板块一：学习内容
PERIOD I:
一、课前预习：
Question：
What is culture？ Why are cultures different？
Reading：
Discussion：
二、教案：
（一）、课 程 概 况
课程名称 西方文明史
所属学院 外国语学院
授课章节 Historical Context and Literature of Ancient Greece
授课人 吴慧勇
使用教材 欧洲文化入门
（二）、学 情 分 析
学生在高中阶段的历史学习可能相对有限，对于希腊文明的了解可能主要来自教科书和课堂内容。学生对于古希腊的政治体制、文化特点、历史事件等方面的认知可能较为零散和基础。可能需要更多的时间和精力来理解复杂的历史概念和文化内涵。他们可能在整合信息、进行分析和批判性思考方面面临一定挑战。然而，由于他们在实际问题解决和案例分析方面可能表现出较强的能力，可以通过具体的案例和实际情境来引导他们更好地理解希腊文明的内容。由于他们的开放性思维和对新鲜事物的接受度较高，他们可能对于探索不同文化背景的兴趣相对较大。在教学中，可以通过强调希腊文明对现代社会的影响，引导学生思考其对我国社会主义建设的实际意义和价值。
（三）、教学内容
教学目标
1. Understand the historical periods of ancient Greece
2. Analyze the literary style and influence of Homeric epics
3. Learn about the origin of Greek tragedy and major plays
重点难点
1. Features of different historical periods of ancient Greece
2. Exaggeration and type scenes in Homeric epics
3. The relation between fate and hero in tragedies
知识要点
A. The Historical Context
(1). 1200 B.C. the war of Troy
a war was fought between Greece and Troy, ending in the destruction of Troy.
(2). 5 th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point of development.
--- successful repulse ofthe Persian invasion
--- the establishment ofdemocracy
--- the flourishing ofscience, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens
The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta
(3). In the second halfofthe 4 th century B.C.
all Greece was brought under the rule ofAlexander, king of Macedon
Greek culture was spread
(4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece
B. Social and Political Structure
Politics --- Athens was a democracy
Democracy means ―exercise ofpower by the whole people. But the whole people, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.
Spartan constitution was absolute obedience to the state
Economy --- the economy ofAthens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.
Farm, workshop, mine
There was harsh exploitation in Greek society
Sports --- Greeks loved sports
A big festival on Olympus Mount once every 4 year ---- Olympic Games
Modern Olympic Games revived in 1896.
C. Homer ( probably lived around 700 B.C.)
Two epics: Iliad and Odysseus
They are about great men and wars ofa remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B.C Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.
(Even) Homer sometimes nods
D.Lyric Poetry
Sappho (about 612—580 B.C.) woman poet
She is noted for her love poems ofpassionate intensity, some ofwhich are addressed to women. She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Many Greek and Latin writers know nearly all her poems by heart. But in the 10 th century the Christian church burned her works. Only fragments remain. Two samples
Pindar (about 518—438 B.C.)
He is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. Pindar also had imitators, such as the 17 th -century English poet JohnDryden.
（四）、教学方法
First use timelines and visuals to explain the historical evolution of Greece from Mycenaean to Hellenistic periods, focusing on politics, society, economy, key figures and events in each period. Then through quotes and textual analysis, lecture on the artistic style of Homeric epics, such as exaggeration and type scenes, and discuss the values conveyed. Finally introduce the origin of tragedy and analyze Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, exploring the themes of fate and heroism.
