Contracts can be invalid in some specific situations, and so does treaties. Treaties will be invalid in these situations: if it is entered in to by persons who are not authorized states, or it breaches the specific restrictions on authority to espress the consent of a state, or it conflicts with jus cogens, or it is entered into by coercion. Only when a treaty entered into without these four situations, can a treaty be a avlid one.

Question:

Are those treaties that Qing Government signed with Janpan or Russia about territory cession valid or not?