss décor: I suppose you did not come here merely to discuss the arrangement of the furniture and other decorations of this suite. What she meant was “Speak your mind. Don’t waste time.”she purposely used the word décor,imagining Ogilvie would be awed. Unlike Ogilvie, the Duchess always speaks the Queen’s English,using strictly grammatical structures and choosing her words carefully, some times to the extent of being pompous.
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第 2 次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：Blackmail
教学内容： 21. an appreciative chuckle: mainly self appreciative. When a hotel employee goes to a guest’s room, usually he goes there on business and no familiarity is allowed. But here Ogilvie was enjoying the fact that he could afford to do whatever hr liked. He loved being in a position of temporary supremacy. Also he appreciated the fact that the Duchess was no fool. She knew why he had come. 22. He lowered the level of his incongruous falsetto voice: He had an unnaturally high-pitched voice. When he spoke now, he lowered the pitch. Incongruous: this falsetto voice sounded funny coming from a thickset man like Ogilvie. 23. Jaguar: a brand of very expensive British-made sports car 24. “Aah”: Now the Duke Knew what the man was there for. The sound escaping his lips showed that the Duke was startled and perhaps a bit relieved that things had now come out into the open. 25. a warning glance: The Duke had made a blunder the night before by mentioning the car in front of the hotel’s assistant general manager when his wife was trying hard to establish something of an alibi. Now the wife was warning him not to blunder again. 26. “In what conceivable way does our car concern you?”: I can hardly imagine how our car could in any way concern you. Why are you so interested in our car? 27. “who else is in this place?”: first indication that he did not come with an honest purpose, for why should he desire secrecy 28. It was the Duke who answered: The Duke realized that Ogilvie had found them out as soon as he heard that the latter was coming to talk to them. He didn’t think what the Duchess had done or would do could improve the situation. So he was eager to cooperate with Ogilvie. 29. We sent them out: another blunder, as good as admitting that they knew what Ogilvie had come for and that they had things to hide 30. it pays to check: to be profitable or worthwhile to check.Other examples: It pays to think before you speak. It’ll pay to keep a diary in English. 31. surprising speed: surprising because you wouldn’t expect a fat man like him to move quickly 32. “Now then”: used to call attention or to express a warning or protest 33. “You two was in that hit-’n-run”: You two are guilty of that hit-and-run accident. Hit-and-run is usually used to describe a driver who flees from the scene of an accident in which he is involved. 34. She met his eyes directly: to pretend that she was innocent of what he accused her of and therefore dared to take up the challenge. 35. “This is for real.”: I’m not joking. This is something serious. For real: (slang) meaning real, really 36. bit off the end: In order to light up a fresh cigar one end of it has to be clipped. Coarse people like Ogilie just bit it off. 37. “There’s been plenty on radio, too.”: There have been a lot of reports about the accident on the radio, too. 38. Two high points of colour: The Duchess’ cheeks flushed, not evenly, but around the cheek bones. She was upset and a bit scared. But at the moment she was pretending indignation. 39. cut it out: (colloquial) to stop what she was doing, i.e. pretending they were innocent 40. The words spat forth: According to grammar, it should be: “The words were spat forth”, or “Ogilvise spat out the words”. Perhaps the author here wants to make it more dramatic by having “the words”following right after what he had just said, instead of saying “he spat out the words”. Also, “the words spat forth”is more forceful and vivid than “the words were spat forth.” 41. all pretense of blandness gone: nominative absolute construction with a noun phrase plus a past participle. Ogilvie threw away his pretended politeness. some other examples of the same construction from the text: his eyes sardonically on the Duchess (n.+prepositional phrase) you driving (pron.+present participle) her poise for the moment recovered (n.+past participle) 42. Ignoring the Duke, Ogilvie waved the unlighted cigar under his adversary’s nose: He knew that the Duchess was the stronger character of the two and it was her that he had to deal with, so she was his enemy. 43. your high -an’-migtiness: high and mighty: very proud, (the correct way to address a Duke or a Duchess is “Your Grace”). Ogilvie addressed her this way in imitation of “Your Highness”, to mock her haughty attitude. 44. burnin’mad: burning mad; very angry 45. high-tailed it: (colloquial) leave in a hurry, scurry off 46. they’ll throw the book, and never mind who it hits: They’ll deal out the maximum in punishment, to apply the full force of the law and they will not care who will be punished in this case. To throw the book is an idiom, in which the wordbook means the law book. It refers to the book; Here Ogilvie follows the metaphor through. 47. if I do what by rights I should do in justice (that is, to report what I know to police headquarters), a group of policemen will come over here very fast,so fast that you wouldn’t be able to see them moving. 48. so’s: so as,so that 49. ‘f you want it the other way: if you refuse to tell me the truth and prefer to have the law to interfere 50. The Duchess of Croydon –three centuries and a half of inbred arrogance behind her – did not yield easily: The Duchess was supported by her arrogance coming from parents of noble families who belonged to the nobility for more than three hundred years. So she did not give in easily. 51. She faced the grossness of the houses detective squarely: She stood up boldly and rebuked the coarse vulgarity of the house detective. 52. Blackguard: scoundrel, villain 53. Flickered: wavered 54. “It’s no go, old girl. It was a good try.”It’s no use. What you did just now was a good attempt at trying to save the situation. Here the phrase no go is a colloquialism, meaning not possible; without use or value. Old girl is an informal way of addressing one’s wife. 55. “That’s more like it.”: said when a second thing said by the other person sounds more acceptable, plausible, or less objectionable than the first one 56. “Now we’re getting somewhere. “: Now we’re making some progress, accomplishing something. 57. “I’ll spell it out.” I’ll tell you frankly and in detail. 58. The house detective took his time: It is the second tine that Ogilvie has done so, both times to make the impact of what he is going to say on the Croydons even stronger. 59. as if challenging her objection: as if openly daring her to object to his smoking a cigar, as she had done earlier; as if he wanted to see if the Duchess dared to object to his smoking 60. But beyond wrinkling her nose in distaste, she made no comment: She only wrinkled her nose to show her dislike for the offending cigar smell, but did not rebuke him. 61. Lindy’s Place: a gambling joint, a gambling nightclub, a casino 62. Irish Bayou: bayou [beiu:] a French, so a lot of places there have French names. 63. fancy Jaguar: Fancy here means expensive and superior model (car) 64. Leastways, I guess you’ll call her that if you’re not too fussy: I guess if you are not too particular about what words to use, at least you’d call her your lady friend. Here Ogilvie is trying to get at him. It’s more than obvious that he was not really with a friend, but a high class whore. 65. As Ogilvie glanced, grinning, at the Duchess: Ogilvie is rubbing it in, enjoying himself over the wounded pride of an arrogant wife. 66. The way I hear it, you won a hundred at the tables then lost it at the bar: From what I hear, you won a hundred dollars in gambling and then spent the money drinking. 67. You were into a second hundred – with a real swinging party: You were beginning to spend another hundred dollars of your own (the hundred won in gambling had already been spent) to treat a merry and lively party. 68. There ain’t much, out of the way, which people who stay in this hotel do, I don’t get to hear about: If anybody who stays in this hotel does anything wrong, improper or unusual, I always get to know about it. There isn’t much that can escape me. Out of the way: improper, wrong, unusual 69. I suppose it doesn’t matter: You already know so much, I might as well tell you this; it won’t make much difference now. 70. clucked his tongue reprovingly: He made noises with his tongue to show his disapproval. How can you be so careless! The ex-policeman was playacting, gloating over their misfortune. 71. took off home: left for home 72. the way things turned out: judging from what happened later
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课 题：Blackmail
教学内容： 73 Explain that one: This fact explains why you were driving in your sodden state; driving when you were drunk. 74 lickered up: liquored up, drunk b) liquor: an alcoholic drink, esp. one made by distillation, as whiskey or rum (neat whiskey) c) wine: mainly grape wine (sweet or dry wine) d) soft drinks: non-alcoholic, like soda pop e) chaser: a mild drink, taken with or after liquor 75 Then you don’t know: The Duchess thought it was all Ogilvie’s conjecture and that he didn’t really have any evidence against them. She thought he didn’t have any case against them. 76 Looked right shaken, too, the pair of you: You two looked extremely upset (shocked). 77 Just come in myself an’ I got to wondering why: I had just come in myself and began to wonder why (you two looked shaken). 78 the word was out: The news about the accident was spreading around. Some expressions with word: f) a word of advice (warning) g) say a good word for sb. h) have a word with sb. (talk with sb.) i) have words with (quarrel) j) give sb. One’s word (promise) k) be as good as one’s word /break one’s word /a man of his word l) in many words m) word for word 79 On a hunch I went over to the garage: As I suspected and felt there was something wrong, I went over to the garage to inspect. 1) Hunch: a feeling about something not based on known facts: premonition (不好的预感，预兆) or suspicion. The meaning derives from the superstition that it brings good luck to touch a hunch-back. 2) I have a hunch that…: I rather think that… 80 look-see: (slang) a quick look or inspection 81 jockeys: usu. Professional rider in horse-races, here it means persons who park cars or trucks in a storage garage, also called car jockeys disc jockeys: radio or TV broadcaster who introduces performances and comments on records or tapes of light popular music 82 I suppose that doesn’t matter now: Now that our secret has been discovered, whether the jockeys see the car or not doesn’t matter now. 83 You might have something there: There might be point in what you say. 84 Over there they got three things to go on: At police headquarters, they have three clues to base their investigation on. 85 dust it, an’it shows: Sprinkle some kind of powder on the car fender and the brush trace shows up. 86 Ain’any doubt they’d match up, even without the brush trace an’the blood: I haven’t any doubt, there isn’t any doubt that the trim ring that had come off the car and the busted headlight will correspond. That will be enough for the police to identify the car even without the brush trace and the blood on the car fender. Ain’t: (colloquial) am not, is not, are not, has not, have not. 87 Oh, my God: Ogilvie mentioned the blood stain casually as if it was not important, or it had just come to his mind. In fact he had been saving it to the last moment as a death blow to the Croydons. He succeeded in achieving this effect. 88 square his shoulders: to show he is ready to face the consequences, he is brave, not afraid of what is to come 89 took on amusing note: his voice sounded as if he was deep in thought. He was going to put all his cards on the table now that he had made it sufficiently clear to the Croydons that they were in his hands. 90 rushing any place ain’t gonna bring back the kid nor its mother neither: ungrammatical. It should be: Rushing to any place (to police headquarters) isn’t going to make the kid and its mother come to life again. Note the double negative here, which is used in uneducated speech. 91 The other two slowly raised their eyes: It began to dawn on them that the detective had no intention of handing them over to the police. 92 But I got to live too: a stock phrase when someone is asking to be given money or is accused of trying to extract too much money 93. Tell us now, please: first civil word from the Duchess, She realizes it is best for her to cooperate. 94. We’d become turned round: we lost our way, we were going in a direction opposite to the one we intended to take. 95. Who was headed out: more sense of completion than “was heading out”. It means they had taken that direction and had gone some distance in that direction. Somebody who was driving away from the town. 96. the outside towns: small towns around a big city, here outside New Orleans Outlying towns would be more common. 97. get around to: to get started on, esp. after a delay 98. It won’t be yet: that won’t take place yet. 99. Providin’ nobody twigs the car: It should be: Provided (or providing) that nobody notices the car. Twig: (from thieves’ slang) observe, notice 100. an’ seein’ where it is, etc,: If you are lucky nobody might notice your car since it is away in a corner behind a pillar of the hotel garage. 101. an’ if you can get it away: And if you can get the car away, you might not be suspected at all.
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课 题：the Blackmail
教学内容： 102. to holler “cops”: to cry “police”, to call the police 103. You people are hot: Your are now wanted by the police 104. kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind: She kept firm and tight control of her mind which is working quickly. Here the Duchess is thinking quickly but at the same time keeping her thoughts under control, not letting them run wild. 105. It was essential that her thinking remain calm and reasoned: It was very important for her to think calmly and logically. Note the subjunctive mood in the “that” clause. Other examples: It is natural that beginners should make such mistakes. It is essential that everybody take part in it. 106. as if the discussion were of some minor domestic matter and not survival itself: as if the discussion were about some unimportant domestic matter, not concerned with life and death. 107. her husband now a tense but passive spectator: Nominative absolute construction with a noun plus a noun. Her husband watched anxiously and nervously, incapable of taking an active part. 108. Same thing with the glass: With the glass (as with the trim ring) the police can trace the make, model and year of the car. 109. calculated coolness: She was not cool, in fact, her mind was racing, but she deliberately appeared to be cool. 110. a slim one: (colloquial) a small chance 111. incriminating evidence: evidence that might prove sb. Guilty of a crime 112. highway patrol: police cars on highway patrol duty 113. to fall victim to some sharp –eyed policeman: to be seen and arrested by an observant and alert policeman. 114. it might be done: They might succeed in escaping. The plan might work. 115. but no more than waiting here for certain detection: To drive the car north would be risky, but not more risky than to wait here, because it they did nothing, they would surely be discovered. 116. back roads: out – of – the – way, unfrequented roads. 117. an unlikely route: not a route that ordinary people would takes; a route which the police didn’t think they would be likely to take 118. other complications: other factors which would make it difficult for them to drive the car north themselves. 119. secondary roads: roads not of primary importance whose classification and maintenance vary according to township, county, and state regulations 120. adept at using maps: skilled in using maps. examples: 1) He is adept in photography. 2) He is adept at (or in) taking pictures. 121. their speech and manner would betray them: their speech and manner would reveal their identity. betray: reveal unknowingly, or against one’s wishes examples: He said he had stayed indoors all day, but his shoes betrayed him. His face betrayed his fear. 122. Or had they?: second thought which contradicts the first one. Had they (the risks) to be taken? The Duchess suddenly realized that they didn’t have to take the risks of driving the car north themselves. Other examples; He must buy that book. Or must he? (He didn’t have to.) If it had been anyone else, he would have agreed. or would he? (Maybe not) 123. pretty well fixed: quite rich, wealthy fixed: (colloquial) supplied with something needed, esp. money, e. g. well fixed for life 124. As the Duke of Croydon shifted uneasily, the house detective’s bulbous countenance reddened: Both the Dukes and detective thought the Duchess had refused the offer. The Duke felt very uneasy; he’d rather pay the money to keep Ogilvie quiet. Ogilvie was about to protest and threaten her again. 125. Eyes bored into him: looked at him steadily, sharply and searchingly Bore: make a hole in, used here figuratively 126. swallowing: to refrain from retorting because he is somewhat cowered by the Duchess 127. her own smallness of mind: her own meanness or weakness of mind. What she is about to do may be extremely significant to her and her husband. She has to take a big chance, to do something very daring, so she must be bole, resolute and decisive. She has to rise to the occasion. 128. When you were playing for the highest stakes, you made the highest bid: stake and bid are gambling terms. Here the sentence means: You had to pay the highest price when your reputation and career were at stake. 129. gamble on the fat man’s greed: She would take a chance on this fat man’s greed. 130. She must do so in such a way as to place the outcome beyond any doubt: She would offer him so much money as to make it impossible for him to refuse to do what she would ask him to in return, no matter how dangerous the job might be. 131. eyes bulged: with greed 132. Watched intently: To the Duchess, it was a question of survival itself. Only if Ogilvie agreed to drive their car north would they have a chance to get out of the ness unscathed. 133. “This cigar bothering you, Duchess?”: If this cigar is bothering you, I’ll put it out. This shows that he is willing to comply with the Duchess’ wishes.
