BOOK 2 Unit 2
unitCommercialization and changes in sports
1
/
4
Unit 2
commercial
sports
have
become
visible
parts
of
many
contemporary
societies.They
have
also
taken
on
a
global
character
and
will
continue
to
expand
globally
as
economic
interests
extend
across
national
boundaries.The
following
text
focuses
on
how
commercialization
influences
the
way sports are played and organized.
商业体育已经成为许多当代社会显而易见的部分。
它们还呈现出全球性的特征,随着经济利
益跨越国界,继续在全球扩张。下文重点探讨商业化如何影响体育运动的开展形式。
Commercialization and changes in sports
商业化及其对于体育的影响
1.Throughout history sports have been used
as forms of public entertainment. However, sports
have
been
never
been
so
heavily
packaged,
promoted,
presented
and
played
as
commercial
products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships
connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced
the
goal
line
for
many
people,
and
sports
no
longer
exist
simply
for
the
interests
of
the
athletes
themselves. Fun and "good games" are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues,
the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens
to
sports
when
they
become
commercialized?
Do
they
change
when
they
become
dependent
on
gate receipts and the sale of media rights?
1
在整个历史长河中,人们都是把体育当做某种形式的公众娱乐
。然而,体育从未像今天这
样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展,有关体育的决策以及与体育相
关的社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素的影响。对许多人来说,账本底线已取代
了球门线,体育不再只是为了运动员们自身的兴趣而存在。今天,乐趣和
“
好比赛
”
的定义取
决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体转播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么,
当体育变得商业化时,它会怎样?当体育变得依赖于门票收入和媒体传播权的出售时,它会
发生变化吗?
2.We
know
that
whenever
any
sport
is
converted
into
commercial
entertainment,
its
success
depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their
attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting even is usually related to a combination of three
factors:
the
uncertainly
of
an
event's
outcome,
the
risk
or
financial
rewards
associated
with
participating
in
an
event,
and
the
anticipated
display
of
excellence
or
heroics
by
the
athletes.
In
other
words,
when
spectators
refer
to
a
"good
game"
or
an
"exciting
contest",
they
are
usually
talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which
the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one
in
which
there
were
a
number
of
excellent
or
"heroic"
performances.
When
games
or
matches
contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.
2
我们知道,每当任何一项体育运动
被转化为商业性娱乐活动时,它的成功就依赖于观众的
兴趣。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机,但他们对体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种
相结合的因素有关:比赛结果的不群定性,参加一项比赛相关的风险或经济回报,以及预期
中的运动员的卓越、
英勇表现。
换句话说,
当观众提及一场
“
不错的比赛
”
或一场
“
激动人心的
比赛
”
时,这场比赛,
通常在比赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至几秒钟,结果仍然扑朔迷离;或
者比赛涉及高额奖金,因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛;或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者
“
英雄式
”
的表现。只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素,人们就会长时间记得并讨论这场比
赛。
3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic
effect on the format and goals of most sports. In
spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained
unitCommercialization and changes in sports
2
/
4
their
basic
format.
Innovations
have
been
made
within
this
framework,
rather
than
completely
dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has
led
to
minor
rule
changes
in
certain
events,
but
the
basic
structure
of
each
Olympic
sport
has
remained
much
the
same
as
it
was
before
the
days
of
corporate
endorsements
and
the
sale
of
television rights.
3
商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标
没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对其产生影响,但
在历史上,运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。创新也是在这一个框架内进行的,并不会完全
废除这项运动的基本设计。例如,奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变化,但其每
项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前基本一致。
4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations
of sport participants more than it does the
format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to
buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not
easy because it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex
athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people
are
easily
impressed
by
things
extrinsic
to
the
game
or
match
itself;
they
get
taken
in
by
hype.
During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations
in
which
players
take
risks
and
face
clear
physical
danger;
they
are
attracted
to
players
who
are
masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the
point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players committed to victory
no matter what the personal cost.
