-
1 课前
-
2 课中
-
3 课后
Consolidation
Consolidation（集拼运输） is the practice of combining diverse（多种多样的） cargoes into single shipments, to achieve substantial(大量的) saving on freight cost. This includes sea, air and road freight. Consolidation service typically involves the cargo transportation to the stuffing(装箱) point（CFS, Container freight station, 货运站）,stuffing of cargo in container, custom process （惯常的流转）of shipping documents（运输单据）, and finally re-packing(重新包装) if necessary for delivery. The person or firm, which can perform a consolidation service of small lots（批） of cargoes for shippers, is usually called consolidator(集运人，集运商).
Advantages（优势） of Consolidation
Consolidation can benefit (有益于，对…有益) all concerned e.g. shippers（托运人）, consignees（收货人）, carriers（承运人） and forwarders（代理人）.
Shippers and Consignees
1.Shippers and consignees get the benefit of a rate lower than what they would have normally paid to the carrier. It is particularly beneficial（对…有益） to small shippers who are not well established(已建立的) in their trade（行业） and who do not have enough bargaining（讨价还价，议价）strength in negotiating rates with the shipping lines（班轮） or airlines（航空公司）.
2.Shippers find it advantageous(有利的；有益的) to deal（与…交易，与…打交道）through a freight forwarder who provides consolidation services to a wide range of destinations instead of（rather than） approaching(接近) several shipping lines(班轮公司，船公司) each of whom may be offering such services only on routes in which they operate.
3. In addition, a consolidator could arrange（安排）and provide door-to-door （门至门）and distribution（配送，派送）services which are not usually provided by the shipping lines.
Carrier
1.A Carrier does not have to handle（处理） individual consignments and this results in（结果） considerable(相当大的，相当多的) savings in documentation costs, time and labor.
2. There ismore intensive（集中的） utilization （使用，利用）of his carrying capacity as the consolidator can offer him many FCL（full container load, 整箱货） of consolidated cargoes（已合并的货物）.
3. He also saves on the expenses which he would have otherwise incurred（虚拟语气，否则会产生的）in maintaining freight handling equipment（货物处理设备）e.g.forklift, 叉车）,space（空间，场地） and labor to handle LCL （Less than container load, 拼箱货）shipments.
4. What's more, he does not have to face the extensive coverage(范围)and risk of freight payments by many individual shippers. This is now the responsibility of the consolidator.
Freight Forwarder
1.The forwarder, against a calculated risk（预期风险）, can financially benefit from the difference between the total freight charges collected from the individual LCL（less than container load, 拼箱货） consignments against his payable of FCL freight charge to the carrier.
2. The forwarder could furthercombine（联合） or complement（补足，补助）his other services in providing a totallogistical services（物流服务） to further“lock” （锁定，绑定）his clients support to his services.
The Role of a Freight Forwarder as a Consolidator
Consolidation services can be provided by a freight forwarder for the overseas importer who buys small consignments of merchandise from numerous（大量的） vendors（供货商）. The vendors are instructed（指导） by their buyer to deliver the merchandise to the forwarder （consolidator）who upon receipt of which issues the vendors, a forwarder's cargo receipts (FCR)（货代货物收据）.
The forwarder will then ship the goods in a container with a carrier nominated(指定的) by the buyer. The forwarder will gather（收集，聚集）,process（处理） and distribute（分发） all documentation required by the buyer e.g. commercial invoice（商业发票）, packing list（装箱单）, certificate of origin（原产地证书） etc.
In the case of（在…的情况下） air transport, an air freight consolidator should ship goods by air on behalf of a client, but does not own or operate its own airplanes（飞机，飞行器）.An air freight consolidator receives the goods from the client and passes them onto（传递） a third party that operates aircraft(airlines). It issues house air waybills（HAWB） to indicate to customers that their goods have been received and have been passed on for freight by air. Such waybills often include tracking numbers（跟踪号码）so that the customer can check(检查，核对) the status of the shipment.
Liability of Consolidator
By issuing his transport documents (i.e. bill of lading /air waybill etc.), the consolidator assumes(承担) the role of a carrier and is responsible for the carrying out（实施，执行） of the entire transport from the time the goods are delivered to him at the place of origin until they are delivered at destination. But some consolidators do not accept such liability.They continue to assume liability appropriate to（适合的） the role of an agent and make this clear in their transport documents.
Many consolidators, particularly, in countries where the standard trading conditions have been updated(反义词outdated), accept such liability and resource（资源,引申为权利） against the responsible carrier. Those who issue the transport document have necessarily to accept such liability. Under the terms（条款）of such documents, when the stage（阶段） at which the loss or damage occurred is known, the consolidator's liability will be determined by the applicable international convention（国际公约） or national law（国内法）.