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第 5 次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：Blackmail
教学内容：
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第3课 教学总结
写出关于本章授课情况的一些总结（包括学生的出勤情况、学生作业情况、学生掌握知识情况、教学方法的总结等内容）：
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第 页
第4课 教学实施计划
课文题目 Lesson 4 The Trial That Rocked the World | 课时安排 | 10 |
授课时间 | 14.10.14; 14.10．16; 14.10.21; 14.10.23; 14.10.28 | |
教学目的、要求（分了解、理解、掌握三个层次）： 教学要求： 1、了解时代背景。 2、理解课文相关知识，理顺课文中的语言点、长难句等语法知识。 3、掌握相关的语法、修辞、词义辨析、阅读技巧和写作技巧。 | ||
教学内容（并注明属“三基”或一般综合或综合的内容，教学的重点、难点）： 教学内容： 1、介绍课文相关背景知识。 2、讲授课文The trial that rocked the world 的相关语言点。 3、引领同学欣赏课文中的艺术魅力，培养对名篇的分析、欣赏能力。 4、处理相关作业，指导课外阅读。 重点：Language points; the diction to meet different ends and the skills in talk or negotiation; how to give the opponent a death blow. 难点：To analyze the myth of the Scopes trial, Bryan's show and Darrow's finale and the most important part is to know how to give out one’s ideas and how to illustrate it or how to prove it. | ||
讨论/思考题、作业： P180 VII
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本章参考书目（包括参考书、文献资料等）：
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课堂教学实施方案
授课时间：14.10.14; 14.10．16; 14.10.21; 14.10.23; 14.10.28
第1次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：The trial that rocked the world John Scopes 教学内容： Additional Background Material for Teachers' Reference: 1. The author John, Scopes, a high school science teacher in Dayton, Tennessee who, by teaching evolution, was accused of breaking the law. He was the defendant in the case. As the last surviving principal in this trial, he decided to write a story describing the highlights of the trial. The name of John Scopes became synonymous with this trial, which is popularly known as the "monkey trial". A film, called”Inherit the Wind", was made of the trial, with much of the dialogue coming, directly from the transcripts of the court proceedings. This story also draws on the actual transcripts. John Scopes died in 1979. 2. Henry Louis Mencken (1880-1956) was an American journalist, editor, critic~ and philologist. He was born in Baltimore on Sept. 12. 1880, and privately educated there. After graduating from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute at the age of 16, he became a reporter on the Baltimore Herald. He rose rapidly; soon he was the Herald's city editor and then editor. In the 20's, Mencken, with a caustic pen, derided the smugness of the middle-class businessman, the narrowness of American cultural life, and the harshness of American Puritanism. He made war on all these and his attack was devastatingly direct, with invective as a substitute for caricature and with no trace of obliqueness or subtlety. The American Mercury, which he edited, was the most influential magazine of its time. What he wanted to do in its pages was, as he once put it, "to stir up the animals". He wanted to arouse his antagonists, and he usually succeeded. He was one of the most detested, as well as one of the most respected, men in America. What made him to be read widely by Americans was not that he attacked them but that he did so with such verve and gusto. He had a rollicking, rambunctious style of writing. He meant what he said but he said it with wit. His outstanding piece of journalism, widely syndicated, concerned the Scopes trial of 1925 Tennessee, in which a high school science instructor was prosecuted for teaching evolution, contrary to a state law. His highly entertaining study, The American Language, which appeared in 1919, is still an outstanding work of philological scholarship. The book contrasted American English with British English, explained the origin of many colorful American slang expressions, examined uniquely American geographical and personal names, and traced the influence of emigrant languages on the American idiom. 3. William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) was born in Salem, Illinois. In his middle-class family, great emphasis was placed on religion and morality, not only in one's personal life but in polities and in the conduct of national affairs. After graduating from Illinois College of Law in Chicago, he opened a law office in Jacksonville. In 1887 Bryan moved to Lincoln, Nebraska, practicing law and simultaneously turning toward politics. He won a seat in Congress in 1890 and was reelected in 1892. He was the Democratic Party’s presidential nominee three times (1896, 1900, 1908). In 1912 he helped to secure the nomination of Woodrow Wilson for the presidency, and Wilson named him secretary of state in 1913. In World War I he advocated a policy of neutrality, hoping that the United States might play the role of arbitrator between the opposing sides. Wilson, however, did not follow his advice and he resigned in June 1915. During his time he advanced progressive causes such as women's suffrage and spoke on behalf of the common people, particularly the farmers, introducing measures which would give them more of a voice in government. But all that he advocated had a fundamentalist basis, i.e., he was motivated by a strong religious belief and did things in the name of religion. His old-fashioned fundamentalism made him popular among some of the common people. During the last 10 years of his life, he became more and more fanatical. He refused to condemn the Ku Klux Klan because they conducted their affairs in the name of Christianity. In 1925 he appeared for the prosecution in the Scopes trial in Tennessee opposing the teaching of theories of evolution in public schools. The ‘naiveté' and narrowness of his thinking emerged clearly in this trial, which was Bryan's 1ast appearance in public before his death in 1925. 4. Clearence Seward Darrow (1857-1938) Was born in Farmdale, Ohio. In 1894 Darrow began what would be his primary career for the next 20 years-labor law,. During these years, he had defended Eugene V. Debs, "Big Bill”Haywood and other labor leaders. But in 1911 disaster struck as Darrow, defending the Mcnamara brothers against a charge of blowing up the Los Angeles Times Building, was suddenly faced with his clients' reversing their previous plea of innocence to one of guilt. In turn, Darrow was indicted for misconduct but was not convicted. With this his career as a labor lawyer came to an end. Then he embarked on a new major career as criminal lawyer. He viewed criminals as people led by circumstance into committing antisocial acts rather than as free-willing monsters. For this reason he was a bitter opponent of capital punishment, viewing “it as a barbaric practice. Darrow's most famous criminal trial was the 1924 Leopold-Loeb case, in which two Chicago boys had wantonly murdered a youngster. For the only time in his career Darrow insisted that his clients plead guilty, then turned his attention to saving them from the death penalty. He was successful in this, partly because he was able to introduce a great deal of psychiatric testimony supporting his theories of the influences upon individual acts. In the Scopes trial, Darrow's defense, and particularly his cross-examination of William J. Bryan, who spoke for the biblical, antiscientific, fundamentalist side, served to discredit religious fundamentalism and won national attention. 5. United States Law The legal system in the U. S. originated from the English system of common law, unwritten law in which precedent plays an important role. However, as the U. S. developed, its own system of written statutes and codes evolved. American law is now based on a blend of written legal decisions and of legislation. There are two types of American law: civil law and criminal law. Civil law covers suits between individuals (companies as well as people are “individuals"). Insurance claims, divorces, and business malpractices are examples of matters handled under civil law. Criminal law covers cases brought by the state against individuals; criminal offenses range from traffic tickets to major crimes like hijacking and murder. State courts and Federal courts State courts: local trial courts (or magistrates courts) (minor cases); general trial courts; state supreme court Federal courts: The jurisdiction of the federal courts is basically limited by the Constitution to cases based on federal law and to controversies between citizens of different states. The nation is divided geographically into more than 90 areas, in each of which is a "limited States District Court". Above them are 11 limited States courts of appeal, then the Supreme Court, consisting of 9 judges. All federal judges, on the district court of appeals and supreme court level are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. Certain legal terms The jury trial: The prosecutor and the defense counsel present their cases by examining and cross examining witnesses who have been subpoenaed to appear in court so that they can testify. The judge presides and acts as a referee, but the jury is absolutely silent. When both lawyers have finished presenting their cases, the jurors deliberate and pass the verdict. Grand jury: For major investigation and crimes the prosecuting attorney meets with a panel of citizens (a grand jury) to present his evidence; if the panel feels that there is sufficient evidence of a crime, it votes to indict the defendant. The verdict: When the jury has reached a decision, the foreman of the jury announces the verdict. If the members cannot agree, the jury is called a hung jury and the judge declares a mistrial; in that case, the defendant may be tried again by another jury. Sentencing: If the verdict is "guilty", the person is then convicted and the judge sentences him. If the defendant has been found innocent, he is acquitted. Witness: One who testifies or gives evidence under oath in a court of law, based on information that is personally known to him. Charge: An accusation of a wrong or offense, as a preliminary step in the prosecution of a crime. In this sense it means a formal complaint, information, or indictment filed against the accused. Cross-examination: The examination of a witness during a I trial by the attorney of the adverse party, to test the accuracy of the testimony given by the witness on direct examination. The purpose is to disclose omission in answers previously made and to reveal possible bias or prejudice of the witness. Objection: A means used during a trial to oppose the introduction of certain testimony, or to call to the attention of the court alleged improper action of the other party. The purpose is to obtain a ruling of the court for the record, and to register an exception to it if it is adverse, so that an appeal can be taken based on error committed during the trial.
Detailed Study of the Text 1. the trial that rocked the world: rock: to cause great shock and surprise to 2. A buzz ran through the crowd.... “that sweltering July day in 1925: 1) buzz: the vibrating sound of a bee; here it refers to the sound of many people whispering or talking excitedly in low tones 2) ran through the crowd: spread among the people who had come to watch the trial 3) as I took my place in the packed court: as I went to my seat in the Court which was crowded with people 4) sweltering: oppressively hot and humid; very hot, causing unpleasantness 3. The counsel for my defense...: 1) counsel: one or more lawyers acting for someone in a Court of law 2) counsel for my defence: one or more lawyers who defend me in Court 3) criminal lawyer: a specialist in criminal law (law related to crime or its punishment) 4. Leading counsel for the Prosecution... that had brought about my trial: 1) leading counsel: the chief lawyer of a group 2) prosecution ': the group of people who are concerned in bringing a criminal charge against someone in court 3) silver-tongued orator: persuasive, eloquent public speaker 4) the fundamentalist movement: a militantly conservative and fanatically religious American Protestant movement that began in the early 20th century in opposition to modern scientific tendency; it holds that the Bible is a verbally accurate recording of the word of God, and was strong in parts of the U. S. especially the South, at the time. 5) fundamentalist movement that had brought about the trial: The trial was brought to court by Scopes and his lawyers. However, it was the fundamentalist movement which made the trial necessary, because it was this movement that had created the religious atmosphere that was responsible for the law which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the schools, and it was the existence of that law which made it necessary to hold a trial to challenge the law. 5. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over: 1) All of a sudden I found myself in a trial which was reported all over the world. 2) the world over: all over the world 6. Seated in court.., of Harvard University: 1) seated in court: be present in court 2) ready to testify on my behalf: prepared to submit evidence to support or benefit me (or my case) 3) on (in) somebody's behalf, on (in) behalf of somebody: to benefit, support, serve the interests of somebody. 4) distinguished: renowned, eminent, recognized for excellence I in some field 5) Harvard University: the oldest university of the U. S. A., at Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1636 and named after its first benefactor, John Harvard (1607-1638), a nonconformist minister born in England 7. More than 100 reporters... a jury trial: 1) reporter: a person who gathers information for publication in newspapers and magazines 2) on hand: present, available 3) radio announcer: it means, in this case, people who give the news on the radio 4) a jury trial: a trial that had a jury (a group of 12 responsible, impartial citizens chosen to hear the case and make the decision (reach a verdict) of guilty or not in accordance with their findings) 8. "Don't worry, son, we’ll show them a few tricks,” Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open: 1) son: affectionate term used by an older person to a boy or young man 2) We'll show them a few tricks: We'll do a few things to outwit them (the prosecution); or we have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial. 3) throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder: putting his arm in an informal, friendly way around me so that his hand rested on my shoulder, the shoulder that was further away from Darrow 4) reassuring arm: Obviously the arm can't be reassuring; it means in a reassuring manner, a friendly gesture to put John at ease; the figure of speech used here is a transferred epithet. 5) waiting for the court to open: waiting for the trial (the proceeding) to begin. | ||
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课 题：The trial that rocked the world 教学内容： 9. The case had erupted round my head... at the secondary school: 1) erupt: emerge suddenly and violently; explode 2) the case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently, I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair 3) science master: science teacher; master as a term for teacher whom another is descended is outdated in the U. S. 4) coach: person who trains athletes and directs teams 5) secondary school: high school; equivalent of middle school in 10. A clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists: 1) clash: conflict, disagreement 2) the conflict had become more and more intense 3) build up: develop, extend gradually and steadily 11. The fundamentalists... Old Testament: 1) adhere to: believe in, follow devotedly 2) literal interpretation: word for word acceptance of what is said in the Bible 3) Old Testament: that part of the Bible that refers to events before the birth of Christ. Note: All the words like the Bible, God (Lord, He, Him) and Christ (Savior) are capitalized 12.The modernists … had evolved from a common ancestor: 1) advance: put forward; propose 2) Charles Darwin. English naturalist, born on Feb. 12, 1809 at Shrewsbury, died on April 19, 1882; published “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”in 1859.The theory of evolution asserts that all living forms, plants and animals, including Man, have developed from earlier and simpler forms by processes of change and selection. 3) had evolved from a common ancestor: (all life) had developed gradually from a common original organism. 4) ancestor: a person, esp. one living a long time ago, from whom another is descended. 13. the state legislature. “as taught in the Bible: 1) state legislature: official body of people who pass (determine, decide) laws. Each of the 50 states in the U. S. has a China legislature. The national legislature is called the congress. 2) that denies the story of creation: that refuses to believe that all human beings are descended from Adam and Eve, who were created by God 3) deny: reject; refuse 14. The new law. “theory of evolution: 1) aim (at): point or direct towards some object, esp. with the intention of hitting it 2) squarely: directly 15. I was sent for: they sent somebody to get me 16. violating the law: breaking the law 17. So has every other teacher: every other teacher has as well; all the other (biology) teachers have also been violating the law 18. “Let’s take this thing … test the legality of it.”: 1).this thing: this matter, this problem; here it refers to Scopes' teaching of evolution and hence his violation of the law, “this thing”is an imprecise expression on the part of Rappelyea, but very common in spoken English 2) take to court: to start an action in a law court 3) legality: in keeping with a law, or a requirement of law 4) Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not. 19. When I was indicted... in U. S. history: 1) indict: to charge (someone) formally with an offence in law 2) when I was indicted: when a formal accusation was made against me of breaking this law 3) least of all I: 1, less than anyone else 4) anticipate: expect 5) snowball: grow rapidly in size or significance 6) I was the last one to expect that my case would grow (or develop) into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. 