A man who both spends and saves money is the happiest man, because he has both enjoyments.
— Samuel Johnson
You must learn to save first and spend afterward.
— John Poole
The highest use of capital is not to make more money, but to make money do more for the betterment of life.
—Henry Ford
夫君子之行,静以修身,俭以养德。——诸葛亮《诫子书》
This is a way of life for a man of virtue: to cultivate his character by keeping a peaceful mind, and nourish his morality by a frugal living.
由俭入奢易,由奢入俭难。——司马光
It is easy to turn thrift into extravagance; it is difficult to turn extravagance into thrift. —Sima Guang
Please match the following words about thrift from the Analects with their Chinese counterparts.
1. In a country of a thousand war-chariots, the ruler should be respectful in deed and faithful in word, thrifty in expenditure and affectionate towards the people and tell them to labor at the proper times of the year.
2. In ritual performance, it would be better to be thrift than lavish; in mourning service, it would be better to be deep in grief than minute in observance.
3. Extravagance leads to insubordination, and frugality to obstinacy. But it would be far better to be obstinate than to be insubordinate.
4. There is delight in plain food and water while pillowing the head on the arm. I would keep ill-gotten wealth and rank as far away as floating cloud.
A. 饭疏食饮水,曲肱而枕之,乐亦在其中矣。不义而富且贵,于我如浮云。
B. 礼,与其奢也,宁俭;丧,与其易也,宁戚。
C. 道千乘之国,敬事而信,节用而爱人,使民以时。
D. 奢则不孙,俭则固。与其不孙也,宁固。
Read the following survey questions regarding spending habits of college students. Then choose the responses that are true for you.
Structure of the text
Part I (Paras. 1-2)
Part I serves as an introduction to the essay topic "spend or save".
Paragraph 1 contrasts the two messages we often receive: The government tells us to spend more to help end the recession and banks send credit cards to encourage us to spend; however, we are also told to save more to help our country get out of recession, and banks offer higher interest rates to encourage us to save.
Paragraph 2 provides an example of these two contrasted messages: If we fail to pay the credit card bill on time, we are likely to get demanding, nasty emails, but if we pay the bill on time, we will get emails in a charming tone to encourage us to make new debts.
Part II (Paras. 3-6)
Part II relates their psychological and social consequences.
To be specific, Paragraph 3 begins with a clear statement that every day we get two sets of opposite messages: permissive vs. upright. Then it goes on by contrasting these two messages in terms of their respective purposes, along with the sources where the upright message comes from.
Paragraph 4 emphasizes how the permissive advertisements are inescapable because people are surrounded by them every day.
Paragraph 5 claims that the essential message from these ads is anyhow cemented into our consciousness already. As psychological and social consequences, people get confused with the two contradictory messages, which is illustrated in Paragraph 6.
Para. III (Paras. 7-9)
This part concludes the essay.
Specifically, Paragraph 7 urges students to successfully manage their finances so that they can focus on their primary goal in education without being distracted.
Paragraph 8 advises students how to become a smart and educated consumer such as attending financial literacy classes. Most importantly, it is wise to seek help before financial problems get out of control.
Finally, Paragraph 9 re-emphasizes the importance of learning how to balance spending and saving, because it will surely better their future life.
Summary of the text
This is a comparison and contrast essay that depicts how the government and banks as well as commercial ads keep sending out a paradox of two opposite messages every day: One is to encourage people to spend money and the other is to persuade people to save money.
Translation skill
It is calculated that… 结构的翻译
英语中很多句式由于被广泛使用而成为了固定句式,有了固定的意思和翻译方法,It is calculated that … 就是其中之一。在这个结构中,it 是形式主语,而真正的主语是that 引导的从句。常见的方法是译成“据计……”。
It’s been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American will…(Para. 5)
译文:据计算,普通的美国人到18岁时……
类似的表达还有:
It is said that… 据说……
It is reported… 据报道……
It is announced that… 据宣布……
It is estimated that… 据估计……
It is proved that… 据证实……
It is considered that ... 据了解
有些表达在翻译时不宜译作“据……”,这时可以添加主语“人们”或“有人”,译为“人们……”,“有人……”等。
例如:
It is believed that … 人们相信……
It is thought that … 人们认为……
It is generally accepted / agreed that … 人们普遍认为……
It is claimed that … 人们/ 有人主张……
It is found that … 人们发现……
It is pointed out that … 有人指出……
拓展:汉语中“据报道……”、“人们认为……”等表达,可采用It is reported/believed…结构来翻译,也可根据具体情况灵活处理。
据记载,共有72位帝王曾到泰山游览。
分析:“据记载”可用it is recorded、according to records、records show等结构来翻译。
译文:
It is recorded that a total of 72 emperors had visited Taishan Mountain. (或 A total of 72 emperors are recorded as having visited Taishan Mountain. )
Learn the structure of a comparison / contrast essay.
You already learned how to write a comparison / contrast essay in Unit 3. This unit will elaborate more on this useful writing mode. To start with, if you have two items to compare or contrast, the first step is to figure out how they are similar and how they are different. Let's go further. If you want to write about two restaurants, you first need to list the points of comparison and contrast. They might be location, price, service, menu variety, and quality of food. Likewise, if you are comparing or contrasting two professors, you might do so on these points: homework assignment, type of exam, class organization, grading system, and style of teaching.
Once you have completed your list of points, the next step is to study your list and decide whether to write about similarities or differences, or both. It is usually best to concentrate on one or the other. If you see that there are more similarities on the list, you might need to omit differences, or vice versa. The way to organize your points in your essay is either point-by-point or subject-by-subject. Since in Unit 3 you already practiced the point-by-point pattern, this time you will learn how to organize your points using the subject-by-subject pattern. Please take a look at the chart below to see how you can organize the details with this pattern.

You can easily see that, unlike the point-by-point pattern, the subject-by-subject pattern needs to talk about all the points at one time regarding Professor A, and then using the same sequence of order to compare or contrast all the points about Professor B. In this way, you show your reader the similarities or differences between these two professors. There are usually two body paragraphs when using this pattern because each subject forms one body paragraph.
Now, let's look at Paragraphs 3 & 4 of Text A to see how comparison and contrast method is used to develop ideas:
