板块一：学习内容
PERIOD I:
一、课前预习：
Question：
What do you know about Plato？
Video：
二、教案：
(一)、课 程 概 况
课程名称 西方文明史
所属学院 外国语学院
授课章节 Philosophy, Science and Architecture of Ancient Greece
授课人 吴慧勇
使用教材 欧洲文化入门
(二)、学 情 分 析
学生对古希腊哲学可能知之甚少,仅了解个别哲学家的名字。他们对逻辑和抽象思维可能不太习惯，需要具体案例帮助理解。学生科学基础较好，但对古希腊科学成就知识不多，可通过研讨激发学习兴趣。学生喜欢图片和视频，使用多媒体辅助教学可以提高效果。
(三)、教学内容
教学目标
1. Understand Plato's theory of forms and Socrates' questioning method
2. Learn about Euclid's contributions in Elements of Geometry
3. Discuss inspirations from ancient Greek values
重点难点
1. The meaning of Plato's theory of forms
2. Application of Socratic questioning method
3. The logical structure of Euclid's Elements
知识要点
a. Socrates ( about 470 --- 399 B.C.)
The dialectical method --- method ofargument, by questions and answers. Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means ofachieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds ofAthenian youth and subsequently put to death .
苏格拉底希腊哲学家， 首创了问答工教学方法， 作为获得认识自我的一种方法。 他关于道德 和正义的理论， 通过柏拉图（他最著名的学生） 的著作而得以流传下来。 苏格拉底因被指控 毒害雅典年轻人的头脑而受到审判， 并因此被处死（公元前 339年） 。
b.Plato ( about 428 ---348 B.C.)
Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ―ideas, like beauty, truth, goodness. Only these ―ideas are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato‘s philosophy is called Idealism.(唯心主义) Greek philosopher. A follower of Socrates, he founded the Academy (386), where he taught and wrote for much of the rest ofhis life. Plato presented his ideas in the form ofdramatic dialogues, as in The Republic.
柏拉图希腊哲学家， 苏格拉底的信徒， 他创办了学园（公元前 386年） ， 在这里他教书写作 度过他余生的大部分时间柏拉图以戏剧对话的形式表述了他的思想， 如在理想国中。
c. Aristotle (384 --- 322 B.C.)
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method ofrational inquiry.
亚里士多德希腊哲学家。 柏拉图的学生， 亚历山大大帝的教师， 他的著述论及逻辑学， 形而上学， 伦理学， 自然科学， 政治学和诗学， 对西方思想产生了深远影响， 在其哲学体系里，理论服从实地观察和逻辑， 以三段论为基础， 基本上是理性研究的理论方法。
d.Contending Schools of Thought
In the 4 th century B.C., four schools ofphilosophers often argued with each other. They were: The Cynics犬儒主义 got their name because Diogenes.戴奥真尼斯(希腊的哲学家,主张“简单寡求”的生活，决心像狗一样生活下去。 元前 412-323), one oftheir leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word ―cynic means dog in Greek. He rejected all conventions --- whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency. He advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life. In fact, he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood, not only with the whole human race, but also with animals. On the other hand, he had no patience with the rich and powerful. The story is told of how Alexander the Great visited him and asked if he wanted any favour. ―Only to stand out ofmy light, he replied.
The Sceptics怀疑学派（对一切知识持怀疑态度） followed Pyrrho (皮洛 about 360—272B.C. 古希腊极端怀疑主义哲学家), who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted the truth ofwhat others accepted as true. The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁学派（主张将快乐进行到底） were disciples of Epicurus (伊壁鸠鲁,341-270B.C.古希腊杰出唯物主义和无神论者), who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching was misunderstood by later people and the world ―Epicurean has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Following Democritus, he believed that the world consisted ofatoms.
The Stoics斯多葛派（倡导“克己制欲、 顺从天命”） were opposed to the Epicureans. To them , the most important thing in life was not ―pleasure, but ―duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chiefStoic was Zeno(齐诺about 335 – 263 B.C.希腊哲学家,斯多葛派的创始人)
e.Science
Euclid欧几里得(约公元前 3世纪的古希腊数学家) is even now well-known for his Element《几 何原本》 , a textbook ofgeometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years ofthe 20 th century. Archimedes阿基米德 (287—212 B.C.) did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, machanics, and hydrostatics. ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.
Greek science did not neglect application. Mathematics, the purest ofsciences, was applied in at least five fields: acoustics, optics, geography, statics and astronomy. Greek scientists collected a wealth ofmaterial and enquired into the proper method of doing scientific work. As a result, they were able to deduce theories and built up systems, which had a tremendous influence on later scientists.
H.Architecture
a. Art
Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization.
b. Architecture
Greek architecture can be grouped into 3 styles
(1). the Doric Style ( masculine style )
---- is sturdy (strong and firm), powerful, severe looking,
showing a good sense ofproportions and numbers.