20. The American Civil Liberties Union "., without being sent to jail: 1) the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): citizens' organization whose purpose is protection and expansion of rights and liberties as set forth in U. S. Constitution. Main function is legal. Organized in 1920. Scopes trial is one of the most famous ACLU undertakings, which did much to separate church and state. It also has defended people accused of "subversive”(in US, this usually means communist) activities, has taken lead in challenging laws discriminating against blacks. Volunteer organization---- i.e. lawyers volunteer services, citizens donate money; 85,000 members. 2) if necessary: if the case was lost in the lower courts 3) establish: make (something) recognized officially 21. assist: more formal than help, having the meaning that the person assisted is able to do part of the work 22. assist the state in prosecuting me: Since the case revolves around a state law, the state of Tennessee is the offended party; it is the state which prosecutes Scopes. Thus the trial would be called the State of Tennessee vs. John Scopes. Bryan volunteered to be the lawyer on behalf of the State. 23. Immediately the renowned lawyer... to defend me: 1) renowned: (formal) famous, distinguished, suggesting being named publicly again and again for some outstanding quality, achievement, etc. 2) services: friendly help; also professional aid or attention 24. ironically: refers to incongruity between what might have been expected and actually happened. One would have expected that he would have known Darrow, who was going to defend him and not have known Bryan who was going to prosecute him. 25. our town... a circus atmosphere: 1) take on: begin to have (the look of) 2) circus: public entertainment consisting of a variety of performances by acrobats, clowns and trained animals, often performed in large tents by a group that travels from one town to another 3) circus atmosphere: a kind of rowdy or riotous, holiday spirit 4) All sorts of activities were going on in the town and there was a kind of noisy holiday spirit there. (Suddenly the town was transformed into a kind of circus with many people coming to hear the trial. The town people took advantage of the sudden influx of visitors to expand their business activities.) 26. The buildings... with banners: 1) the main street: small towns usually have one street where most of the stores are concentrated: the center of town. Sometimes the name of the main street is Main Street. 2) festoon: decorate; a festoon is a string of flowers, leaves, ribbons, etc. suspended in a curve between two points 3) festooned with banners: decorated with banners probably strung between the lampposts 27. The streets.., and water-melons: 1) sprout: grow or develop quickly 2) rickety: liable to fall or break down because weak; shaky 3) stand: a small often outdoor shop or place for showing things 4) sprouted with rickety stands: shaky (poorly made) stalls or booths suddenly appeared 5) hot dog: long, thin, sausage in a bun. Hot dogs and hamburgers (ground beef patty in a bun) are sometimes seen as symbols of American culture. As fast foods they represent, esp. to Europeans, the quick pace and low quality of life in the U. S. 6) These rickety stands, which appeared suddenly everywhere, sold hot dogs, religious books, watermelons, etc... This adds to the town's circus atmosphere. Religious books were sold because many religious people attended this trial in which religion played a key role. 28. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby: 1) evangelist: anyone who preaches the Christian gospel, esp. a traveling preacher 2) exhort: urge earnestly 3) The traveling preachers erected tents to urge people passing by to believe in God. 29. People from the surrounding hills.., the “infidel outsiders": 1) surrounding hills: referring to the hills near the town which were a part of the Appalachian Mts., a mountain chain in eastern North America extending parallel to the coast for 1, 600 miles from southern Quebec to central Alabama, passing through Tennessee 2) to cheer Bryan: to support Bryan 3) infidel: unbelievers in religious sense, meaning godless and implying being in the hands of the devil 4) outsiders: referring to the northern, big city lawyers, professors and scientists who would be held in suspicion as trouble-makers by narrow-minded, small town southerners. It's in quotes to signify that this is a false view held by such people. 30. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer... his native county: 1) before his election: before he was elected to the Tennessee legislature 2) had never been out of his native county: This suggests that his experience and vision were limited, that he was narrow-minded, not worldly. 31. The presiding judge... reg’lar mountaineer jedge": 1) presiding: person in charge of the proceedings, person holding position of authority 2) florid-faced: face flushed with rosy color; ruddy face 3) "I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer jedge. ": I'm just an ordinary judge from the mountains. Uneducated-sounding southern accent and his statement about himself conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow mindedness and bigotry. 4) regular: (especially American English) ordinary 32. Bryan, ageing and paunchy... Tom Steward: 1) age: (cause to) become old 2) paunchy: (derog. or humor) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach; pot-bellied 3) attorney general: chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the U. S. 33. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow;... steeped in the law: 1) besides: in addition to 2) shrewd: astute, sharp, clever, not to be outwitted; used admiringly here; sometimes implying negative qualities cunning, tricky, dishonest 3) magnetic: strongly attractive; said of a person, personality etc. 4) steep: immerse, saturate, absorb or imbue 5) steeped in the law: thoroughly familiar with the law 34. In a trial... Hays a Jew: 1) in a trial in which religion played a key role: Scopes was accused of violating the law which prohibited the teaching of any theory that denied the story of creation as taught in the Bible. And it was the fundamentalists who made the state legislature pass this law. That's why the writer said religion played a key role in the trial. 2) agnostic: a person who questions, doubts the existence of God and claims that His existence can't be proved; many agnostics simply leave it at that and do not bother with the question of religion any furthered, etc. 3) The whole sentence points out the religious and non-religious diversity of the defense counsel in contrast to the prosecution, hinting that the defense counsels would be wore broad-minded and objective.
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课 题：The trial that rocked the world 教学内容： 35. The judge called for… "That's one hell of a jury! ": 1) call for: send for 2) minister: a person authorized to conduct worship, administer sacraments etc. in a Christian church, esp. any Protestant clergyman 3) open the session: begin the trial; session is used to indicate that the trial will take more than one meeting 4) under way: in motion, in progress 5) get under way: get started, begin 6) growl: complain in an angry or surly manner; utter in a gruff, rumbling voice, esp. angrily 7) one hell of a jury (or a hell of a jury): no jury at all; a completely inappropriate jury (because they are too Partial); this is a common phrase meaning something unusual Examples: That Was a hell of an exam. (unusually difficult) It's been one hell of a trip. It's a hell of a change. 8) The whole paragraph shows the religious bias of the trial right from the start, indicates the Pro-fundamentalist atmosphere that will pervade the trial and gives readers a taste of things to come. 36. After the preliminary sparring… his opening statement: 1) preliminary: introductory or preparatory; coming before and introducing or preparing for something more important 2) spar: (fig.) engage in argument; fight with words 3) legalities: the requirements and procedure of the law 4) after the preliminary sparring over legalities: after the initial arguments over legal procedures 5) opening statement: opening speech 37. My friend.., Darrow drawled: 1) My friend is used in a sarcastic way. 2) The attorney general said that John Scopes was there because he had broken the law. 3) drawl: speak slowly with vowels greatly lengthened 4) Darrow drawled: Darrow was speaking slowly, deliberately and dramatically. 38. He is here because…, a mighty strong combination: 1) ignorance: lack of knowledge 2) bigotry: obstinate narrow-mindedness; intolerance; prejudice 3) rampant: widespread and impossible to control; spreading unchecked
4) ignorance and bigotry are rampant: unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked 5) it refers to the combination of ignorance and bigotry 6) mighty: very, extremely; an American colloquial term 39. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court: 1) walked slowly: done deliberately 2) baking: burning hot 40. Today it is the teachers…, the newspapers: 1) it perhaps refers to the target of ignorant and bigoted persecution 2) Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach scientific theory; soon the newspapers and magazines will not be allowed to express new ideas, to spread knowledge of science. 3) tomorrow: used figuratively, meaning in the near future 41. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind: 1) after a while: eventually; not long after 2) it is: it will become 3) setting of man against man: making people fight each other, causing universal enmity 4) creed against creed: making one religion fight another religion, causing universal intolerance and widespread religious persecution 5) marching backwards: marching usually implies going forward for a great cause; here marching is used ironically, meaning retrogress to the dark age of the 16th century 6) glorious: used ironically 7) 16th century: The 16th century was the time of the Renaissance when new ideas of arts, science began flourish. The Church led a reactionary movement against the Renaissance which threatened old religious beliefs. They intimidated free- thinkers and even burned them to death at the stake i.e., tied them to a pole and ignited sticks piled up at their feet. 8) bigot: someone, obstinately and intolerantly devoted to his own beliefs, creed or party 9) faggot: a bundle of sticks for firewood bound together 10) intelligence: use of the faculty of reason in solving problem, directing conduct, etc., efficiently 11) enlightenment: knowledge, truth 12) human mind: mankind 42. Damned: curse, condemn to eternal punishment (hell). Used interchangeably with damn. Often lightened into weaker word----darn, darned. Both are common. Other meanings damn (ed): Not worth a damn (dam)----of no value. Don't give a damn (darn)----don't care. Superlative----damnedest, darnedest. To try your damnedest (darnedest) ---- hardest. 43. address: speech, talk 44. grin shyly: showing embarrassment; shy means not bold, not putting oneself forward 45. contaminated: corrupted, made impure; can be used in a moral sense, as here, or in a physical sense 46. the experience refers to being taught evolution 47. mammal: an animal of the type which is fed when young on milk from the mother's body 哺乳动物。 48. "He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked: 1) This is more emphatic than "Did he say...?” 2) It was said deliberately to ridicule the ignorance of the fundamentalists. 49. reasoning power: the ability to think, understand, and form opinions
50. "There is some doubt about that", Darrow snorted: 1) that refers to having reasoning power 2) snort: say in a scornful, contemptuous way as if with a snort (exhale forcibly and noisily through the nostrils, as a horse) 3) It is doubtful whether man has reasoning power. Darrow is sarcastically referring to the fundamentalists, implying that they don't have reasoning power. 51. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below: 1) Christians believe that God in heaven made human beings but evolutionists think human beings come from the earth (or from lowly animals) 2) Bryan is being sarcastic. The statement implies that there's nothing lofty, noble or great about human beings in the evolutionists' view. The two statements are expressed in such a way that they form a contrast~ a definite statement about Christian belief and a 'must have come' statement about evolutionist belief, meaning the evolutionists are merely guessing. They think that if people don't come from God, they must come from somewhere else, and coming from below is as good a guess as any. 52. The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work: 1) spectator: an observer of an event; onlooker 2) chuckle: laugh quietly or to oneself in amusement 3) warm: become more enthusiastic, animated 4) Bryan was encouraged by the audience’s appreciation of his sarcasm and became more enthusiastic. 53. In one hand... for the defence:
1) brandish: wave menacingly, as a weapon; the use of the word brings to mind the waving of swords by inspired soldiers in religious wars 2) denounce: condemn as evil 3) Words brandish and denounce give a sense of Bryan behaving as if he had a sacred calling (duty) from God. This sentence and the next paragraph suggest that he is implying that the theory of evolution comes from the devil (Satan), and that the supporters of the defence are doing the devil's work. 54 “The Bible is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan”: 1) thunder, sonorous, organ: All these words convey the sound of his voice--deep, full, loud, rumbling, impressive. Ministers, evangelists, other religious leaders cultivate such a voice (it's actually taught in seminaries) to evoke emotion on the part of their listeners. 2) thunder: shout loudly 3) sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound 4) organ: a large musical, wind instrument 5) expert: the word is used sarcastically because Bryan means the opposite 6) who come hundreds of miles: subtle implication of them as outside trouble-makers 7) reconcile: find agreement between; make (arguments, ideas etc.) consistent, compatible etc., 8) they can reconcile evolution.., with man made by God in His image...: They can prove that the theory of man descending from monkey is compatible with the theory of man created by God. 9) This is an interesting construction: if he were being open-minded and fair he would have said-that evolution and the Bible can be reconciled. By putting it this way, he implies that they (the “experts") claim (falsely) that they can do the impossible. This construction, together with the use of the word “experts” implies that they are fakes. ! 10) with its ancestors in the jungle: with monkeys (or apes) as their ancestors; a phrase designed to represent evolution as the degradation of human beings 11) in His image: in His likeness, reflecting God 12) His purpose and the divine plan are never specified wore clearly than this because God is supposed to be mysterious, beyond human knowledge; so it's believed that God has a master plan for the world but humans can't possibly figure it out even though Bryan and people like him seem sure that evolution isn't part of God's plan. 13) with man made by God... a divine plan: full of words (God, His image, His purpose, divine plan) that are designed to uplift, to show loftiness in contrast to the lowly jungle evolution idea 14) The whole sentence is full of trickery as Bryan uses sarcasm and degradation and plays on the jury's religious emotions to undermine the defence. 55. As he finished... shouts of "Amen":
1) His impressive voice and dramatic words and gestures had the desired effect. People were carried away, greatly moved emotionally, to the point of completely inappropriate behavior in court. They applauded his speech with “Amen” (word uttered at the end of a prayer). 2) jaw: one of the two bony parts of the face in which the teeth are set 3) out-thrust: pushed out 4) flash: (of eyes) shine (with excitement or feeling); express in an excited way; sparkle or gleam 5) burst: start suddenly and with force 56. Gone was the fierce fervour... a prairie fire: 1) inverted sentence for emphasis 2) fierce fervour: ardent, extreme intensity of emotion 3) political arena: field of politics; arena is a place usually where contests are held 4) swept… like a prairie fire: moved quickly with the speed of a fire in a large flat grassland; a prairie fire is a simile; it is perhaps referring to the speech tours Bryan took in the election campaigns, making fiery speeches, overwhelming his opponents and rallying people under his banner 5) Despite his eloquence, he was not as forceful and persuasive as he used to be, 57. The crowd seemed to feel… as he should have: 1) their champion: their spokesman; champion usually means winner in a competition 2) scorch: parch; wither; burn; it is used metaphorically 3) oratory: skill or eloquence in public speaking 4) scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory: images of hear and fire bring to mind the 16th century burning of infidels at the stake, but this time not burning with firewood but with caustic attacks, with heated condemnation 5) hot breath of his oratory: vivid image of his breath coming out heatedly as he spoke.