4
看来,与运动的结构和目的相比,
商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。若要通过一项
运动盈利,
就必须吸引广大观众买门票或在电视上观看比赛。
吸引和娱乐广大观众并非易事,
因为这些观众中有很多人没有技术性的知识,因而不懂得运动员和教练采取的复杂竞技技巧
和策略。由于缺乏这些技术性知识,人们容易受到运动或赛事之外的东西的影响,容易受到
天花乱坠的宣传的迷惑。在比赛期间,他们经常关注那些他们容易理解的事情。他们喜欢那
种运动员冒险并明显面临身体危险的情境;他们喜欢那些擅长戏剧化表现或者愿意超越正常
的生理极限以致威胁到自己的安全和健康的运功员;他们喜欢看到运动员不惜代价,立志求
胜。
5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge
about basketball, they are more likely to
talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to
win a game. Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more
entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced
until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored. They like
athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms
of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse
as
they
surpass
physical
limits,
not
athletes
who
know
their
limits
so
well
they
can
successfully
compete for years without going beyond them.
5
比如,当人们缺乏篮球方面的技术知识时
,他们更津津乐道与某一个灌篮而不会关心球队
取胜必需的因素:自始自终配合得天衣无缝的后防。同样,那些对滑冰技术知之甚少的人,
他们更感兴趣的是三连跳或四连跳,而不是那些精心设计并训练直至流畅、完美的舞步。没
有惊险的跳跃,
无知的观众会感到厌倦,
他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。
他们往往根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。他们想看运动员在超越自己
极限时偶尔的突然失败,而不是多年来的稳操胜券,熟知自己极限而不去超越它的运动员。
unitCommercialization and changes in sports
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/
4
6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining
a mass audience, those involved in the sport
often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in
emphasis
from
what
might
be
called
an
aesthetic
orientation
to
a
heroic
orientation.
In
fact,
the
people
in
sport
may
even
refer
to
games
or
matches
as
"show-time",
and
they
may
refer
to
themselves
as
entertainers
as
well
as
athletes.
This
does
not
mean
that
aesthetic
orientations
disappear,
but
it
does
mean
that
they
often
take
a
back
seat
to
the
heroic
actions
that
entertain
spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or
match.
6
当一项体育运动变得依赖于娱乐广大观众时,
对于运动中什么才是最重要的,运动参与者
们往往会改变观念。
这一改变常常意味着重心从所谓的美学取向向英雄主义取向转变。
其实,
运动员甚至可能吧运动或比赛称为
“
表演秀
”
。并把自己称作表演者兼运动员。这并不意味着
美学取向不复存在了,但是这确实意味着与英雄主义行为相比,它们往往退居其后。英雄主
义行为吸引着那些没有足够知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众。
7.As
the
need
to
please
naive
audiences
becomes
greater,
so
does
the
emphasis
on
heroic
orientations.
This
is
why
television
commentators
for
US
football
games
continually
talk
about
danger,
injuries,
playing
with
pain,
and
courage.
Some
athletes,
however,
realize
the
dangers
associated
with
heroic
orientations
and
try
to
slow
the
move
away
from
aesthetic
orientation
in
their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of
triple
jumps
that
can
be
included
in
skating
programs.
These
skaters
are
worried
that
the
commercial
success
of
their
sport
is
coming
to
rely
on
the
danger
of
movement
rather
than
the
beauty of movement. However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this
is
what
will
please
audiences
and
generate
revenues.
These
athletes
usually
evaluate
themselves
and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true
commitment and dedication to their sport.
