I 翻译的定义

翻译是运用一种语言把用另一种语言文字所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。它是一门科学，具有描述性；也是一门艺术，具有创造性。

II 翻译的原则或标准：严复理论

1. 信 (truthfulness/faithfulness)：忠实原文（对原文的思想不歪曲也不任意增减；对原文的风格不随意改动，即粗糙的不译成高雅的，口语体不译成书面体）

2. 达 (expressiveness)：语言通顺畅达（译文应该按照译语的语法和习惯来用词造句；译文避免生搬硬套，应该通顺流畅）

3. 雅(elegance)/ 切（closeness）：文字古雅 

e.g. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.

III 翻译的过程

1. 理解阶段: 是表达的先决条件

1) 了解语言现象

e.g. Peter is now with his parents in Beijing; it has already three years since he was a pop singer.

2) 理解逻辑关系

e.g. You are late for the last time. 

3) 理解原文所涉及的事物

e.g. The elevator boys ooze the spit and polish of West Point cadets and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lifts. 

2. 表达阶段：把对原文的理解用本族语重新表达出来

1) 充分表达

e.g. Strike the iron while it is hot. 

e.g. Reports of new successes keep pouring in. 

e.g. He sold hard-to -get items. 

2）直译和意译：能直译时不要意译; 需要直译和意译结合时，在直译的基础上意译。

e.g. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.

3）形式对等翻译与动态对等翻译：前者着眼于原文，后者用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。

e.g. The streets were completely deserted and everything stood in crumbling ruins.

3. 校对阶段：是理解与表达的进一步深化

补充知识：

按照句子成分在语意完整处用“/”标明停顿。一般情况下，分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语作状语，以及状语从句，需要独立成群。意群划分可大可小，比较灵活，但要注意的是一些连用结构不分割，修饰语和中心词不分割，从句的引导词和从句不分割，如果有标点作为停顿的地方也不用再分。

A newlywed couple/ got the surprise of their life/ at their wedding/ when Britain’s Queen Elizabeth/ turned up/ as a guest. John and Frances Canning/ were married/ at Manchester’s Town Hall/ on Friday. In the same building/ the Queen and her husband Prince Phillip/ were at a lunch/ as part of the celebrations for her Diamond Jubilee – sixty years as the British monarch（钻石大庆，指女王登基60周年纪念日). The Cannings found out/ that the Queen would be at the town hall/ at the same time as their wedding/ after they had booked the wedding venue. They decided to write to Buckingham Palace/ inviting the Queen to their wedding. They received a letter back/ from a palace official/ thanking them for the invite/ and informing them the Queen would be too busy.