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课 题：The trial that rocked the world 教学内容： 58. pop up: jump up 59. who has the right to speak for the Bible: 1) the right to: qualified to 2) speak for: uphold, defend, speak on behalf of 3) who is qualified to defend the Bible 60. Mr. Bryan... to politics 1) Although Mr. Bryan was emotional and enthusiastic, he has been devoted to God and religion less than many other people because he has channelized most of his energy to politics, not religion 2) Malone here is making a highly ironical statement, hinting that Bryan is more a politician than a defender of God. 61. Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume: 1) sip: drink, taking only a little at a time into the front of the mouth 2) volume: (degree of) fullness or loudness of sound 3) grow in volume: grow louder 62. He appealed... between science and religion: 1) appeal (for): make a strong request (for help, support, mercy etc.) 2) calling for a duel to the death: demanding that a life or death struggle be fought 3) duel: preplanned combat with deadly weapons between two people. In Middle Ages, an insult would be sufficient cause, for a duel. People dueled to defend their honor. It is used metaphorically here. 4) Malone, while a Catholic, was also a liberal. His view was that people should be allowed to think all sorts of things. Science and religion could coexist and there needn't be a deadly combat (as Bryan was waging) to prove one right and the other wrong. 63. roar: bellow; give a deep loud continuing sound, like the sound of a lion 64. We are not afraid of it: it refers to the truth 65. The truth is eternal... to support it: 1) eternal: going on for ever; it refers to what has no beginning or end 2) immortal: living for ever; it applies to what cannot or will never die 3) agency: (usu. sing.) the power or force which causes a result; influence; means; instrumentality 4) The truth is everlasting and unchanging regardless of human activities. It does not need any human effort to support it. 66. When Malone finished... surpassed that for Bryan: 1) momentary: lasting for a very short time 2) hush: stillness; quiet, silence, esp. a peaceful one 3) break into: begin suddenly 4) storm of applause: loud, noisy applause, like a thunder storm; storm is used metaphorically 5) When Malone finished it was silent for only a very brief time and then there was an outburst of applause, greater than Bryan had received. 6) Note the contrast between hush and storm. This is like a summer storm when the sky blackens and there is quiet before the storm breaks. 67. But although Malone... to testify for the defence: 1) oratorical duel: fight in words, in speeches 2) rule against: decide against; even in a jury trial the judge decides on matters of procedure like this 3) Even though Malone's speech defending intellectual freedom was better received than Bryan's, the judge still would not allow the scientists to speak on behalf of John Scopes. 4) Note: problem with the sentence: We haven't been told that allowing the scientists to testify was Malone's objective in what he said. This idea springs from nowhere. The author must have assumed too much. 68. When the court adjourned... with strangers: 1) adjourn: close or suspend a meeting, usually to be resumed at another time 2) swarm: (n.) a large number of insects esp. bees, usually in motion (v.) move or emerge in a swarm 3) When the court session finished (not the end of the trial) the people left the courtroom and found the area around the court full of people from other places (out-of-towners). 69. Hawkers cried their wares on every corner: 1) hawker: a person who peddles goods in the streets by shouting 2) cry: hawkers often shout out what they are selling and exaggerate the value to attract customers 3) ware: (usu. in pl.) any piece or kind of goods that a store, merchant, peddler, etc. has to sell 4) This sentence shows how all sorts of people are trying to take advantage of the trial. It takes the reader back to the circus atmosphere. 70. One shop announced... Everything-to-Wear Store: 1) one shop announced: it means announced in its sign; the sign on one shop said 2) Everything-to-Wear store: clothing store, outdated phrase 3) DARWIN IS RIGHT-INSIDE: This is a pun. The author plays on the different meanings of the words. Darwin and right Darwin can refer to the English naturalist or to the shop owner, while right can mean correct or directly. So when one pauses before the dash, the sign means Darwin (the naturalist) is correct; when you read out the whole sign in a breath, it means the shop owner is directly inside. 71. entrepreneur: a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit; the word often has the sense of enterprising, meaning imaginative in ambitious way for private economic gain 72. ape: tailless monkey, esp. anthropoid 73. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related: 1) gaze: look steadily for a period of time 2) ponder: spend time in considering carefully; ponder implies a weighing mentally and suggests careful consideration of a matter from all sides 3) People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry. 4) This remark is made in a sarcastic tone. 74. The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, … afraid it might be true.: 1) brute: (often derog.) an animal, esp. a large one 2) poor brute: unfortunate animal ! 3) cower: crouch or huddle up, as from fear; shrink in fear 4) The reporter wrote in an assumingly sympathetic way for the ape but the intention was to ridicule the foolishness of the fundamentalists. Even the ape shrank in fear when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with those irrational human beings. 75. sulphurous: violently emotional; heated; fiery 76. dispatch: a message sent to a newspaper by one of its writers 77. in his pants: without shirt because of the heat 78. run (someone) out of: (informal) force (someone) to leave (a place) 79. citizenry: citizens (residents of a city or town) 80. yokels: (humorous or derog.) naive, gullible, narrow- minded small town or country people; hicks, bumpkins 81. collapse under the weight of the throng: 1) throng: crowd of people, multitude 2) give away as a result of so many people sitting on it 82. resume: begin again; here it means the next session started 83. squat: crouch so as to sit on the heels with the knees bent and the weight resting on the balls of the feet 84. perch: rest, stand or sit on some elevated place, usually referring to birds 85. gawk: look at something in a foolish way 86. Note the use of specific verbs here to describe a concrete situation. 87. climax: high point; peak; the most interesting and important part, usu. near the end 88. Because of... interpreted literally: 1) wording: the words used; the words chosen to express something and the phrases they form 2) position: stand, attitude toward or opinion on a subject 3) interpret: understand the likely meaning of (something) 4) literal: following or representing the exact words of the original; word- for- word 5) The law was written in such a way that the prosecution had to base its case on a literal explanation of the words in the Bible. 89. Now Darrow... for the defence: 1) spring: present suddenly, unexpectedly; produce as a surprise 2) trump card: in some card games, a certain suit is declared trump, i.e., as outranking all other suits; the winning card; an important advantage 3) spring his trump card: use suddenly that which is most advantageous to his cause in order to improve his position 90. startle: imply a shock of surprise or fright of a kind that often causes one to literally jump or shrink 91. expert on the Bible: one who was considered an authority on matters concerning the Bible 92. His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world: 1) authority: a person whose knowledge is dependable, good and respected 2) Scripture: the Bible 3) recognize: acknowledge the authority of; admit (something or someone) as having the right to be the stated thing 4) People all over the world admitted that he was an expert on the Bible. 5) This is an exaggeration meant to ridicule Bryan and to put him in a disadvantageous position. 93. Bryan was suspicious... the challenge: 1) suspicious (of): not trusting; showing or expressing distrust 2) wily: clever in tricks, esp. for getting something one wants; crafty; sly; [wily implies the deceiving of others by subtle, cunning pretences, usually unscrupulous(不道德的) regarding the means to one's end] 3) challenge: a call to engage in contest or fight 4) Bryan suspected that Darrow had some tricks up his sleeves, but it was impossible for him not to accept the call to fight. 94. campaign: undertake a series of activities to attain some political, social, business or military objective 95. passage: the enactment of a law by a legislature 96. Resolutely... to repel his enemies: 1) resolutely: with determination, firmness of decision 2) stride: walk with long steps in a vigorous manner 3) the stand: the witness stand 4) palm fan: 芭蕉扇 5) repel: drive back by or as if by force (Note: One can repel or repulse an enemy but one can only repulse an offer of friendship.) 6) The author depicts Bryan as a soldier going to battle with the palm fan as his weapon. The depiction creates a vivid and ridiculous image in the reader's mind: the three- time Democratic presidential nominee, the authority on Scripture walked bravely to the witness stand to meet the challenge with a palm fan in his hand. A Don Quixote type of hero. 97. Under Darrow's quiet questioning… with fervent "Amens": 1) quiet: calm; not easily excited or disturbed 2) acknowledge: admit 3) punctuate: interrupt periodically 4) defiant: showing no fear or respect 5) defiant reply: answers that show strong resistance, standing up for his beliefs 6) fervent: showing great warmth of feeling; intensely devoted or earnest; (Note: fervent suggests a fiery feeling of enthusiasm, devotion.) 7) The fickle spectators, who were mainly fundamentalists, switched back to Bryan's side, and took his words as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen". 98. Genesis: 创世纪 first Book of the Old Testament which recounts the creation of the world and claims that God made the World and everything in it in 6 days and rested on the 7th (which is why one day is set aside as a day of rest----Sat. for Jews, Sun. for Christians). It outlines God's work during each of the 6 days, and says that on the first day there was morning and evening and that God made the sun on the fourth day. 99. "How could......”Darrow enquired: 1) enquire: (AmE.) inquire 2) Darrow first tricked Bryan into making positive assertions before showing that what he believed was not logically possible. Darrow's intention was to show how indefensible Bryan's position was.
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第 5 次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：The trial that rocked the world 教学内容： 100. Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence: 1) mop: make dry by rubbing with something dry; mop implies that Bryan was sweating a great deal, not just from the heat, but from embarrassment as well 2) dome: (slang) the human head, esp. when hairless 3) Bryan wiped the sweat off his bald head in silence. 101. snigger: sarcastic, somewhat stifled(被压制的) laugh 102. the faithful: the believers, the religious people; this shows that even Bryan's followers were not impressed with his answers at this moment 103. twirl: swing or spin in a circle quickly; Darrow, twirling his spectacles shows his self-confidence. 104. The story of Eve: Adam, first man, made by God, who then decided Adam should have a companion. Therefore, he took a rib from Adam's side and made Eve. They lived ignorant, blissful(极快乐的), naked, without any thought of a sexual relationship in the Garden of Eden, which was Paradise (Heaven) on earth. In the Garden was a Tree of Knowledge with apples. God told them not to eat from the Tree. The Serpent (snake) representing evil, persuaded Eve to have an apple, which she ate and then persuaded Adam to eat too. God punished the snake for luring Eve into evil by condemning it and all snakes after it to crawl on their bellies. Adam and Eve were banished from paradise and condemned to live and die in sorrow and misery. 105. The crowd laughed... in anger: 1) livid: pale with rage 2) This is another description of the reaction of the audience to the new interchange. The crowd, which a few minutes before was sniggering, is now laughing. Bryan, who a few minutes before was sweating in embarrassment, is now pale with rage. He is shaking and his voice is rising (growing in volume or getting higher in pitch; not clear here----possibly both) in anger. 106. "Your honour...... to cast slurs on Him...": 1) your honour: form of address when speaking to a judge 2) slur: unfair damaging remark; any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation 3) Bryan is attempting to save face, turn the tables on Darrow and win back sympathy from the audience for himself by charging Darrow with being an infidel who is making use of the court to belittle God. Actually whether or not Darrow believed in God was irrelevant: 107. object to: protest against 108. I am examining... on earth believes: 1) examining you on: questioning you about 2) fool ideas: foolish, ridiculous ideas 3) intelligent: the ability to learn or understand from experience or to respond successfully to a new experience 4) no intelligent Christian believes: Thoughtful Christians accept the basic principles of Christianity---e. g. one God, brotherhood, charity-----but not the literal truth of the Bible as do Bryan and the fundamentalists.
109. gavel: a special kind of hammer used by a judge or presiding officer of a meeting to call for attention or order 110. quell: (poet. and rhet.) suppress; quiet 111. hubbub: (slang) a mixture of loud noises; a noisy confused mingling of sounds; a great stir 112. forlorn: (lit. or formal) left alone and unhappy; in pitiful condition, nearly helpless 113. My heart... shake Darrow's hand: 1) go out to: be extended to 2) heart goes out to: (formal) feel sorry for; feel pity or sympathy for 3) old warrior: old fighter; here it means one who has fought for certain ideas. 4) Darrow had gotten the best of(获胜) Bryan, who looked helplessly lost and pitiable as everyone ignored him and rushed past him to congratulate Darrow. When I saw this, I felt very sorry for Bryan. 114. The jury were asked to consider their verdict: 1) Were is used here to refer to the members of the jury, ordinarily it would be the jury was asked. 2) ask: meaning instruct by the judge here 3) consider: meaning decide here 4) verdict: the official decision made by a jury in a court of law, declared to the judge at the end of a trial
115. The Jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just 9 minutes: 1) retire: go away; withdraw 2) whisper: they do not want others to overhear 3) The jurors went off by themselves to discuss the case and reached their decision in 9 minutes, an incredibly short period of time. This reminds the readers of a highly partial jury., There is no fair trial to speak of. 116. I was fined 100 dollars and costs: 1) fine: take money from as a punishment; require the punishment or penalty for an offense 2) costs: in a trial, the person (party) losing the case has' to pay lawyers' fees for both sides 3) I was required to pay 100 dollars as a punishment and was also required to pay the fees of the lawyers of both sides. 117 “Victorious defeat”: literally a defeat (found guilty, fined), but really something of a victory for the evolutionists because the very light sentence signifies the jury wasn't outraged at his "crime". Also the trial brought the issues out into the open, and the publicity largely showed the scientific viewpoint in a favorable light and as reasonable. These really were the main objectives of having the trial in the first place. 118. Southern papers: newspapers published in the southern states of the U. S. which are known for their conservatism and backwardness of ideas 119. faded champion: referring to Bryan whose oratorical skill, wit and force had become less impressive; a champion that had lost his glory. 120. hail: greet; acclaim, designate 121. But Bryan … after the trial: 1) Bryan wasn’t convinced by the praise or verdict of the Southern papers. The author suggests that the trial caused Bryan’s death ---- not only because it was physically exhausting, but also because he was so upset psychologically by it. 2) sad: not very clear whether he was simply saddened by the verdict, or sad because he lost face at several points in the trial, sad because he had lost much of his oratorical skill from earlier years etc., or a combination of these 122. offered my teaching job back: invited to take my teaching job; again asked to take back my teaching job 123. decline: implying courtesy in expressing one’s non-acceptance of an invitation, proposal etc.; refuse politely and is applicable to invitation to social events or to a courteous offer of help 124. arranged a scholarship for me: got a scholarship (a grant of money to aid a student in paying for education costs) for me 125. pursue the study of science: continue my study of science 126. overlook: have a view of (something or someone) from above 127. there are other changes, too: changes which are not physical and not confined to the town of Dayton. 128. The law … is still in the books: 1) The law was never changed even though it’s not now applied. Many American laws are not applied because they are outdated or deal with trifles, and legislatures don’t get around to or bother changing them. In this case, the law was probably not dropped because legislators didn’t want to alienate fundamentalists (Legislators are elected and are very conscious of their popularity among different segments of the population.). At the same time, the law is not applied because it is absurd to ban the teaching of such a rational scientific theory. This is an example of hypocrisy(伪善,虚伪) among the courts and law-makers. 2) on the books: recorded, listed, not cancelled 129. The oratorical storm... passing years: 1) The other change was the new open-mindedness that spread throughout the country as a result of the attention the trial received. 2) Metaphors are used in this sentence. The debate in the court is compared to a storm and the author follows through on the metaphor: blew up; swept like a fresh wind; its wake; climate 3) blow up: (of bad weather) start blowing; arrive; arise 4) sweep: move (over or past something) quickly; pass swiftly over or across 5) a fresh wind: because it challenged an outdated idea and paved the way for the free expression of ideas 6) in its wake: following directly or close behind it; following as a consequence 7) the battle Darrow and Malone fought in the little court in Dayton drew attention all over the country. It brought changes in the U.S. and paved the way for the spreading of the concept the people should be allowed to express their ideas freely. Today free expression of ideas is accepted by most people.
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第4课 教学总结
写出关于本章授课情况的一些总结（包括学生的出勤情况、学生作业情况、学生掌握知识情况、教学方法的总结等内容）：
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第 页
第5课 教学实施计划
课文题目 Lesson 5 The Libido for the Ugly | 课时安排 | 12 |
授课时间 | 14.10.30; 14.11.4; 14.11.6; 14.11.11; 14.11．13; 14.11.18 | |
教学目的、要求（分了解、理解、掌握三个层次）： 1、 了解课文体裁及不同文体的特点。 2、 理解课文标题中关键字在文中的同义词、能翻译理解长难句、以及作者创造的各种丑陋的意想。 3、 掌握作者的bombastic style，掌握课文语言特点、修辞手段及写作技巧的运用。
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教学内容（并注明属“三基”或一般综合或综合的内容，教学的重点、难点）： 1、 讲授作者的文体风格和相关背景。 2、 精讲课文The Libido for the Ugly，提升文学欣赏能力。 3、 处理相关作业，辅导课外阅读。
重点：The synonymy of the synonyms and antonymy of the antonyms in the text; the understanding of the complicated sentences; new words and phrases etc. 难点：A highly subjective and emotional piece of description. The author employs various rhetorical skills in the description, among which the clever use of lexical cohesion ( repetition, synonymy, antonymy, collocation) associated with the idea of “ugliness” and “libido” stand out conspicuously. These two are the key words in the title, which reoccur many times in their related terms. Ask my students to work out in pairs a list of words classified under “ugly” and “libido” chains.
