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1 修辞手法
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2
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3 圣经
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4
English Rhetorical Devices
英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多。下面将英语中的修辞(部分)简单介绍如下:
1. Simile 明喻.
【英释】It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
【汉释】明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。说得通俗点,也就是打比方,即把要描述的事物——本体(A)用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体(B)联系起来。常用的比喻词有as(如),like(像),seem(似乎),as if(好像),as through(好像),such as(像……一样)等。其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as……as B”。
【例句】①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
②I wandered lonely as a cloud.
③Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
④My heart is like a singing bird.
⑤O my love's like a red, red rose.
2. Metaphor 暗喻,隐喻.
【英释】It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
【汉释】暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现,它们之间在形式上是相合的关系,说甲(本体)是(喻词)乙(喻体)。喻词常由:是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当,不用like或as等表示出来,而是进行隐藏的比较。暗喻又叫隐喻。
【例句】①Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
②Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
③She is a woman with a stony heart.
④Mark Twain is a mirror of America.
⑤He is a pig.
3. Metonymy 转喻,借喻.
【英释】It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.
【汉释】转喻是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似,但有密切关系时,可以利用这种关系,以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物,这样的一种修辞手段;或者说是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。转喻的重点不是在“相似”;而是在“联想”。转喻又称借喻、换喻,或借代。
【例句】①The kettle boils.
水开了(用the kettle壶,表示the water in the kettle 壶里的水)。
②The room sat silent.
全屋人安静地坐着(用the room房间,表示the people in the room房间里的人)。
③Grey hairs should be respected.
老人应受到尊重(用grey hairs白发,表示 old people老人)。
④The pen is mightier than the sword.
笔要比剑更锋利(用pen笔,表示article文章)。
⑤I am reading Lu Hsun.
我在读鲁迅的作品(用Lu Hsun鲁迅,表示Lu Hsun's works鲁迅的作品)。
4. Synecdoche 提喻.
【英释】It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part,etc.
【汉释】提喻是用部分代替全(整)体,或用全(整)体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。
【例句】①There are about 100 hands working in his factory.[部分代替整体]
他的厂里约有100名工人。
②It was reported that China won the volleyball match.[整体代替部分]
椐报载:在这次排球赛中,中国队赢了。
③He is the Newton of this century.[特殊代替一般]
他是本世纪的牛顿.
5. Allegory 讽喻,寓言.
【英释】An expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor.
【汉释】建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上(或以讲故事、寓言的形式),传达暗示,影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义;意为“换个方式的说法”。它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
【例句】①Make the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义:趁着出太阳的时候晒草。
真正意味:趁热打铁。
②It's time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义:是时候把犁变成剑。
真正意味:时机成熟了。
6. Personification 拟人.
【英释】It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to(赋予) inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象的事物).
【汉释】拟人是指把物(包括物体、动物、思想或抽象概念等)拟作人,使其具有人的外表、个性或情感的一种修辞手段。拟人可以通过形容词、动词、名词等表现出来。
【例句】①The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. [把夜拟人化]
②I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods. [把鸟拟人化]
③Did you see the anger of the tempest? 你看到暴风雨的愤怒了吗?
④Thirsty soil drank in the rain. 饥渴的土壤在雨中畅饮。
⑤The year 1871 witnessed the heroic uprising of the Paris Commune. 1871年目睹了(爆发了)英勇的巴黎公社起义。
7. Parody 仿拟,模仿.
【英释】Parody is a figure of speech involving the imitation of some famous writer or parts of certain well-known works, or the existing idioms to express a kind of new idea.
【汉释】仿拟是英语语言学分支修辞学的重要修辞手法之一。这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料,根据表达的需要临时创造出(改变成)新的语、句、篇来,以使语言生动活泼,或讽刺嘲弄,或幽默诙谐,妙趣昂然。在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料,如成语、谚语、明言、警句等。
【例句】①Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
②A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
③If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
④Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. 有遗嘱必有官司。
⑤To Lie or Not To Lie,that is a question. [Shakespeare: To be or not to be,that is a question.]
8. Parallelism 排比,平行.
【英释】Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, clauses,sen-
Tence,part,etc.
【汉释】排比是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语、句子等排列成串,形成一个整体,用来加强语势强调内容、加重感情的修辞方式。
【例句】①No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
②In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
③Perch are inexpensive; cod are cheap; trout are abundant; but salmon are best.
9. Antithesis 对偶,对照,对比.
【英释】It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.
【汉释】用两个结构相似、意义相近或相反的词组或句子来表达相关、相近或相反意思的一种修辞方式叫对偶。
【例句】①Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore more.
②You are staying; I am going.
③Give me liberty, or give me death.
④Speech is silver; silence is golden.
10. Rhetorical question 修辞性疑问句,反问.
【英释】A statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered.
【汉释】修辞性疑问句与单纯的疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定,它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
【例句】①How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
②Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
11. Overstatement and Understatement 夸张和淡化.
⑴.Overstatement 夸张,言过其实,夸大的叙述.[= Hyperbole]
【英释】It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.