(2). the Ionic Style ( feminine style )
---- is graceful and elegant (slightly ornamental style )
(While the Doric Style is monotonous and unadorned, the Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament)
(3). Corinthian Style
---- is known for its ornamental luxury
The famous temples:
Parthenon (447 -- 432 B.C.)--- the most perfect ofall the Greek temples, 240 feet long and 110 feet wide, a rectangular structure with evenly spaced lines ofcolumns around Acrpolis (437 – 432B.C.)
(四)、教学方法
First lecture on Plato's theory of forms, and organize a discussion on the ideal state to help students understand the concept. Then pick a Socratic dialogue script and simulate classroom debates to demonstrate the questioning method. Next use diagrams to explain Euclid's use of postulates, theorems and deductive reasoning in Elements. Finally lead students to discuss how ancient Greek values still enlighten people today.
(五)、教学过程设计
1. Introduction (5 mins) Photos: Ancient Greek temples, sculpture and pottery
2. Greek Philosophy (15 mins) Lecture on Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and major schools of thought
Discussion: Philosophical debates - virtue, justice, nature of universe
3. Greek Science and Mathematics (20 mins) Lecture on Euclid, Pythagoras, Archimedes, Hippocrates etc.
Activity: Students research and present Greek scientific achievements
4. Greek Architecture and Art (10 mins) Show examples of architectural orders and sculpture
PERIOD II
一、课前预习：
Question：
What cultural elements can you find in modern world that are based on the ancient Greek tradition?
Reading：
二、教案：
(一)、课 程 概 况
课程名称 西方文明史
所属学院 外国语学院
授课章节 Legacy and Influence of Ancient Greece
授课人 吴慧勇
使用教材 欧洲文化入门
(二)、学 情 分 析
学生对古希腊历史和艺术较感兴趣,能积极参与相关讨论。他们分析和判断古希腊遗产的能力较弱，需要老师提供更多引导。学生喜欢观看视频，使用多媒体材料能吸引他们的注意力。让他们联想古希腊对今天世界的影响，能帮助加深理解。
(三)、教学内容
教学目标
1. Evaluate the academic value of ancient Greek historiography
2. Analyze the significance of ancient Greek democracy
3. Understand the influence of ancient Greek art
重点难点
1. Academic features of Herodotus and Thucydides' works
2. Significance of ancient Greek democracy
3. Stylistic features and historical influence of ancient Greek art
知识要点
c.Sculpture
The earliest Greek sculptures were those ofGods. Stiff, lifeless wood carvings. Towards the 7 th century B.C., the size ofthe statues became bigger and life-size. The figures stand very stiffwith arms close to their sides, hands clenched or flat against the legs. Narrow waists but broad shoulders and their hair was done in neat and rhythmical rows. Towards the 5 th century B.C., change from stiffand mechanical to a period in which the beauty of the internal structure ofhuman bodies and mythological figures are well-observed and brought out.
Discus Thrower
A good sense ofharmony and the balance ofopposites
Venus de Milo
It has been looked upon as a symbol ofbeauty, grace and health, a personification of vitality and dignity.
Laocoon group about 125 B.C.
It is known for its successful depiction ofthe expression of Laocoon‘s face – fear, sympathy and terror.
d. Pottery
The flourishing ofthe Greek pottery was a result ofdomestic needs and needs for foreign trade. There were Black-figure paintings (700 – 600 B.C.) and Red-figure paintings ( --50 B.C.) The Black-figure paintings are paintings on pottery that have red background and black figure. The Red-figure paintings are paintings on pottery that have black background and pink figure.
I. Impact
There has been in Europe and elsewhere an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.
Three qualities stand out:
a.Spirit of Innovation
―They invented mathematics and science and philosophy; they first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; they speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.‖ (Bertand Russell: History of Western Philosophy)
b. Supreme Achievement
The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields ofhuman endeavour; philosophy, science, epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing, architecture, sculpture, etc.
c. Lasting Effect
Philosophy Literature: Byron‘s Isles of Greece, Shelley‘s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats‘s Ode on a Grecian Urn.
(四)、教学方法
First select excerpts from Herodotus and Thucydides for textual analysis, compare their methods of gathering sources and narrative styles, and assess their scholarly contributions. Then organize a debate where students argue about the progressive significance of ancient Greek democracy. Finally use multimedia to demonstrate ancient Greek art and analyze their stylistic features and artistic influence.
(五)、教学过程设计
1. Introduction (5 mins) Video: Why is ancient Greece considered "cradle of Western civilization"?
2. History and Literature (15 mins) Discuss Greek influence on modern historiography and literary genres
Analysis: Compare Herodotus' writing with modern historical accounts
3. Philosophy and Democracy (20 mins) Lecture on Greek influence on philosophy, politics and rhetoric
Debate: Were Socrates' charges justified? Is direct democracy still relevant?
4. Arts, Sciences and Sports (10 mins) Discuss Greek influences in arts, math, sciences, medicine, and Olympics
Brainstorm activity: Generate examples of Greek influences today
课后作业 题库生成
课后
课后作业 题库生成
discussion：
