Lesson 13   Grass

一、Words and Expression

herb                /ɜːrb/             n.草本植物香草草药草本

herbage              /ˈhɜːrbɪdʒ/          n.草，草本；牧草

herbivorous           /hɜːˈbɪvərəs/         adj.食草的

pasture              /ˈpæstʃər/          n 牧场，牧草地；放牧；v.放牧，吃草  

rotation             /roʊˈteɪʃ(ə)n/       n.旋转，转动；轮作，轮耕

legume              /ˈleɡjuːm/          n.豆科植物，豆类蔬菜

carbohydrate          /ˌkɑːrboʊˈhaɪdreɪt/     n.碳水化合物

fructan             /ˈfrʌktən/          n.果聚糖

glucose             /ˈɡluːkoʊs/         n.葡萄糖

fructose            /ˈfrʌktoʊs/         n.果糖

sucrose             /ˈsuːkroʊs          v.蔗糖

raffinose           /ˈræfənoʊs/          n.棉籽糖，蜜三糖

stachyose           /ˈstækɪoʊs/          n.水苏四糖

cocksfoot           /ˈkɔksfut/          n.鸭茅，鸡脚草

ryegrass            /ˈraɪɡræs/           n.黑麦草

cellulose           /ˈseljuloʊs/          n.纤维素

hemicellulose        /ˌhemɪˈseljəloʊs/        n.半纤维素

lignin             /ˈlɪɡnɪn/            n.木质素    

nitrogenous          /naɪˈtrɑːdʒənəs/       adj.氮的，含氮的

amino scid           /əˌmiːnəʊ ˈæsɪd/       n.氨基酸

arginne             /ˈɑrdʒəˌnin/         n.精氨酸

glutamic             /ɡluːˈtamɪk /        n.谷氨酸

 glutamne           /ˈɡlʊtəmin/         n.谷氨酰胺

glutamate            /ˈɡluːtəmeɪt/        n.谷氨酸盐

lysine              /ˈlaɪsɪn/           n.赖氨酸

asparagine           /əˈspærədʒɪn/         n.天冬酰胺

nitrate             /ˈnaɪtreɪt/           n.硝酸盐

nitrite             /ˈnaɪtraɪt/          n.亚硝酸盐

ruminant             /ˈruːmɪnənt/         n.反刍动物；adj.反刍动物的

oxydise              /ˈɑːksɪdaɪz/         v.(使)氧化，(使)生锈

ferrous iron          /ˈferəs ˈaɪərn/        n.二价铁

ferric               /ˈferɪk/           adj.三价铁的

haemoglobin           /ˌhiːməˈɡloʊbɪn/       n.血红蛋白；血色素

methemoglobin          /meˌθimoˈɡlobɪn/      n.高铁血红蛋白

symptom             /ˈsɪmptəm/           n. 症状，征兆

manuring             /məˈnʊrɪŋ/           n.施肥

carotene             /ˈkærətiːn/          n.胡萝卜素

ergosterol            /ɜːrˈɡɑstəˌrol/        n.谷氨酰胺

calcium              /ˈkælsiəm/            n.钙

magnesium             /mæɡˈniːziəm/          n.镁

foggage              /ˈfɒɡeɪdʒ/            n.冬季牧草；守旧者

plateau              /plæˈtoʊ/    n.高原；平稳时期；停滞期；v.趋于平稳，进入停滞期

polysaccharide         /ˌpɑːlɪˈsækəˌraɪd/       n.多聚糖

gramineae            /ˈdesɪkeɪtɪd/           n.禾本科，禾

desiccated           /ˈdesɪkeɪtɪd/           adj.干的；粉状的

botanically           /boˈtænɪkli/          adv.植物学地

agronomic            /ˌæɡrəˈnɑːmɪk/         adj.农艺学的，农业学的，农事的，农学的

perennial            /pəˈreniəl/           n.多年生植物；adj.多年生的

timothy              /ˈtɪməθi/           n.提摩西草，梯牧草

fescue              /ˈfeskjʊ/            n.羊茅

meadow              /ˈmedoʊ/             n.草地；牧场

Yorkshire            /ˈjɔrkʃər/            n.约克郡；绒毛草

bent                /bent/              n.梗草，荒草地

sward               /swɔːrd/             n.草地，草；v.铺草地

bacteria             /bækˈtɪriə/           n.细菌（bacterium的复数）

subterranean         /ˌsʌbtəˈreɪniən/         adj.地下的，地底下；隐蔽的

lucerne             /luːˈsɜːn/             n.苜蓿，紫花苜蓿（同 alfalfa）

alfalfa             /ælˈfælfə/             n.苜蓿，紫花苜蓿

siratro             /sɪ'rætroʊ/             n.大翼豆,赛刍豆,色拉豆

clover              /ˈkloʊvər/             n.三叶草，四叶草

starch               /stɑːrtʃ/             n.淀粉，含淀粉的食物

polysaccharide          /ˌpɑːlɪˈsækəˌraɪd/        n.多糖，多聚糖

manganese             /ˈmæŋɡəniːz/           n.锰

cobalt                /ˈkoʊbɔːlt/           n.钴

molybdenum             /məˈlɪbdənəm/          n.钼

teart                /'tiət/              n.钼中毒，钼中毒症；牛身刷洗

limestone             /ˈlaɪmstoʊn/           n.石灰岩

thrive on             /θraɪv ɑːn/          靠....成长；喜欢....

lime                 /laɪm/             n.石灰；青柠；酸橙；v.撒石灰于...

二、Sentence Structures and Analysis

1、Natural grasslands normally include a large number of species  of grasses, legumes,and herbs, whereas cultivated grasslands may consist of pure species or mixtures  of relatively small number of species.  

2、Their total concentration is very variable,  ranging in the dry matter from as little as 40 g/kg in some cocksfoot varieties to over 300 g/kg in certain varieties of Italian ryegrass. 

3、The min components of ihe NPN are amino aids and amides such as glutamine and asparagine, which are concerned in protein synthesis; nitrates may also be present, and considerable attention has recently been given to the presence of these in pasture herbage because of their toxic effects on farm animals. 

4、A sudden intake  of nitrate  may be particularly dangerous; experimentally this may be brought about by drenching, but may occur in practice  when herbage  that is normally non-toxic is eaten unusually quickly.   

5、In very young grasses the stem is more digestible than the leaf, but whereas with advancing maturity gthe digestibility of the leaf fraction decreases very slowly, that of the stem fraction falls rapidly.  

6、Although there is a relationship between stage of growth and digestibility in that digestibility decreases as plants mature, the rlationship is complicated by there being a spring period of up to a month during which the herbage digestibility remains fairly constant. This  period has been described as the “plateau ” .

7、As the plant ages the concentration  of protein  decreases, there is therefore a reciprocal relationship between crude protein and crude fibre contents in a given species,  although this relationship can be upset by the application of ntrogenous fertilizers.

8、Rccent experiments suggest  that this difference is one of climate either temperature of transpiration rate rather than of species perse, for when temperate species are grown under tropical conditions they also grow and mature very rapidly.

9、Varieties  within a species  generally differ to only a small degree in nutritive value, if the comparison is made at the same stage of growth, but differences  between comparable species may be larger.

10、In temperate pastures  the commonest Legumes are the clover, the main representatives being red clover  and white clover in the cooler and wetter regions, such as Europe and New Zealand, and subterranean clover in drier areas such as southern Australia.

11、Teart,  associated with high herbage molybdenum levels,  generally occurs on pasture  grown on soils derived from Lower Lias clay or limestone.