7
取悦无知观众的需求越强烈,
就越会强调英雄主义取向。这就是为什么美国橄榄球比赛的
电视评论员喋喋不休地谈论危险、受伤、带伤比赛和胆量。不过,有些运动员意识到了与英
雄主义取向随之而来的危险,并试图在他们的运动只能够放慢偏离美学取向的步伐。比如,
一些前花样滑冰运动员已经呼吁限制滑冰项目中三连跳的数量。这些滑冰运动员的担心,他
们的体育项目在商业上的成功正越来越依赖于动作的危险性,而不是动作的美感。然而,另
外一些滑冰运动员似乎愿意采取英雄主义取向,只要这样还能取悦观众,获得收入,这些运
动员用体育道德规范去评价自己和他人,他们还学会把英雄主义行为看成是真正地投入及为
运动献身的标志。
8.Commercialization also leads to changes in
the organizations that control sports. When sports
begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and
further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of
their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of general managers,
team
owners,
corporate
sponsors,
advertisers,
media
personnel,
marketing
and
publicity
staff,
professional management staff, accountants, and agents.
8
商业化同样会导致那些控制体育的组织发生变化。
当体育开始依赖于创造收入时,体育组
织的控制权就会离运动员越来越远。事实上,运动员常常对于自身的体育参与环境失去有效
控制。这些环境越来越受控于下列人员:总经理、运动队老板、企业赞助商、广告商、传媒
人员、营销和宣传推广人员、专业管理人员、会计师以及经纪人。
9.The
organizations
that
control
commercial
sports
are
usually
complex,
since
they
are
intended
to
coordinate
the
interests
of
all
these
people,
but
their
primary
goal
is
to
maximize
unitCommercialization and changes in sports
4
/
4
revenues.
This
means
that
organizational
decisions
generally
reflect
the
combined
economic
interests
of
many
people
having
no
direct
personal
connection
with
a
sport
or
with
the
athletes
involved. The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which
are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves
cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being,
9
那些控制商业的组织通常非常复杂,
这些因为它们企图协调上述所有人的利益,但它们的
首要目标还是盈利最大化。这意味着组织决策通常反映的是许多人的混合利益,而他们与体
育或相关的运动员没有直接关系。影响这些决策的力量根植与各种不同的资源,其中许多甚
至与体育没有关联。因此,许多商业体育中的运动员发现自己被逐出了决策过程,即便这些
决策影响到它们的健康和幸福。
Commercial sports have become visible parts of many contemporary societies. They have also taken on a global character and will continue to expand globally as economic interests extend across national boundaries.The following text focuses on how commercialization influences the way sports are played and organized.
商业体育已经成为许多当代社会显而易见的部分。它们还呈现出全球性的特征,随着经济利益跨越国界,继续在全球扩张。下文重点探讨商业化如何影响体 育运动的开展形式。
Commercialization and changes in sports
商业化及其对于体育的影响
1.Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have been never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves. Fun and \the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?
1 在整个历史长河中,人们都是把体育当做某种形式的公众娱乐。然而,体 育从未像今天这样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展,有 关体育的决策以及与体育相关的社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素 的影响。对许多人来说,账本底线已取代了球门线,体育不再只是为了运动员们 自身的兴趣而存在。今天,乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、 媒体转播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么,当体育变得商业化 时,它会怎样?当体育变得依赖于门票收入和媒体传播权的出售时,它会发生变 化吗?
2.We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting even is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainly of an event's outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a \game\or an \contest\they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or \performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.
2 我们知道,每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时,它的成功 就依赖于观众的兴趣。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机,但他们对 体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种相结合的因素有关:比赛结果的不群定性,参加一项 比赛相关的风险或经济回报,以及预期中的运动员的卓越、英勇表现。换句话说, 当观众提及一场“不错的比赛”或一场“激动人心的比赛”时,这场比赛,通常在比 赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至几秒钟,结果仍然扑朔迷离;或者比赛涉及高额奖金,因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛;或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者“英雄 式”的表现。只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素,人们就会长时间记得并讨论 这场比赛。
3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.
3 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对 其产生影响,但在历史上,运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。创新也是在这一个 框架内进行的,并不会完全废除这项运动的基本设计。例如,奥运会的商业化导 致了某些赛事规则的微小变化,但其每项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视 转播权出售之前基本一致。
4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.