五、教学过程设计
1. Introduction (5 mins) Let students think about the main features of Greek culture
2. Overview of Ancient Greek History (15 mins) Lecture key periods from archaic to Hellenistic Greece
Timeline activity: Students sequence key events and figures
3. Epic Poetry and Drama (20 mins) Lecture on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey and origins of Greek drama
Reading activity: Students read excerpts and discuss epic style
4. Greek Philosophers and Playwrights (10 mins) Introduce Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and major dramatists
Matching activity: Link philosophers and playwrights to contributions
PERIOD II:
一、课前预习：
Question：
What is tragedy？
What are the differences between ancient Greek tragedies and Chinese tragedies？
Reading：
Discussion：
二、教案：
（一）、课 程 概 况
课程名称 西方文明史
所属学院 外国语学院
授课章节 Greek Literature and Performing Arts
授课人 吴慧勇
使用教材 欧洲文化入门
（二）、学 情 分 析
从入学以来的学习经历来看，学生的人文科目知识相对薄弱，对于古希腊文学与戏剧的了解可能较为有限，可能只有一些零散的知识点。由于受限于地域和学校条件，他们在这方面的学术资源和阅读材料相对较少，因此需要从更基础的层面进行教学，帮助他们逐步建立起对古希腊文化的认识。可能需要更多的时间来吸收新知识，并且在阅读、理解复杂文学作品方面可能会遇到一些困难。然而，这并不代表他们没有潜力。通过有针对性的引导和辅导，他们应该能够逐步提升自己的学习能力，增强分析和理解能力，更好地掌握希腊文学与戏剧的核心概念和内涵。在教学过程中，需要充分解释和引导，帮助他们理解古希腊文学与戏剧在人类文化发展中的重要地位，以及其对后世文学、戏剧产生的深远影响。同时，也需要关注他们对不同文化之间异同的思考，引导他们从跨文化的角度审视文学作品，培养开放、包容的思维方式。
（三）、教学内容
教学目标
1. Understand the themes and styles of Greek lyric poetry
2. Distinguish between Greek tragedy and comedy
3. Learn about the structure of ancient Greek theater
重点难点
1. Themes and language styles of lyric poetry
2. Differences between tragedy and comedy in characterization, plot, language
3. The open-air structure of ancient Greek theater
知识要点
E. Drama
Origin: perform plays at religious festivals.
Development: in the 5 th century B.C. a powerful drama developed
States: open-air theatres, audience sat on stone benches and looked down at the stage from three sides, actors wore masks.
Tragedy
Aeschylus (525 — 456 B.C.)
Works: Prometheus Bound, Oresteia, and Seven against Thebes
In these plays there are only two actors and a chorus. Yet they manage to stir and move the audience deeply by showing heroes and heroines in complicated human situations, out of which there is no escape but death. The play are written in verse. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry
Sophocles (496 --- 406 B.C.)
Works: Oedipus the King and Antigone《安提戈涅》 .
Contribution: he added a third actor and decreased the size ofthe chorus.
Sophodcles has had a strong impact on European literature. Some ofhis plots were taken over and adoped by later writers. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud‘s term ―the Oedipus complex was also derived from Sophocles‘s play.
Euripides (484 --- 406 B.C.)
Works: Andromache《安德洛玛刻》 , Medea《美狄亚》 , and Trojan Women Medea: A princess andsorceress ofColchis who helped Jason obtain the Golden Fleece, lived as his consort, and killed their children as revenge for his infidelity
Comedy
Aristophanes (about 450 --- 380 B.C.)
Works: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds
These plays are loose in plot and satirical in tone.
F. History
Historical writing started early in Greece.
Herodotus (484 --- 430 B.C.)
―Father ofHistory, he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.
His history, full ofanecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. He kept alive many traditional stories, which were not always accurate. His object in writing was ―that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.
Thucydides (about 460 --- 404 B.C.)
Younger than Herodotus, he is more accurate as an historian. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. He was never dull, but wrote with imagination and power. He was called ―the greatest historian that ever lived.by Macaulay (an eminent historian)
G.Philosophy and Science
The ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak their minds.
Pythagoras (about 580 --- 500 B.C.) had the idea that all things were mumber.
Heracleitue (about 540 --- 480 B.C.) believed fire to be the primary element of the universe He also said: You cannot step twice into the same river. The sun is new everyday.
Democritus (about 460 --- 370 B.C.) speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one ofthe earliest exponents ofthe atomic theory.
（四）、教学方法
First compare and analyze examples of lyric poetry like Sappho's love poems and Pindar's odes to help students understand their features. Then introduce the origins of tragedy and comedy, and explain their differences in characterization, plot, language style. Finally use models or multimedia graphics to demonstrate the open-air structure of Greek theater, like the audience seating, stage, and backstage.
（五）、教学过程设计
1. Introduction (5 mins) Photos: Famous sites and artefacts of ancient Greece
2. Lyric and Elegiac Poetry (15 mins) Lecture on Sappho, Archilochus and Solon's poetry
Recitation: Students read and recite lyric poem excerpts
3. Greek Drama and Theater (20 mins) Lecture on Greek tragedy, comedy and theater architecture
Role play: Students act out portions of Greek plays
4. Ancient Greek Music and Dance (10 mins) Overview of musical instruments, choral singing and dance
Video clips: Show examples of recreated ancient Greek music/dance
课后：
作业：学习通任务