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讨论/思考题、作业： 课文语言特点、修辞手段及写作技巧. | ||
本章参考书目（包括参考书、文献资料等）： 张汉熙.《高级英语2》（修订本）.外语教学与研究出版社. 张汉熙.《高级英语2》教师用书（修订本）. 外语教学与研究出版社. 张鑫友.《高级英语学习指南2》（修订本）. 湖北人民出版社. 梅仁毅等.《高级英语2》教师用书（修订本）.外语教学与研究出版社.
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第 页
课 堂 教 学 实 施 方 案
授课时间：14.10.30; 14.11.4; 14.11.6; 14.11.11; 14.11．13; 14.11.18
第1次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：The Libido for the Ugly By H.L.Mencken 教学内容：
Additional Background Material for Teachers' Reference Mencken: Henry Louis Mencken (1880 - 1956) was the first American to be widely read as a critic. Though, earlier, James Lowell and Edgar Allan Poe had been better endowed with critical intelligence, their proficiency in other literary forms had obscured to some degree their skills as critics. Mencken was born in Baltimore, Md., on Sept. 12, 1880, and privately Educated there. After graduating from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute at the age of 16, he became a reporter on the Baltimore Herald. He rose rapidly; soon he was the Herald's city editor and then editor. In 1906 Mencken joined the organization known as the Sunpapers, which he served in a variety of ways until his retirement. His outstanding piece of journalism, widely syndicated, concerned the Scopes trial of 1925 in Tennessee, in which a high school instructor was prosecuted for teaching evolution, contrary to a state law. The Smart Set and the American Mercury, both of which Mencken shared in editing (1908 - 23; 1924 - 33) with George Jean were additional vehicles for his opinions Mencken's journalistic skills became his chief handicap as a critic, for he sacrificed discrimination for Immediate attention, esthetic and philosophical distinctions for the reductions of easy reading, and subtleties of statement for buffoonery and bombast. Yet, though one may deplore his methods, they gained a wide audience and opened the way for the development of criticism. In this sense, he was the progenitor of modern American criticism, though he himself has no disciples. Despite what was just short of pandering to popular taste by one who derided popular taste Mencken derived certain critical principles from his study of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche，and French critic, Remy de Gourmont. Nietzsche's contempt for the leveling tendencies of democracy and Christianity influenced Mencken's heavily ironic Notes on Democracy (1926), A Treatise on the God (1930), and A Treatise on Right and Wrong(1934). His thorough knowledge of Nietzsche was established in his pioneering American study, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (1908). However, unlike Nietzsche (who was at heart an idealist and a visionary, and who, if he despised contemporary morality and mankind, nevertheless hoped to induce a master morality and breed a race of supermen), Mencken scoffed at this "messianic delusion,” adopting only the negative aspects of Nietzscheanism 'for his castigation of things American and "bourgeois". After establishing himself as a misogynist with In Defence of_Women (1918), Mencken startled his followers by marrying Sara Haardt in 1930. Their union was short, however, for Mrs. Mencken died in 1935 . . . Mencken's appreciation of the juicy phrase interested him in its informal aspects. Behind this interest was a distrust of English men ----a philo- Teutonism - that deluded him into holding that American speech was the unique product of a new environment. Genuine industry and the liveliest curiosity produced in 1919 The_American Language and in the following years its supplements (1945, 1948) and revisions (1927, 1923, 1936). In a field where one finds such great names as those of Ben Jonson the brothers Grimm, and Otto Jespersen, Mencken meets his peers. But none, not even that of Dr. Jonson, stands for a livelier discourse and happier illustrations of its points than Mencken'. By the time of his death on Jan. 29, 1956, in his beloved Baltimore, recognition of his service to the language was everywhere admitted. (excerpts from Encyclopedia of World Biography)
Text Explanation: 1. The Libido for the Ugly is a piece of subjective, impressionistic or emotional description. Description conveys the sensations, emotions and impressions that affect a writer experiencing a person, place, object or idea. The writer describes what he sees, hears, smells, feels or tastes, and it often includes his emotional reactions to the physical sensations of the experience. In describing, a writer paints a verbal picture of some place, thing or person . In order to enable his reader to perceive the reality of the original, he reproduces an image and invokes that reality essentially by specific and concrete words that appeal to the reader’s sense of sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. Descriptions is usually organized and developed by space order. He first establishes a point of view, that is, he takes a fixed position in space or a moving position through space and describes what he sees. He may also establish a mental attitude toward his subject as part of his point of view. He selects details in some kind of logical order; he may concentrate on a dominant impression and then move on to other features; he may move from a distance to close up, from close up to a distance, from left to right, from right to left, etc. Description may be thought of as general or specific. When the controlling sentence calls for general description, the writer selects several of the main typical traits which characterize the subject and proceed to enumerate, analyze, or synthesize its features. For specific description, he focuses on the special characteristics which identify or typify the person, place or thing being described. Whether general or specific, description may be (1) objective, realistic or expository or (2) subjective, impressionistic or emotional. Description is realistic when the topic is viewed from an objective point of view. The intent of the writer is to inform or explain. He records only what his senses detect. This kind of description is much like a black and white photograph—the camera captures only what is there. He paints with words and objective and impersonal picture, selecting factual details and using denotative and concrete words to avoid an emotional or distorted reproduction. Description is impressionistic when the writer regards the topic from a subjective point of view. The main purpose of impressionistic description is to share with the reader a single dominant impression. The dominant impression may be a sense impression or an emotion. In writing emotional description, a writer tries to evoke in the reader his feelings about the subject; therefore he selects words rich in connotative meaning and appeals strongly to the senses. He is subjective and personal. In The Libido for the Ugly, Mencken is very subjective and personal. In this strong impressionistic or highly emotional piece of description, ugliness, as the dominant impression, stands out vividly and prominently. 2. Mencken is well-known for his bombastic style and acid tongue and in this piece he seems to have excelled himself. Mencken doesn’t just satirize, or perhaps one mighty more appropriately say he doesn’t just berate(vt.严厉指责, 申斥) and revile(v.辱骂, 斥责) the ugliness of Westmoreland, he attacks the whole American race—a race that loves ugliness for its own sake, that lusts to make the world intolerable; a race which hates beauty as it hates truth (see text, paragraph 9). In his vitriolic(adj.硫酸的, 象硫酸的, 刻薄的, 讽刺的) attack he chooses the strongest words possible, words bordering on the abusive--- dreadfully hideous, abominable, agonizing ugliness, revolting monstrousness, leprous hill, and so on ad nauseam. (令人作呕地). Besides words, he uses figures of speech profusely to create nauseating and dreadful images to reinforce his verbal attack--- so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats; one blinks before them as one blinks before a man with his face shot away; like gravestones in some gigantic and decaying cemetery; it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring, etc. Mencken uses a lot of hyperboles to exaggerate and also makes abundant use of sarcasm, ridicule and irony to taunt and jeer. However, an excessive use of strong language is always self-defeating. The average reader begins to doubt the objectivity and fairness or even the honesty of the writer. The reader feels the writer perhaps has a special axe to grind and loses interest in what he has to say. In fact one might say Mencken employs all the force of diction, structure and figures only to batter his readers in insensitivity. Mencken deliberately use the word libido, a special term in psychoanalysis, in his title to create the impression that his description and analysis has some scientific foundation. The love of ugliness in the United States is a pathological problem (see text, last sentence). He refers to other towns and villages in America, to the villages of Europe and to the Parthenon in order to emphasize the ugliness of Westmoreland county. Westmoreland is the ugliest spot on earth and the United States as a whole is uglier than Europe. Paragraph one is developed by contrasting the great wealth of this region to the abominable human habitations seen everywhere. The reader fails to understand why such rich people live in such ugly houses. The contrast, thus, helps Mencken to make his point., Ugliness is not due to poverty but to something innate in the American character---- a love of ugliness for its own sake or, as the title says, the libido for the ugly. 3. the Libido for the Ugly: the strong urge to love things ugly. Mencken deliberately chooses the word “libido” in order to give his subject a scientific coloring. Libido: a special term used in psychoanalysis meaning psychic(精神的) energy generally; specifically, a basic form of psychic energy, comprising the positive, loving instincts manifested variously at different stages of personality development 4. On a winter day… county: One day in winter some years ago. I started out from Pittsburgh and traveled through the coal and steel towns of Westmoreland county in a fast railway train. On a winter day: one day in winter. This phrase is used when the exact date is forgotten, or when the writer or speaker doesn’t wish to mention the exact date. Pittsburgh: a city in Southwest Pennsylvania. It is one of the most important industrial cities of America, and a center of rail and river transportation. Termed the “Steel City” or “Smoky City”, it is the center of rich bituminous-coal(含沥青的) region, producing also natural gas, oil and limestone(石灰石); a large part of U.S. steel and iron is produced here. Express: a fast, direct train, making few stops Roll: to travel in a wheeled vehicle (here and express train) Westmoreland county: a county in Southwest Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Greensburg. It is a mining and manufacturing region. 5. boy and man… before: As a boy and later when I was a grownup man, I had often traveled through the region. 6. But somehow… desolation: But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was. 7. Here was the very heart.. joke: Many figures of speech are used in this long sentence, (1) metaphor; comparing this most important center of industrial America to the heart of a human body; (2) hyperbole: exaggerating the richness and grandeur of this region and of America as a whole---- the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth; (3) antithetical contrast: the richest and grandest region contrasted with the hideous, bleak and forlorn scene. 8. Here was the very heart … activity: the region around Pittsburgh was one of the most important industrial centers of America. Here was the center of the most profitable and characteristic American activity----industrial activity (manufacture and production of goods as distinguished from agriculture). 9. the boast and pride … on earth: hyperbole, exaggerating the wealth and grandeur of the United States. The United States, the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth, both boasts about and feels proud of this center of industrial activity. 10.and here was … joke: The scene that met the eye was terribly ugly and the whole region was so miserable and gloomy that it was unbearable. This dreadful scene (in a region which produces through its industry the wealth to make America the richest and grandest nation) makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.
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第2次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 70 分钟 讨 论 10 分钟；其它 10 分钟 | |
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课 题：The Libido for the Ugly
教学内容： 11.what I allude … insight: hyperbole, an exaggeration that is hard to believe. Not every house could have been that ugly. Unbroken ugliness: ugliness that was continuous and uninterrupted. It was ugly no matter where you looked. Agonizing ugliness: ugliness that caused great pain (to people who saw it ) sheer revolting monstrousness: the absolute (or downright), disgusting (or loathsome) hideousness 13. From East Liberty. .. the eye: Every house a passenger saw when traveling by train from East Liberty to Greensburg, a distance of twenty-five miles, was so ugly that it offended and hurt his eyes. Greensburg: county city of Westmoreland county, Southwest central Pennsylvania, 25 miles east southeast of Pittsburgh 14. they were. .. pretentious: These houses that were especially ugly were also important buildings, claiming some distinction. 15. one blinked. .. shot away: a simile. The ugliness of these houses was as gruesome as a face that has been shot and mangled. The piling up of ugly and gruesome words and images without let up defeats the purpose of the writer. 16. A few linger. .. there: Some of the houses remain in one's memory and later when one pictures them in one's mind they still appear to be horrible. 17. A crazy. .. leprous hill: simile. A foolish (insensible) little church just west of Jeannette was built like a dormer-window on a hillside that was bare and looked as repulsive as the skin of a leper. crazy: (colloquial) foolish, wild, fantastic, etc.; not sensible Jeanette: a small city in Westmoreland county, 21 miles east-southeast of Pittsburgh dormer-window: a window set upright in a sloping roof leprous: like leprosy having ulcers and white scaly scabs 18. a steel stadium . .. the line: simile and ridicule. It was a large round oval structure made of steel and looked like a big rat trap. This headquarters of the Veterans of Foreign Wars was a bit further down the line than the church at Jeanette. line: railway line 19. There was not. .. Greensburg yards: When traveling from Pittsburgh to Greensburg, one did not see a single decent house. yard: a railway center where trains are made up, serviced, switched from track to track, etc. 20. There was not. .. shabby: The repetition of the same structural pattern and the use of double negatives help to emphasize the two words "misshapen" and "shabby" . 21. The country itself. .. mills: The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region. not uncomely: litotes (understatement), meaning quite comely ; or pleasant and fair to look at 22. It is thickly. .. over crowded: In this area a great number of people live close together but it doesn't give the impression of being overcrowded. 23. There is still. .. blocks: Even in the larger towns there are very few solid blocks of houses, so there are still many empty spaces on which new buildings can be put up. room: space, especially enough space in which to do something building: "building" is a verbal noun here, meaning the act or process of building houses. solid block: a group of buildings with no breaks or empty space separating them 24. Obviously. .. the hillsides: sarcasm. The "if" clause is not a real conditional clause. It sarcastically emphasizes the fact that there were no architects worthy of its name in this region. There were no architects worthy of the honor or the high standards demanded of by its profession. If there had been such architects they would naturally have built Swiss-type houses which would lie low and clinging to the hillsides. chalet: a type of Swiss house, built of wood with balconies and overhanging eaves 25. A chalet with. .. Winter snows: a chalet whose roof was steep in slope so that heavy winter snows would slide off them easily 26. They have taken. . . on end: The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright. 27. This they have. .. low-pitched roof: These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope. 28. And the whole. .. piers: And the whole house was set upon (or supported by) thin and ridiculous looking brick columns. 29. By the hundreds. .. cemetery: simile, comparing these houses to gravestones in a big, rotting cemetery 30. on their low sides. . . mud: metaphor, comparing the houses to pigs wallowing in the mud. Since these houses are built on the hillsides and set on brick piers, one side is high and the other is low. The low sides make them look like pigs burying themselves in the mud.