4 看来,与运动的结构和目的相比,商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。 若要通过一项运动盈利,就必须吸引广大观众买门票或在电视上观看比赛。吸引 和娱乐广大观众并非易事,因为这些观众中有很多人没有技术性的知识,因而不 懂得运动员和教练采取的复杂竞技技巧和策略。由于缺乏这些技术性知识,人们 容易受到运动或赛事之外的东西的影响,容易受到天花乱坠的宣传的迷惑。在比 赛期间,他们经常关注那些他们容易理解的事情。他们喜欢那种运动员冒险并明 显面临身体危险的情境;他们喜欢那些擅长戏剧化表现或者愿意超越正常的生理 极限以致威胁到自己的安全和健康的运功员;他们喜欢看到运动员不惜代价,立 志求胜。
5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.
5 比如,当人们缺乏篮球方面的技术知识时,他们更津津乐道与某一个灌篮 而不会关心球队取胜必需的因素:自始自终配合得天衣无缝的后防。同样,那些 对滑冰技术知之甚少的人,他们更感兴趣的是三连跳或四连跳,而不是那些精心 设计并训练直至流畅、完美的舞步。没有惊险的跳跃,无知的观众会感到厌倦, 他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。他们往往根据戏剧化的表现 是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。他们想看运动员在超越自己极限时偶尔的突 然失败,而不是多年来的稳操胜券,熟知自己极限而不去超越它的运动员。
6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as \and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.
6 当一项体育运动变得依赖于娱乐广大观众时,对于运动中什么才是最重要的,运动参与者们往往会改变观念。这一改变常常意味着重心从所谓的美学取向 向英雄主义取向转变。其实,运动员甚至可能吧运动或比赛称为“表演秀” 。并把 自己称作表演者兼运动员。这并不意味着美学取向不复存在了,但是这确实意味 着与英雄主义行为相比,它们往往退居其后。英雄主义行为吸引着那些没有足够 知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众。
7.As the need to please naive audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playing with pain, and courage. Some athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientation in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs. These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement. However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.
7 取悦无知观众的需求越强烈,就越会强调英雄主义取向。这就是为什么美 国橄榄球比赛的电视评论员喋喋不休地谈论危险、受伤、带伤比赛和胆量。不过,
有些运动员意识到了与英雄主义取向随之而来的危险,并试图在他们的运动只能 够放慢偏离美学取向的步伐。比如,一些前花样滑冰运动员已经呼吁限制滑冰项 目中三连跳的数量。这些滑冰运动员的担心,他们的体育项目在商业上的成功正 越来越依赖于动作的危险性,而不是动作的美感。然而,另外一些滑冰运动员似 乎愿意采取英雄主义取向,只要这样还能取悦观众,获得收入,这些运动员用体 育道德规范去评价自己和他人,他们还学会把英雄主义行为看成是真正地投入及 为运动献身的标志。
8.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports. When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of general managers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents.
8 商业化同样会导致那些控制体育的组织发生变化。当体育开始依赖于创造 收入时,体育组织的控制权就会离运动员越来越远。事实上,运动员常常对于自 身的体育参与环境失去有效控制。这些环境越来越受控于下列人员:总经理、运 动队老板、企业赞助商、广告商、传媒人员、营销和宣传推广人员、专业管理人 员、会计师以及经纪人。
9.The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues. This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being,
9 那些控制商业的组织通常非常复杂,这些因为它们企图协调上述所有人的 利益,但它们的首要目标还是盈利最大化。这意味着组织决策通常反映的是许多 人的混合利益,而他们与体育或相关的运动员没有直接关系。影响这些决策的力 量根植与各种不同的资源,其中许多甚至与体育没有关联。因此,许多商业体育 中的运动员发现自己被逐出了决策过程,即便这些决策影响到它们的健康和幸 福。

