1     When 66-year-old Carol Fuller suffered a heart attack at church one morning several years ago, her 18-year-old granddaughter(孙女) Katie administered(实施) CPR and hoped against hope that her chest compressions and steady breaths would save her grandmother’s life. She had just learned CPR from her lifeguard(救生员) training class and concentrated on remembering each and every step. Finally, paramedics arrived, and thanks to electric shocks (电震) to the heart and advanced care, Carol Fuller survived.

2     Hopefully, nothing so traumatic will ever happen to you or someone in your family, but you never know when someone may have an accident. Listed below are some of the most common injuries — and how to deal with them.

3     Read each situation and decide what action to take before you read the response.

4     Situation 1: During a great game of basketball in the backyard, your younger brother catches the ball with his face instead of his hands. He gets a powerful nosebleed(鼻出血). What do you do?

5     Response: Have him sit down  and lean (倾斜) slightly (稍微) forward to prevent blood from running into his throat. Pinch the nostrils (鼻孔) together for a minimum (最少量) of 10 minutes. If it is still bleeding, do it for another 10 minutes, using only gentle (轻微的) pressure. If the bleeding cannot be stopped, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room.

6     Situation 2: You put a pot (壶) of water on the stove (炉子) for some hot chocolate. When it’s boiling (沸腾), you pour some in the cup, and some spills (溢出) on your hand. What do you do?

7     Response: First-degree burns only damage the topmost(最上面的) layer(层) of skin; the usual symptoms are redness, mild(轻微的) pain, and swelling(肿胀). You should put your hand in cool water until burning has stopped. Cover it with clean, dry gauze(纱布) dressing for protection(保护). Never apply a greasy(油脂的) ointment(油膏) of any kind, as it will hold the heat in. If blisters(水疱) form, or if the burn appears severe(严重的), it could be a second- or third-degree burn. You’ll need to seek medical attention.

8     Situation 3: As your sister comes bounding(跳跃) down the stairs, she misses a step and lands on her right foot. Her ankle(踝关节) is already starting to swell and turn black and blue, and it’s quite obvious she is in a great deal of pain. What’s your best response?

9     Response: Most likely, she has sprained(扭伤) her ankle, possibly damaging ligaments(韧带) and nerves in the joint (关节). Remember the lesson of RICE:

10     Rest (don’t walk on it); Ice (put ice on it); Compression (wrap it and apply pressure with an elastic(有弹性的) bandage); and Elevate (put it up). If it appears to be getting worse, seek medical attention.

11     Situation 4: Just as you round the corner on your bike, your wheel skids(打滑), and in a flash, you are off the bike and on the sidewalk(人行道). Your knees, palms(手掌), and elbows(肘部) are a mess(一团糟). What do you do?

12     Response: For scratches(擦伤), clean the areas with soap and warm water; if they are bleeding, bandage them to protect(起保护作用) against possible infection(感染). For cuts, the procedure is much the same; however, you should apply pressure to the wound until the bleeding stops. Then put a sterile(消过毒的) bandage on it. If the cut is obviously quite deep or the bleeding does not stop, seek medical attention.

13     Situation 5: You and your friends are sitting around eating snacks. Just as your best friend throws some nuts into his mouth, you tell the punch line(妙句，关键语) to a terrific(特棒的) joke. He begins laughing, but the laughter turns to gasping and panic(恐慌) when he is unable to breathe, cough, or speak. What should you do?

14     Response: Stand behind your friend and put your arms around his waist(腰).  Place one fist, with the knuckle(指节) of the thumb(拇指) against his midsection(上腹部), slightly above the navel but below the breastbone(胸骨). Hold your fist firmly(强有力地) with the other hand, and pull both hands sharply(急速地) toward you with an upward and inward(向内) jab(捅，猛击). Repeat this until the object comes out. If it doesn’t pop out immediately, have someone call 911.

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1.… her 18-year-old granddaughter Katieadministered CPR and hoped against hope that her chest compressions and steadybreaths would save her grandmother’s life.

……她18岁的孙女卡蒂对她实施了心肺复苏抢救，并抱有一线希望，希望胸部按压和持续的呼吸能拯救祖母的生命。

本句中的CPR是cardiopulmonary resuscitation 的缩写形式，意思是“心肺复苏”；hope against hope是固定短语，第一个hope是动词，第二个hope则是名词，意思是“存一线希望”。又如：

She continued to hope against hope that her son was still alive.

她对儿子还活着仍然存有一线希望。

2.Hopefully, nothing so traumatic will ever happen to you or someone in your family, but you never know when someone may have an accident.

但愿这样令人不快的事情永远不会发生在你和你的家人身上，可你永远都无法知道什么时候有人会遇到意外。

副词Hopefully在本句中实际上是We hope that(或It is hoped that)的简略形式。

又如：

Hopefully, we will get home before it isdark.

但愿我们能在天黑前赶到家。

3.Pinch the nostrils together for a minimum of 10 minutes.

把鼻孔捏紧至少10分钟。

本句中的a minimum of 等于at least。又如：

They will stay at our home for a minimum often days.

他们会在我们家至少待上10天。

Most likely, she has sprained her ankle, possibly damaging ligaments and nerves in the joint.

她很有可能已经扭伤了脚踝，可能还损伤了韧带和关节内的神经。

本句中的possibly damaging ligaments and nerves in the joint是现在分词短语作主句的状语，起到进一步解释sprained her ankle的作用。

4.Just as your best friend throws some nuts into his mouth, you tell the punch line to a terrific joke.

就在你最好的朋友把一些坚果扔进嘴里的时候，你说到了一个特好笑的笑话的关键部分。

the punch line指故事、戏剧、笑话等中的妙句、关键语句。

5.Place one fist, with the knuckle of the thumb against his midsection, slightly above the navel but below the breastbone.

一手握拳，放到他肚脐上面一点但在其胸骨下面的位置，用拇指的关节抵住他的上腹部。

本句中的with the knuckle of the thumb against his midsection是介词短语作主句的伴随状语，用以说明“拳头放在肚脐和胸骨之间时拳头的拇指关节所处的位置”。这个介词短语结构可以归纳为with +名词+介词短语。又如：

The teacher came into the classroom with abook under his arm.

老师走进了教室，胳膊下面夹着一本书。