31. And one and all ... the streaks: metaphor, comparing the patches of paint to dried-up scales formed by a skin disease. The piling up of images (gravestones, bury swinishly, dead and eczematous patches) tends to weaken the picture of ugliness. All the houses here are smeared with sooty dirt, and some paint which is not covered up by the soot looks like dried-up scales formed on the skin by eczema. one and all': everyone; every house without exception streak: to mark with streaks (a line or long, thin mark) dead: dried up (dead tissues)
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课 题：The Libido for the Ugly
教学内容： 32. But what brick: elliptical. But what (terrible) brick (it was)! Such elliptical sentences often express shock, surprise, wonder, etc. 33. When it has taken. .. or caring: ridicule and irony, laughing scornfully at the color of these houses; also metaphor, comparing the color of the bricks to color of rotten eggs. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. patina: generally refers to the beautiful green or greenish-blue color that ageing brings to bronze or copper objects. Here Mencken uses it ironically to describe the grime of the mills. long past all hope or caring: (facetious) an egg that had long past the time when there was some hope that it might still be edible, long past the time when people were still concerned about it. It was a thoroughly rotten egg. 34. Red brick. .. dignity: Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye. 35. Let it become. .. sightly: Even when it becomes absolutely black, it still appears pleasing to the eye. sightly: pleasant to the sight 36. especially if ... by the rain: especially if the borders are of white stone, with black soot in the hollow places and the protruding parts washed clean by the rain 37. But in ... yellow: But it seems that people in Westmoreland county prefer that yellow color produced by the disease uremia(the color of rotten egg or the color of urine plus blood). uremia: a toxic condition caused by the presence in the blood of waste products normally eliminated in the urine and resulting from a failure of the kidneys to secrete urine 38. they have the most. . . mortal eye: hyperbole, exaggerating the ugliness of the towns and villages in Westmoreland county mortal eye: human eyes 39. I award. .. prayer: sarcasm and irony. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying. I came to the conclusion that Westmoreland had the most loathsome towns and villages only after visiting and comparing many places not only in the United States but also in other countries and after constantly praying to God for guidance. championship: Mencken uses this word ironically here to describe not the best but the worst. prayer: asking God to help him come to a correct decision. It is terrible to call a place the ugliest in the world so he must not make a mistake. 40. I have seen. .. Texas: I have seen the decaying and rotting mill towns of New England and the desert like towns of Utah, Arizona and Texas. This shows he has traveled throughout the United States from the Northeast state of New England to the states in the Southwest on the border of Mexico, Arizona and Texas and the western state of Utah. 41. I am familiar. .. Newport News, Va: Now he mentions some of the towns he visited. back streets: small, mean streets; streets in slum areas Newark: city in northwest New Jersey Brooklyn: borough of New York City on west Long Island Chicago: city and port in northeast Illinois on Lake Michigan Camden, N. J. : Camden, New Jersey: city in southwest New Jersey on the Delaware river Newport News, Va.: Newport News, Virginia: seaport in southeast Virginia on the James River at Hampton roads 42. Safe in ... Georgia: Traveling in a Pullman car. I passed through the gloomy, desolate villages of Iowa and Kansas, and the malaria infested hamlets of Georgia. Pullman: a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into berths for sleeping. It is so-called after the U. S. inventor, George M. Pullman (1831- 97). whirl: to move, go, drive, etc. swiftly Iowa: middle western state of north-central U. S. Kansas: middle western state of north-central U. S. tidewater hamlet: very small village near the sea affected by the rise and fall of tides Georgia: southern state of southeast United States 43. I have been. .. Los Angeles: Bridgeport, Conn: Bridgeport, Connecticut: seaport in southwest Connecticut on Long Island Sound Los Angeles: city and seaport on the southwest coast of California 44. They are . " in design: sarcasm. People can't find such terrible color and design in any other region. Incomparable: beyond comparison; unequaled; matchless. This word has the connotative meaning of superb excellence but Mencken uses it ironically to mean that the color and design were so bad that you couldn't find any which was worse. 45. It is as if . . . of them: hyperbole and irony. It is as if some genius of great power, who didn't like to do the right things and who was an inflexible enemy of man, employed all the cleverness and skill of Hell to build these ugly houses. genius: used ironically to mean an evil genius, having great ability to do evil Hell: the powers of evil or darkness 46. They show. .. diabolical: They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked. When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre one feels they must be the work of the devil himself. grotesquerie: a grotesque thing; a thing characterized by distortions or striking incongruities in appearance, shape, manner, etc. ; fantastic; bizarre diabolical: of the devil or devils; fiendish 47. one can scarcely. .. in them: One can scarcely imagine people living in these houses and bearing and bringing up children in them.
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课 题：The Libido for the Ugly
教学内容： 48. Are they. . . in them: a rhetorical question for effect. The dash is put in place of "who are" or "dull, insensate brutes" may be considered in apposition to "foreigners". Are the houses :IJ frightfully ugly because the valley is inhabited by a lot of foreigners who are stupid and unfeeling like animals and who have no love of beauty in them? insensate: not feeling, or not capable of feeling, sensation brute: of or like an animal; having no consciousness or feelings 49. You will . .. of England: In fact, you won't find any abominable houses in Europe, except perhaps in some rotten and decaying areas in England. save: a conjunction meaning" except", "but" putrid: decomposing; rotten and foul-smelling 50. But in the American. .. upon passion: sarcasm. But in the American village and small town, the appeal (drawing power) is always towards ugliness, and in that Westmoreland valley people have given in to this appeal eagerly or almost passionately. pull: drawing force, appeal yield: to surrender, to give into border upon: to be like, almost be 51. It is incredible. .. of horror: sarcasm and irony. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like. masterpiece: a thing made or done with masterly skill; great work of art or craftsmanship. Mencken uses this word ironically to say that the houses were so horrible that no one could build worse ones. 52. On certain levels. . . for the beautiful: antithesis, balancing "libido for the ugly" against" libido for the beautiful". People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. level: position, elevation, or rank considered as one of the planes in a scale of values, for example, "levels of income”, “levels of education", etc. Christian: Mencken mocks at the Christians and attacks their code of behavior. The Christians are supposed to have the qualities of love, kindness, humility, etc. but Mencken thinks they do not know what is beautiful. Pagans not Christians know what is beautiful. 53. It is impossible. . . of the manufacturers: It is impossible to attribute the wallpaper that makes the average American home of the lower middle class look so ugly to mere oversight, or to the indecent humor of the manufacturers. The wallpaper that makes the average American home of the middle class look so ugly could not have been chosen unintentionally or put up through oversight nor were they produced by manufacturers with an indecent sense of humor. put down (to): attribute (to) 54. Such ghastly. .. type of mind: It is clear that the horribly ugly designs on the wallpaper give real delight to a: certain type of mind. 55. They meet. . . demands: These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.
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课 题：The Libido for the Ugly
教学内容： 56. But they chose. .. depravity: They chose, fully understanding what they were doing, this horrible house made of clapboard and then let it deteriorate to this present shocking, sinful condition. with eyes open: with full understanding of what is involved mellow: to make full, rich, soft, gentle, etc. Mencken uses this word ironically to mean, "to let deteriorate, to let it go from bad to worse" .d 57. beside it . .. offend them: sarcasm. They like things ugly an, do not know what is beautiful. If one were to put a beautiful building like the Parthenon there, they would be offended. 58. In precisely. .. choice: metaphor. The authors of the round oval structure that was like a rat-trap that I mentioned before also made a deliberate choice fully knowing what they were doing. . 59. they made it perfect. .. of it: ridicule. They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. impossible: not capable of being endured, used, agreed to, etc. because disagreeable or unsuitable; hard to tolerate 60. The effect. .. eye: metaphor, comparing the ugly rat-trap stadium with an impossible yellow penthouse to a fat woman with a black eye. black eye: a discoloration of the skin or flesh surrounding an eye, resulting from a sharp blow or contusion. 61. It is that. .. grinning: metaphor. See notes to the text, point 4. 62. Here is something. .. intolerable: So far psychologists haven't paid sufficient attention to (or studied and analyzed) the problems of the love of ugliness for its own sake, and the lust to make the world intolerable. for its own sake: loving ugliness just for the purpose of loving ugliness. They loved ugliness because it was ugly and for no other reason. lust: overmastering desire; intense enthusiasm 63. Its habitat. .. states: The place where this psychological attitude is found is the United States. habitat: the place where a person or thing is ordinarily found 64. Out of . .. hates truth: From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth. melting pot: a country, place, etc. in which immigrants of various nationalities and races are assimilated 65. it arises. .. act of God: The birth and development of this madness is governed by the scientific laws of biology and not due to some supernatural act of God. There must be some biological reason for the existence and growth of this madness. It isn't something done by God. 66. What precisely. .. laws: What are the conditions or requirements set forth by those laws? terms: conditions, requirements 67. Let some. .. to the problem: Let some lecturer in pathological sociology work diligently on this problem. Privat Dozent: in German universities, an unsalaried lecturer paid only by his students' fees. pathological sociology: science dealing with the diseases of human society apply: to concentrate one's faculties on; employ oneself diligently
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课 题：The Libido for the Ugly
教学内容： Key to Exercises: Key to Exercises I . See Additional Background Material for Teachers' Reference. II. 1: The writer is referring to industrial production which is the most lucrative and characteristic activity in the United States. 2. All the noble aspirations of man for a better, fuller and more beautiful life here on earth. 3. All the houses were ugly. The houses looked like bricks set on end. They were made of clapboards, with narrow, low pitched roofs. And the whole house is set upon thin brick piers. All the houses are streaked with grime and many of them are not even perpendicular but they lean this way and that. The writer suggests a chalet-type house for the hillsides. A chalet with high-pitched roof, to throw off the heavy winter snows, but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall. 4. According to the writer, the houses have the most loathsome color. The color of a fried egg when new and after some time they take on the color of uremic yellow. 5. Strictly speaking, no. Most of them were most probably U. S. citizens of European origin, with perhaps a few recent immigrants from Europe. 6. Mencken doesn't believe that mere ignorance was the reason for such ugliness. He believes on certain levels of the American race, there seems to be a great passion for the ugly. Ugliness seems to give some sort of satisfaction to this type of mind.Mencken, however, doesn't understand why they have such tastes. 7. No. He is only implying in a sarcastic tone, that he doesn't understand why so many Americans seem to love ugliness for its own sake. He doesn't understand the psychology of these people who lust to make the world intolerable. He thinks these people have a diseased mind. III. See Detailed Study of the Text, points 1 and 2. 1. Mencken deliberately uses the word libido, a special term in psychoanalysis, in his title to create the impression that his description and analysis has some scientific foundation. The love of ugliness in the United States is a pathological problem (see text, last sentence). 2. Paragraph one is developed by contrasting the great wealth of this region to the abominable human habitations seen everywhere. The reader fails to understand why such rich people live in such ugly houses. The contrast, thus, helps Mencken to make his point. Ugliness is not due to poverty but to something innate in the American character---- a love of ugliness for its own sake or, as the title says, the libido for the ugly. 3. He refers to other towns and villages in America, to the villages of Europe and to the Parthenon in order to emphasize the ugliness of Westmoreland county. Westmoreland is the ugliest spot on earth and the United States as a whole is uglier than Europe. 4. Mencken doesn’t just satirize, or perhaps one might more appropriately says he doesn’t just berate(vt.严厉指责, 申斥) and revile(v.辱骂, 斥责) the ugliness of Westmoreland, he attacks the whole American race—a race that loves ugliness for its own sake, that lusts to make the world intolerable; a race which hates beauty as it hates truth (see text, paragraph 9). 5. In his vitriolic(adj.硫酸的, 象硫酸的, 刻薄的, 讽刺的) attack he chooses the strongest words possible, words bordering on the abusive--- dreadfully hideous, abominable, agonizing ugliness, revolting monstrousness, leprous hill, and so on ad nauseam. (令人作呕地). Besides words, he uses figures of speech profusely to create nauseating （作呕的, 恶心的, 厌恶的）and dreadful images to reinforce his verbal attack--- so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats; one blinks before them as one blinks before a man with his face shot away; like gravestones in some gigantic and decaying cemetery; it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring, etc. 6. Mencken uses a lot of hyperboles，similes and metaphors to exaggerate and also makes abundant use of sarcasm, ridicule and irony to taunt and jeer. However, an excessive use of strong language is always self-defeating. The average reader begins to doubt the objectivity and fairness or even the honesty of the writer. The reader feels the writer perhaps has a special axe to grind and loses interest in what he has to say. 7. An excessive use of strong language is always self-defeating.
IV. 1. As a boy and later when I was a grownup man, I had often traveled through the region. 2. But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was. 3. This dreadful scene (in a region which produces through its industry the wealth to make America the richest and grandest nation) makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke. 4. The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region. 5. The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright. 6. These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope. 7. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 8. Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye. 9. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying. I came to the conclusion that Westmoreland had the most loathsome towns and villages only after visiting and comparing many places not only in the United States but also in other countries and after constantly praying to God for guidance. 10. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish (恶魔似的, 残忍的, 极坏的)and wicked.
When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre one feels they must be the work of the devil himself. 11. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like. 12. People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things. 13. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind. 14. They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 15. From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth.
V.
VI. 1. a fast, direct train, making few stops 2. to travel in a wheeled vehicle (here in an express train) 3. disgusting (or loathsome) 4. railway line 5. a railway center where trains are made up, serviced, switched from track to track, etc. 6. to mark with streaks (a line or long, thin mark) 7. pleasant to the sight 8. Pullman: a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into beds for sleeping. It is so-called after the U. S. inventor, George M. Pullman (1831- 97). whirl: to move, go, drive, etc. swiftly 9. prep. Except, but 10. to surrender, to give into; Bordering on/upon: almost be, close to be. 11. drawing force, appeal 12. position, elevation, or rank considered as one of the planes in a scale of values, for example, "levels of income”, “levels of education", etc. 13. put down (to): attribute (to) 14. not capable of being endured, used, agreed to, etc. because disagreeable or unsuitable; hard to tolerate
VII. 1. Dirt refers to any unclean or soiling matter, as mud, dust, dung, trash, etc. Filth is applied to that which is disgustingly dirty. Soot is a black substance consisting chiefly of carbon particles formed by the incomplete combustion of burning matter. Grime suggests soot or granular dirt deposited on or ingrained in a surface. 2. Love implies intense fondness or deep devotion and may apply to various relationships or objects [sexual love, brotherly love, love of one's work etc.] Passion usually implies a strong emotion that has an overpowering or compelling effect [his passions overcame his reason]. Lust is a desire, especially as seeking unrestrained gratification, to gratify the senses, especially sexual desire. Libido is a psychoanalytic term describing psychic energy generally; or specifically a basic form of psychic energy, comprising the positive, loving instincts and manifested variously at different stages of personality development.
VIII. hideous, horrid, horrible, frightful, dreadful, terrible, awful, repulsive (推斥的, 排斥的, 严拒的, 令人厌恶的) , repugnant (令人厌恶的，令人讨厌的, 不一致的), ghastly, revolting
IX. Beauty, beautifulness, prettiness, handsomeness, charm, pulchritude (美丽, 标致), grace, attractiveness, loveliness, elegance; exquisiteness (优美的, 高雅的, 精致的)
X. 1. lucrative, creative, destructive, indicative, fricative, evocative (唤出的, 唤起的), sedative (镇静的, 止痛的), negative, interrogative, relative, contemplative (沉思的, 冥想的) 2. characteristic, realistic, artistic, egotistic (自我本位的, 任性的, 自高自大的), altruistic (利他的, 无私心的), impressionistic, antagonistic (反对的, 敌对的), chauvinistic (盲目的爱国心的, 沙文主义的), humanistic, optimistic, pessimistic 3. horrible, divisible, legible (清晰的, 易读的), invincible (不能征服的, 无敌的), edible, incredible, eligible (符合条件的, 合格的), negligible, audible, intelligible (可理解的), infallible (没有错误的, 确实可靠的) 4. ghastly, harshly, finely, loosely, delicately, tersely (简洁地, 精练), fearsomely, deathly (adj.象死一样的), steadfastly (踏实地, 不变地), curtly (简略地, 草率地), eloquently，friendly, lovely, lively, monthly, daily, weekly. 5. swinish, piggish, sluggish (行动迟缓的), doggish, hoggish (贪婪的), kittenish (小猫似的, 嘻耍的), owlish (象猫头鹰的, 面孔严肃的), ghoulish (食尸鬼似的, 残忍的), girlish, fiendish (恶魔似的, 残忍的, 极坏的), devilish 6. biological, theological, physiological, etymological (语源的, 根据语源学的), anthropological, astrological (占星的, 占星术的), bacteriological, psychological, geological, archeological, mythological (神话学的, 神话的, 虚构的) 7. loathsome (讨厌的), gladsome, tiresome, venturesome, troublesome, burdensome, cumbersome (讨厌的, 麻烦的, 笨重的); frolicsome (爱闹着玩的, 嬉戏的), gruesome (可怕的, 可憎的, 令人厌恶的), quarrelsome, fearsome 8. hideous, outrageous, courageous, advantageous, contemporaneous(同时期的, 同时代的), extemporaneous(无准备的, 即席的, 不用讲稿的, 善于即席讲话的, 临时的), simultaneous, spontaneous, instantaneous(瞬间的, 即刻的, 即时的), extraneous(无关系的, 外来的, [化]外部裂化, [化]新异反射), erroneous(错误的, 不正确的)
XI. appalling desolation, dreadfully hideous, intolerably bleak, forlorn, abominable, filth, dirty, ugliness, revolting monstrousness, horrible, leprious, hideousness, misshapen, shabby; uncomely, grime, dingy, decaying, swinishly, eczematous patches, shocking, uremic yellow, loathsome, unlovely, decomposing, gloomy, God-forsaken, malarious, grotesqueries of ugliness, diabolical, frightful, abominations, putrid, horror, deface, ghastly, depravity, etc.