【汉释】夸张法是指为了达到强调或滑稽效果,而有意识的使用言过其实的词语的一种修辞手段。夸张法并不等于有失真实或不要事实,而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。夸张法既用在日常会话中,也用在文学作品中。
【例句】①I beg a thousand pardons.
②He almost died laughing.
③Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
④When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
⑵.understatement 淡化,含蓄的陈述.
【英释】It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.
【汉释】淡化是与夸张相对的一种修辞手法。它是指说话时不把情意全部表达出来或委婉的表达、保守(不充分)的陈述,这种表达方式通常有含蓄、耐人寻味之意。
【例句】①It took a few dollars to built this indoor swimming pool.
②“He is really strange,”his friends said when they heard he had di-
vorced his pretty and loving wife.
12. Climax and Anticlimax 渐进和渐降.
⑴.Climax 渐进,层进.
【英释】It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
【汉释】这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点。可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象。
【例句】①I came, I saw, I conquered.
②I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
③Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
⑵.Anticlimax 渐降,突降.
【英释】It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, but thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
【汉释】渐降是与Climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语、词组等按由大到小、由强到弱等顺序依次排列在一起。
【例句】①But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
②On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
③The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
13. Oxymoron 矛盾.
【英释】It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
【汉释】矛盾修辞法是用两种不相调和或相反的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。
【例句】①No light, but rather darkness visible. 没有光亮,黑暗却清晰可见。
②The state of this house is cheerless welcome. 这个国家的这所房子是阴郁的欢迎。
③The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainess.
14. Paradox 悖论,隽语,似非而是的论点.
【英释】It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.
【汉释】隽语是指表面看起来似乎矛盾,但仔细品味却发现其中包含一定哲理的一种意味深长的说法。[Short poem or saying expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way.即短而机智之妙语、名言警句等.]
【例句】①More haste, less speed.
欲速则不达。
②The child is the father to the man.
三岁看大,七岁看老(童年时代可决定人之未来)。
③A place for everything,and everything in its place.
凡事包容则万物各得其所。
④A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.一个愤世嫉俗的人知道所有东西的价格,却不知道他们的价值。
⑤A man never disclose his own character so clearly as when he describes another's. 一个人在描述他人的个性时,最容易将自己的性格明白地显露出来。
15. Euphemism 委婉,婉辞.
【英释】It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".
【汉释】婉辞法指用委婉、文雅的方法表达粗恶、避讳的话.。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。
【例句】①He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下。
②His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽。
③Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. 邓小平于1997年去世。
16. Irony 反语.
【英释】It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
【汉释】反语是指用意义相反的词来表达所要表达的意思、目的的一种修辞手法。如,在指责过失、错误时,用赞同的说法;而在表扬时,则用近乎责备的说法。单纯从字面上不能了解其真正要表达的意思,而事实上其原本的意义正好是字面上所能理解的意涵的相反,通常需要从上下文及语境来理解。
【例句】①It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊(真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念)。 ②“Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. ”the waiter said to
the beggar.
17. Pun 双关.
【英释】It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)
【汉释】双关是指用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥、作出多种解释、旁敲侧击、从而达到意想不到的幽默、滑稽等效果。它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音等方式出现。
【例句】①She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
②An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
③If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
18. Transferred Epithet 移就,转移修饰语,转类形容词.
【英释】An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or
something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word
associated with that noun. When one says that he has had a busy day, one is using such a figure of
speech. For it is the person,not the day, that is busy.[ It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.]
【汉释】移就是英语语言中常见的一种修辞格,它的基本特点是形容词的修饰对象发生转移,即形容词的修饰对象或移物于人,或移物于物。由于它新颖生动,简洁明快,无论是刻画人物还是写景抒情,都有很强的表现力,因而被广泛地运用。
【例句】①In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word.
②The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.
③He said “Yes”to the question in an unthinking moment.
④The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were
Walking in the corridor.
19. Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉.
【英释】A sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated.
【汉释】这种修辞法是以视、听、触、嗅、味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用,能突破语言的局限,丰富表情达意的审美情趣,起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如:欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏;闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体;听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子;又比如朱自清的《荷塘月色》里“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
【例句】①The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音(用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到百合花)。
②Taste the music of Mozart.
品尝Mozart的音乐(用嗅觉形容听觉)。
20. Alliteration 头韵.
【英释】It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.
【汉释】头韵蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力。头韵(法)在一行诗或一组词中采用连续几个词相同首字母或声韵的技巧,形成悦耳的读音,最常见的押头韵的短语有:first and foremost(首先)、(with)might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners (圣人与罪人)、(in)weal and (or) woe(无论是福是祸)。头韵仅第一部分或第一部分辅音群的第一个音素相同。 如果第一部分完全缺失,那就只能让主元音相同。头韵是加强行内节奏感的一种手段,是节奏式辅助因素。这也是英语追求形式美,音韵美的一个重要表现。
【例句】①He is my friend and foe .[敌友]
②He writes not for money, but purely a labour of love .[乐于做的事]
③Tom struggled with might and main to move the stone.[竭尽全力]