XII. 1. Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity (profitable) 2. and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats (dwellings, homes) 3. What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness ( refer to) 4. there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye ( wound, hurt) 5. And the whole they have set upon thin, preposterous brick piers. (absurd, ridiculous) 6. Not a fifth of them are perpendicular. (exactly upright, vertical ). 7. They lean this way and that, hanging on to their bases precariously. (unsafely, insecurely) 8. I award this championship only after laborious research an incessant prayer. (continual, repeated) 9. It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. (unfriendly, hostile) 10. Are they so frightful because the valley is full of .foreigners-dull, insensate brutes, with no love of beauty in them? (insensitive, without feelings) 11. Then why didn't these 'foreigners set up similar abominations in the countries that they came from? (hateful or disgusting things) 12. It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home of the lower middle class to mere inadvertence, or to the obscene humor of the manufacturers. (spoil the appearance of, disfigure) (carelessness, oversight) 13. Certainly there was no pressure upon the Veterans of Foreign Wars to choose the dreadful edifice that bears their banner (building) 14. The etiology of this madness deserves a great deal more study than it has got. (causes) XIII. Metaphor: 1)comparing this most important center of industrial America to the heart of a human body; 2)comparing the houses to pigs wallowing in the mud; 3)comparing the patches of paint to dried-up scales formed by a skin disease; 4)comparing the color of the bricks to color of rotten eggs; 5)P.113 In precisely the same way the authors of the rat-trap stadium that I have mentioned made a deliberate choice; 6)comparing the ugly rat-trap stadium with an impossible yellow penthouse to a fat woman with a black eye; 7)P.114 It is that of a Presbyterian grinning. Simile: P.110 1)One blinked before them as one blinks before a man with his face shot away; 2)a crazy little church just west of Jeannette, set like a dormer-window on the side of a bare leprous hill; 3)a steel stadium like a huge rat-trap somewhere further down the line. P.111 4) by the hundreds and these abominable houses cover the bare hillsides, like gravestones in some gigantic and decaying cemetery. XIV. Hyperbole: 1) the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth; 2) here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination----and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.3) what I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness, the sheer revolting monstrousness, of every house in sight.4) …and so they have the most loathsome towns and villages ever seen by mortal eye. 5) It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. 6)
XV. See Detailed Study of the Text.
XVI. 1. The topic sentence is: The "Band Wagon" is a device to make us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandist’s program en masse. The paragraph begins with a topic sentence----that is a high level generalization. Each sentence in the rest of the paragraph states specific details that develop the main idea. This paragraph has a simple deductive arrangement. 2. The main idea in this paragraph is stated in the last sentence: The drug culture, as the newspapers call it, doesn't just belong to the kids; everyone's in it together. The writer reverses the usual rule "Go from the general to the particular." He develops his topic sentence by specific, concrete detail----but he places the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph. That is, he follows an inductive pattern.
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第5课 教学总结
写出关于本章授课情况的一些总结（包括学生的出勤情况、学生作业情况、学生掌握知识情况、教学方法的总结等内容）：
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第 页
第6课 教 学 实 施 计 划
课文题目 Unit 6 Mark Twain—Mirror of America
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授课时间 | 14.11.20；14.11.25；14.11.27；14.12.2 | |
教学目的、要求（分了解、理解、掌握 三个层次）： 1、了解Mark Twain所在的时代背景和相关文学常识。 2、理解课文Mark Twain--- Mirror of America中出现的语言点，对疑难短语、长句的翻译理解等。 3、掌握课文的写作方法、技巧、修辞、词汇分析、英汉互译等。 | ||
教学内容（包括基本内容、重点、难点）： 教学内容： 1、Mark Twain相关文学知识介绍。 2、讲授课文Mark Twain--- Mirror of America 3、回答疑难问题，完成相关作业。
重点：The new words and the phrases in the text; writing skills. 难点：To grasp the background of Mark Twain--- early life; experiences on the Mississippi River; journey west and the birth of “mark Twain”; his career as a journalist and his financial difficulties and personal misfortunes. | ||
讨论、思考题、作业： Why does the author call Mark Twain “a mirror of America”? | ||
参考书目（含参考书、文献等）具体内容： The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | ||
课 堂 教 学 实 施 计 划
授 课 时 间：14.11.20；14.11.25；14.11.27；14.12.2
第1次课 | 教学过程设计： 复习 分钟；授新课 60 分钟 讨 论 20 分钟；其它 10 分钟 |
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教 学 内 容：Mark Twain—Mirror of America Additional Background Material for Teachers’ Reference Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), America’s most famous humorist and the author of popular and outstanding autobiographical works, travel books and novels. The first 36 years of Clemens’ life as a boy in a little town in Missouri, as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi, as a reporter on the far western frontier and as a traveler abroad supplied him with copious material which he used later for his best and most successful writings. 1) Boyhood Born in the small village of Florida, Missouri on Nov. 30, 1835, young Clemens was the third son and sixth child of a storekeeper (and at times also a lawyer). As Father’s business failed, the family had to move to Hannibal when Samuel was 4, where he spent his boyhood, enchanted by the romance and awed by the violence of river life --- the steamboats, keelboats, and giant lumber rafts and also the human flotsam washed up by the river, professional gamblers and hustlers --- people quick with fist, knife or gun. Nevertheless, Hannibal was an ideal place for a boy to grow up. Nearby, Holiday’s Hill was just right for picnics or playing pirate of Robin Hood, and the cave near its summit tempted exploration. Glasscocks’ island, just a long swim away, invited truant days of fishing or simply watching the river perhaps with Tom Blankenship, the village drunkard’s son, who was to be immortalized years later as Huck Finn. 2). Early life Sam had relatively little schooling. After his father’s death, he had to help the family by taking up odd jobs (as a delivery boy, grocery clerk and blacksmith’s helper, etc.) during summers or after school. He left school at 13, and became a full-time apprentice to a printer. At 18, he became a tramp printer, and went to New York, then to Philadelphia and Washington, and finally to Iowa to set type for his brother’s local paper. By then he had tried his hand at writing juvenile burlesque. 3). Experiences on the Mississippi River At 22, he set out again, with the intention of seeking his fortune in South America, along the Amazon. But on his way down the Mississippi toward New Orleans, he ran out of funds and was persuaded by a steamboat pilot to become his apprentice. About two years later, he was licensed as a pilot on his own right. He worked on the river till 1861. He found his life during this period both instructive and interesting. Later he was to say, “In that brief, sharp schooling, I got personally and familiarly acquainted with about all the different types of human nature… When I find a well-drawn character in fiction or biography, I generally take a warm personal interest in him, for the reason that I have known him before. I’ve met him on the river.” 4). Journey West and the birth of “Mark Twain” Owing to the out break of the Civil War in 1861, river traffic halted. Twain joined the Militia on the Confederate side for two weeks; then “retired”. He then joined his brother (who had been appointed territorial secretary) in a trip to Nevada. The West was still an exciting new frontier and there were rumors about fortunes to be made in Nevada and California. He tried prospecting, mining, speculating, but failed. And then he did reporting for local papers. It was in Virginia City on February 3, 1863, that “Mark Twain” was born when Clemens, then 27, signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym. The new name was appropriate, for it was a riverman’s term for water that was just barely safe for navigation. In 1865, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was published and became an immediate success. 5). Career as a journalist He took the trip to Honolulu as a correspondent for the Sacramento Union in 1866; the following year he boarded the steamship Quaker City for a voyage to Europe and the Holy Land; in 1869, the book version of his travel sketches was published under the title The Innocents Abroad. 6). His most productive years He married in 1870, and moved to Hartford, Conn., where he lived his most productive years (till 1891). The move was a turning-point in his life. Up till now, he had been mainly accumulating material. Now he began to write out of that accumulation. Tom Sawyer was written in 1876; Huckleberry Finn in 1884. 7). Financial difficulties and personal misfortunes He started his own printing shop, invested largely on a new type-settling machine and became bankrupt. Heavily in debt, he made a lecturing tour abroad and succeeded in paying all his debts, but ruined his own health. In this period occurring the death of his son, daughters and wife. 8). Last years He wrote What Is Man? The Mysterious Stranger and dictated his autobiography. He died in 1910. Some of his other major works are Roughing It (1872), The Gilded Age (1873), The Prince and the Pauper (1882), The 1,000,000 Bank-Note and Other Stories (1893), The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Sketches (1899). Detailed Study of the Text 1. Mirror of America: Mirror here means a person who gives a true representation or description of the country. All literary giants in human history are also great historians, thinkers, and philosophers in a sense. Their works often reveal more truth than many political essays put together, and their names usually live in people’s memory long after the names of the names of all the kings and queens that ruled the country are forgotten. Mark Twain was one of these giants, and his life and works are a mirror of the America of his time. 2. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father … freedom and adventure: Mark Twain is known to most Americans as the author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel Huckleberry Finn, which are generally acknowledged to be his greatest works. Father here means the author or the man who created these two unforgettable characters. 3. Huck Finn’s idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood: Huck Finn’s simple and pleasant journey through his boyhood which seems eternal. Eternal is a hyperbole; Huck Finn is the “eternal boy” immortalized. 4. Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure: Endless is also a hyperbole; it parallels the word eternal. Summer, because all the adventures of Tom Sawyer described in the book are supposed to have taken place in one particular summer. 5. every bit: altogether; entirely 6. as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as any0ne has ever imagined: 1) adventurous: Mark Twain was adventurous in every sense of the word. He was always trying new things, and always going to new places. Even in his literary career, he was never satisfied with what he had achieved. 2) Patriotic: Refers to Mark Twain’s profound love for his country with its robust people and beautiful scenery and its lofty ideals. It may also refer to his pride in the America traditions and the American language. 3) Romantic: (in art, literature and music) marked by feeling rather than by intellect; preferring grandeur, passion, informal beauty, to order and proportion 4) Humorous: His works are so full of humor that he is considered America’s greatest humorist. 7. I found another Twain as well: I found another aspect of Twain. 8. cynical: sarcastic, sneering: seeing little or no good in anything and not believing in human progress. 9. profound personal tragedies: see Paragraph 20, “Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, …” 10. obsessed with the frailties of the human race: continually distressed by the moral weaknesses of the human race. 11. a black wall of night: metaphor, meaning hopelessness and despair. 12. tramp printer, river pilot, Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: All these nouns are in apposition to the noun man. 1) pilot: a steersman, a person licensed to direct or steer ships into or out of a harbor or through difficult waters 2) prospector: one who explores and searches for valuable ores such as gold, silver, oil, etc. 3) starry-eyed: romantic, dreamy; with the eyes sparkling in a glow of wonder, romance, visionary dreams 4) acid-tongued: sharp, sarcastic in speech Note the formation of the adjectives starry-eyed and acid-tongued. 13. ranged across the nation: wandered or traveled across the nation 14. the new American experience: Twain lived in the stirring years in American history --- the American-Mexican War; the Civil War; the Gold Rush; the westward expansion; the American-Spanish war; the rapid development of capitalism and later the emergence of imperialism along with the first economic depression, etc. 15. as writer and lecturer: When denoting professional status, sometimes, no article is used, especially when two or more professions are mentioned together, e. g. soldier and statesman, poet and diarist. 16. attested: proved 17. score: twenty 18. main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart: main channel of transportation in the young nation's central part. Both artery and heart are used metaphorically. 19. keelboats: a large shallow freight boat with a keel, formerly used on the Mississippi, Missouri, etc. (A keel is the chief timber or steel piece extending along the entire length of the bottom of a boat or a ship and supporting the frame.) 20. the first major commerce: An abstract noun used concretely, here the word commerce refers to various commodities, merchandise. They were the first major commerce because later other commodities such as oil and steel took their place. 21. lumber: timber sawed into beams, planks, boards, etc. of convenient sizes. Compare lumber and timber---- In American usage, timber is wood suitable for building houses, ships, etc., whether cut or still in the form of trees, but in British usage, timber and lumber mean the same thing. 22. furs: animal skins with fur on it 23. delta country: Delta is the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet, which looks like a triangle. Therefore anything in the shape of a delta, especially a deposit of sand and soil, formed at the mouth of some rivers, is called a delta. 24. molasses: thick dark syrup drained from raw sugar, usually used as a singular noun 25. the climax of westward expansion: When America became independent, there were only 13 states along the Atlantic Ocean. By 1850, the United States had expanded to the Pacific coast. Events in this westward expansion include the massacre of the native Indians, the Louisiana Purchase (1803), Texas Annexation (1845), the push into Oregon (1846), Mexican Cession (1848), and the Gadsden Purchase. In 1848, gold was found in California. The news spread far and wide and people rushed there to seek their fortune. It was known in American history as the “gold rush", and this rush reached its climax in the 1960's. 26. drained three-quarters of the settled United States: Drain means to receive the waters of this area and carry them to the ocean. Here the meaning is that the river drained a vast basin, and the basin made up 3/4 of the populated area of the U. S. of that time. 27. the cast of characters: (alliteration) the set of actors in a play or movie. Used here figuratively, it means people of all sorts. 28. cosmos: universe, used figuratively here, meaning a place where one can find all types of characters 29. He participated abundantly in this life: He was very much involved in this life. He had all kinds of experience. 30. listening to pilothouse talk of feuds, piracies, lynchings, medicine shows, and savage waterside slums: listening to the gossip in the pilothouse about feuds, etc. 1) pilothouse: an enclosed place on the upper deck of a river boat in which the helmsman or pilot stands while steering 2) feud: bitter quarrel between persons, families or countries over a long period of time 3) piracy: robbery of ships on the high seas (or on inland waterways) 4) lynching: the murder of an accused person without trial, carried out by a mob, usually by hanging 5) medicine show: show given by entertainers who travel from town to town, accompanied by quacks and fake Indians, selling curealls, snake-bite medicine, etc. 6) savage slums: slums that are crude, lack polish or are violently lawless 31. All would resurface in his books: All would reappear in his books. Resurface means to reappear after a period of submersion or hiding. Here the word is used figuratively. 32. the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic: the colorful language that he took in mentally with a good memory that seemed to be able to record things like a phonograph (gramophone in British usage)
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教 学 内 容：Mark Twain—Mirror of America 33. Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of...: Steamboat decks were filled with people of pioneering spirit (people who explored and prepared the way for others) and also lawless people or social outcasts such as hustlers, gamblers and thugs. current: a stream of water or air flotsam: the wreckage of a ship or its cargo found floating on the sea Both words are used figuratively here. To teem with means to be full of, to have in great numbers, e. g. teem with fish, “... teemed with the main current”is not very suitable.. Examples with the word teem: 1) Before being polluted that river teemed with fish and shrimps. 2) Fish teems in this river. 3) The marshes teem with mosquitoes in summer. 4) His head teems with clever ideas. 34. hustlers: a person who gets things through deceit. Now in the U. S. the word means a streetwalker. 35. thug: violent criminal, murderous ruffian 36. keen perception: intense insight, understanding or knowledge gained by perceiving (observing) 37. the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are: (antithesis) the difference between words and deeds, between what they preach and what they practice. People often claim to be kind, generous, honest, etc., whereas in reality, they are seldom what they say they are. 38. steamboat trade: Trade means occupation here. 39. railroads began drying up the demand for steamboat pilots: Because of the railroads there was no more demand for steamboat pilots. 40. the Civil War halted commerce: The Civil War brought commerce to a temporary stop. Commerce means trade here, that is the buying and selling of goods, especially when done on a large scale between cities, states, or countries. 41. He tried soldiering: He experimented with soldiering. To soldier means to serve as a soldier. It suggests a profession. 42. with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas: with a group of Confederate guerrillas of various sorts (motley: adj. having or composed of many different or clashing elements; varied. n. a combination of diverse or clashing elements band: a group of people joined together for a common purpose (often derogative).. 43. diligently avoided contact with the enemy: constantly and carefully avoided clashes with the enemy. This is a roundabout way of saying ”avoided fighting” or "retreated”. 44. stagecoach: horse-drawn public vehicle carrying passengers or mail along a regular route, going by stages and putting up at designated points along the way for the night. Later it was supplanted by railways. 45. succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever: gave way to, (yielded to, submitted to) the prevailing gold and silver fever. Note the metaphor used here (epidemic, fever). The author describes the gold and silver rush as a fever and an epidemic that is a disease spreading rapidly among many people in the same area at the same time. To succumb to can also mean to die of. Examples with the verb succumb: 1) In the end he succumbed to the temptation. 2) The president succumbed to the pressure of his opponents. 3) Mrs. Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence. (para 20) 46. he flirted with the colossal wealth... and was rebuffed: He tried but not very hard or persistently enough to get the enormous wealth available to those lucky and persistent ones, and he failed. It is a metaphor. Words like flirt, lucky, persistent, rebuff are often associated with love. Flirt originally means to make love without serious intention; to play at love. Rebuff means to refuse bluntly. 47. Broke and discouraged, he accepted...: Both adjectives modify the subject he. Broke (colloquial) means having little or no money; bankrupt, e. g. go broke.. 48. as reporter: another example of the absence of article when denoting professional status 49. to literature's enduring gratitude: If Twain had not accepted that job offered to him by Territorial Enterprise, literature might have lost that literary giant. Therefore world literature is forever grateful to this turn of events. The prepositional phrase “to... gratitude”is an adverbial of result, e. g. to sb' s surprise, satisfaction, disappointment, pleasure, delight, horror, astonishment, etc. 50. digging his way to regional fame: working hard to gain regional fame or become well known locally 51. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade: He did not succeed in his reporting trade and become rich overnight as a gold miner might have done at that time by discovering a vein of gold. strike: n, the sudden discovery of some mineral ores. It comes from the phrase to strike gold, oil, etc. 52. for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax: His reporting brought him more money than his unsuccessful mining or prospecting might have. The figure of speech used here is metonymy. 53. then and now: set phrase. cf. here and there, up and down, in and out, to and fro, back and forth, high and low, right and left, day and night, etc. 54. hotbed: a place that fosters rapid growth or extensive activity often used of something evil, e. g. a hotbed of war, crime 55. hopeful young writers: promising young writers, who are likely to succeed. Hopeful can also refer to the subjective state of mind, as in "He is hopeful of success.” 56. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles: Mark Twain exercised and experimented with his new writing ability. Note the figurative use of the words hone and muscles. Hone is to sharpen with or as with a hone (a fine-grained hard stone used to sharpen cutting tools), e. g. to hone one's wit."... honed... his new writing muscles”is not a suitable metaphor. 57. scathing columns: severe and harsh articles. A column is one of a series of feature articles appearing regularly under a fixed title in a newspaper or magazine, written by a special writer or devoted to a certain subject. d. columnist 58. the Sacramento Valley: on the Sacramento River, some 70 miles north of San Francisco, formerly a colony set up by John Sutto from Switzerland in 1839, where gold was found in 1848 and the gold rush started the following year 59. rough-country: Rough means not easily traveled over or through because rocky, overgrown, wild, etc. 60. ring familiarly: Ring means to produce, as by sounding, a specified impression on the hearer, e. g. to ring true, false, etc. 61. trend setting: See Note 6 to the text. 62. for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths...: because all the slow, dull and lazy people stayed at home, hence implying that all those who came pioneering out west were energetic, courageous and reckless people Note the alliteration in the sentence: slow, sleepy, sluggish, sloths, stayed. With so many words beginning with s. Put together, this instance of alliteration seems a little overdone. sluggish-brained: dull-brained sloth: lazy person 63. gave to California a name for: made California famous for, gave California a reputation for 64. getting up astounding enterprises: starting, contriving or organizing astounding undertakings, especially one that needs courage or offers difficulties 65. rushing them through: carrying them out, developing them at high speed 66. dash and daring: (alliteration) energy and courage 67. a recklessness of cost or consequences: regardless of money, time and effort and disregard for risks or adverse consequences 68. which she bears unto this day: Which stands for a name. Unto (meaning up to, until) is old or literary, used only in set phrases and quotations. 69. when she projects a new surprise: when she (California) proposes or makes plans for a new surprise surprise: unexpected or unusual enterprises or undertakings 70. the grave world smiles as usual: (personification) The”grave world”refers to dull, solemn dignified people in other states of the U. S. 71. “Well, that is California all over.": That's typical of California, or that's just like California. all over: (colloquial) as one characteristically is
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教 学 内 容：Mark Twain—Mirror of America 72. Angels Camp: a mining camp 73. notations: a brief note jotted down, as to remind one of something 74. Scattered among notations about the weather... lies an entry Inverted sentence order. entry: an item in his notebook 75. his course: his life path, career 76. "Coleman with his jumping frog... the stranger's frog won. ":an outline for his story with careless sentence structures. Ask the students to expand it in standard English. 77. shot: quantity of tiny balls of lead used in a sporting gun against birds or small animals 78. wild humorist: Wild means not easily restrained or controlled; unruly and rough. 79. take a distinctly American look at the Old World: take a typically American look. The Old World is opposed to the New World, which is America. 80. pleasure cruise: a voyage for pleasure of sightseeing, a tourist expedition by ship 81. the Holy Land: Palestine, region on the east coast of the Mediterranean, the country of the Jews in Biblical times, the region where Jesus Christ preached and lived. 82. a milestone, of sorts: Milestone is something marking a new stage in history. of sorts = of a sort, here in a sense, in a way. It suggests that what is referred to here does not really deserve the name. Example: He is a historian of sorts. 83. glowing travelogue: A travelogue is a lecture or article on travels, sometimes accompanied by the showing of pictures if it's a lecture. Glowing means showing enthusiasm, full of praises. 84. sorely surprised: greatly or extremely surprised 85. the Sultan of Turkey: the ruler of Turkey (then the Ottoman Empire) 86. one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night. This shows Twain' s contempt for the Sultan of Turkey. 87. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasures: He exposed the pretensions of respected artists and the false glamour of art treasures. He did this as if unintentionally and in a nonchalant manner. "... The Last Supper is painted on the dilapidated wall of what was a little chapel attached to the main church in ancient times, I suppose. It is battered and scarred in every direction, and stained and discolored by time, and Napoleon's horses kicked the legs off most the disciples when they (the horses, not the disciples,) were stabled there more than a half century ago. "I recognized the old picture in a moment... the picture from which all engravings and all copies have been made for three centuries. Perhaps no living man has ever known an attempt to paint the Lord's Supper differently. The world seems to have become settled in its belief, long ago, that it is not possible for human genius to outdo this creation of Da Vinci's. I suppose painters will go on copying it as long as any of the original is left visible to the eye...”(From The Innocents Abroad: The Old Masters) 88. took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land: ridiculed the Holy Land; attacked the Holy Land orally "It is a singular circumstance that right under the roof of this same church, and not far away from that illustrious column, Adam himself, the father of the human race, is buried. There is no question that he is actually buried in the grave which is pointed out as his-there can be none-because it has never yet been proven that that grave is not the grave in which he is buried... "The tomb of Adam! How touching it was, here in a land of strangers, far away from home, and friends, and all who cared for me, thus to discover the grave of a blood relation... The fountain of my filial affection was stirred to its profoundest depths, and I gave way to tumultuous emotion. I leaned upon a pillar and burst into tears. I deem it no shame to have wept over the grave of-my relative. Let him who would sneer at my emotion close this volume here, for he will find little to his taste in my journeyings through Holy Land." (From The Innocents Abroad: The Tomb of Adam) 89. America laughed with him: (personification, hyperbole) The American people laughed with him. 90. The Innocents Abroad: In this book Twain combined serious passages (history, statistics, descriptions, explanations and argumentation) with humorous ones. The chief attraction of the book to the American reader~ was its humor. The author sharply satirized tourists who had no ideas of the lands they saw except what the guide books fed them. He assumed the role of a sharp-eyed shrewd westerner with grass-roots common sense, who was refreshingly honest and vivid in describing foreign scenes and his reactions to them. It is probable that Americans liked the implication that an unsophisticated Yankee could judge the Old World as well as any man. 91. Tom Sawyer: Full name-The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. One of the two best novels written by Mark Twain (the other being its sequel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.) It is a narrative of innocent boyhood that inadvertently discovers evil as Tom and Huck witness a murder by Ingin Joe in a graveyard at midnight. The boys run away, are thought dead by drowning, but turn up at their own funeral. They decide to seek out the murderer and win the reward offered for his capture. It is Tom and his little girlfriend who, while lost in a cave, discovers the hiding place of Ingin Joe. 92. Tom's mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher...: 1) mischievous: teasing, full of tricks 2) ingenuity: cleverness, originality 3) innocence: quality of being unsophisticated, simple, naive 4) Becky Thatcher: Tom's girl-friend 93. as is the Declaration of independence: as the Declaration of Independence is sure to be studied in American schools. Note the clever way of linking two paragraphs, namely through the repetition of certain words or phrases in the preceeding paragraph, with the meaning adroitly changed. 94. Six chapters into Tom Sawyer: after six chapters in the book 95. the juvenile pariah: the young social outcast pariah: (Indian) a member of the lowest social caste 96. Fleeing a respectable life: Towards the end of the book, Huck was adopted by the kind-hearted widow Douglas who was determined to have him and turn him into a "respectable” boy. But Huck could not stand it. Eventually he ran away to seek his freedom. 97. puritanical: extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals and religion
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教 学 内 容：Mark Twain—Mirror of America 98. Huck was given a life of his own, in a book...: Huckleberry Finn was published in 1884. Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain's finest creation, a symbol of simple honesty and conscience. Huck lacks Tom's imagination. He is a simple boy with little education. The son of the town drunkard, a homeless river rat, cheerful in his rags, suspicious of every attempt to civilize him, Huck has none of the unimportant virtues but all the essential ones. The school of hard knocks has taught him skepticism; horse sense has given him a tenacious grasp on reality. But it has not toughened him into cynicism or crime. Nature gave him a staunch and faithful heart, friendly to all underdogs and instantly hostile towards bullies and all shapes of overmastering power. He is obviously a universal character, the free soul that every boy would wish to be before the world breaks him. The book is a loosely-strung series of adventures, and can be viewed as the story of a quest for freedom and an escape from what society requires in exchange for success. Joined in 'flight by a Negro companion, Jim, who seeks freedom from slavery, Huck discovers that the Mississippi River is peaceful, but the world along its shores is marred by deceit and cruelty and murder. A joy for ever, this book is generally acknowledged to be among the best of American and world literature. Hemingway once said, "All American literature begins with one book: Huckleberry Finn.” 99. a moving panorama for exploration of American society: a moving and constantly changing picture for close examination of American society 100. On the river, and especially with Huck Finn, Twain found the ultimate expression of escape...: By describing the river (the Mississippi), and especially Huck Finn, Twain best expressed the desire of escape... niverse
101. pace: rate of activity, tempo Example: When he first got to the States, he found the pace of living much quicker there than back home. 102. life's regularities: life's regular activities 103. energy-sapping: energy-consuming. Sap means to drain away. 104. lay ourselves on the shelf occasionally and renew our edges: relax, rest, or stay away from all this crazy struggle for success occasionally and keep our edges sharp. Mark Twain thinks the Americans should keep their daring and enterprising spirit. 105. Personal tragedy haunted his entire life: Personal tragedies occurred repeatedly throughout his life. Examples with the verb haunt: 1) She was haunted by sad memories. 2) Poverty and poor health haunted that famous musician. 3) The old man said that the castle was haunted by ghosts. 106. meningitis: -itis is a suffix referring to some diseases involving inflammation, e. g. bronchitis, tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis, arthritis, etc. 107. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh: The man who had made the world laugh was himself consumed by bitterness. feed on (upon): take as food, eat up. Note the personification of bitterness. 108. padded with humor: covered: stuffed, filled with humor 109. Now the gloves came off with biting satire. Now he became mercilessly bitter and satirical. The expression”the gloves came off”derives from the idiom”an iron hand in a velvet glove”(ruthlessness concealed by good manners, soft speech, etc.) 110. The Mysterious Stranger: Published posthumously in 1916, this book is the greatest story of Mark Twain's later period, too often neglected in the appraisal of his work. The story is that of some boys who are really Tom Sawyer's gang in medieval dress, in a small village in Austria, who strike up an acquaintance with a supernatural visitor who calls himself "Satan”and is able to work miracles and juggle with human lives. At last he grows bored with his own game. He then said to the boys: "It is true, that which I have revealed to you, there is no God, no universe, no human race, no earthly life, no heaven, no hell. It is all a dream-a grotesque and foolish dream. Nothing exists but you. And you are but a thought-a vagrant thought, a useless thought, a homeless thought, wandering forlorn among the empty eternities! “ Here in the closing pages of the story, Mark Twain tries to solve his riddle of grief and self-reproach, and clothe his soul in the invulnerable armor of desperation. Good and evil, like reality itself, are to him only illusions. 112. Providence: (capitalized) God, as the guiding power of the universe 113. a crushing sense of despair: an overwhelming sense of despair, e. g. a crushing defeat 114.final release from earthly struggles: euphemism for death earthly: adjective, meaning worldly. -ly is an adjective-forming suffix, meaning like, characteristic of, suitable to, e. g. fatherly, manly, brotherly, etc. 115. of no consequence: of no importance, of no value 116. they have left no sign that they had existed: They have left no sign that shows that they had existed. 117. lament: to feel or express deep sorrow for; mourn or grieve for 118. insisted: declared firmly or persistently
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